Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on peelability and quality of crayfish(Procambarus clarkii).

BACKGROUND: Peeling of crayfish is a very important process in production. Crayfish peeling by machine can increase production efficiency and enhance safety in the production process. The tight muscle-shell attachment causes difficulty in peeling freshly caught crayfish. However, few studies have explored the changes in crayfish quality under favorable shell-loosening treatments. RESULTS: In this study, the shell-loosening properties of crayfish and changes in crayfish quality, microstructure and protein fluorescent features were investigated after high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment. New methods were established to measure the peeling performance of crayfish, which are peelability and meat yield rate (MYR). The normalization of peelability and MYR were verified by different weights of crayfish tails and different treatments. The peeling effect of HHP-treated crayfish was evaluated by a new quantitative measurement method, and MYR was calculated. The results showed that all the HHP treatments reduced crayfish peeling work and increased MYR. The HHP treatment provided better crayfish quality in terms of texture and color and enlarged the shell-loosening gap. Among all HHP treatments, 200 MPa treatment exhibited lower peeling work, higher MYR and an expansion of the shell-loosening gap, reaching up to 573.8 µm. At the same time, 200 MPa treatment could maintain crayfish quality. CONCLUSION: The findings outlined above suggest that high pressure is a promising method for loosening crayfish shells. 200 MPa is an optimal HHP treatment condition for crayfish peeling, exhibiting a promising application in industrial processing. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Evaluation of Cervical Elastography for Prediction of Spontaneous Preterm Birth in Low-Risk Women: A Prospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether cervical elastographic parameters in addition to cervical length (CL) during the 3 trimesters of pregnancy would be predictive of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) among low-risk women. METHODS: This work was a prospective nested case-control study evaluating cervical elastographic parameters and CL in low-risk women during the 3 trimesters of pregnancy. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to calculate significant covariates for prediction of sPTB. The area under the curve of the prediction model was calculated by using a receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS: There were 286 women (26 cases and 260 controls) included in the analysis. The parameters of cervical elasticity became softened and heterogeneous during the 3 trimesters of pregnancy in both women with and without sPTB. The differences in the mean strain value at the internal os of the cervix (IOS), ratio (strain ratio of the internal os to the external os) during the second trimester and the IOS during the third trimester between the groups had statistical significance (P < .01; P = .01; P < .01, respectively). The CL had no association with sPTB during the 3 trimesters. The IOS during the second trimester was a better predictor of sPTB, with an area under the curve of 0.730, and sensitivity was 72.73%. CONCLUSIONS: We observed multiple elastographic parameters and demonstrated the physiologic changes in the cervix during the 3 trimesters of pregnancy. Furthermore, we found that the IOS during the second trimester can be helpful in predicting sPTB. However, the CL had no association with sPTB during the 3 trimesters of pregnancy.

Quantitative elastography of cervical stiffness during the three trimesters of pregnancy with a semiautomatic measurement program: A longitudinal prospective pilot study.

AIM: To assess the reproducibility of a semiautomatic quantification tool for cervical stiffness and evaluate the normal changes in cervical elasticity during the three trimesters of pregnancy. METHODS: This longitudinal prospective pilot study evaluated cervical elasticity during the three trimesters of pregnancy (11-14, 20-24 and 28-32 weeks) in women with singleton pregnancies. Women with a history of conization, cerclage, cervical Naboth cysts (diameter > 10 mm), cervical tumors, or uterine malformation were excluded. A semiautomatic tool was used to evaluate the stiffness of the whole cervix and the internal and external cervical os with multiple quantitative elasticity parameters and the cervical length (CL) on the sagittal view via transvaginal elastography. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis were used to assess intra- and interobserver variability. E-Cervix parameters during the three trimesters were compared using the Friedman test. RESULTS: In total, 217 women with 651 strain examinations during the three trimesters were included. The intra- and interobserver ICC for the E-Cervix parameters ranged from 0.947 to 0.991 and 0.855 to 0.989, respectively. There were significant differences in all parameters among the three trimesters. Cervical elasticity showed significant softening and became heterogeneous during the three trimesters. The median CL was significantly shorter in the first trimester than in the second and third trimesters (P = 0.004, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: E-Cervix provides a graphical tool for operators to easily define regions of interest and obtain multiple repeatable measures of elasticity. The normal references for E-Cervix parameters during the three trimesters reflect the physiological cervical changes during pregnancy.

Quantitative cervical elastography: a new approach of cervical insufficiency prediction.

OBJECTIVES: To establish methodological criteria for the clinical application of E-cervix technology in non-pregnant women, evaluate cervical differences between non-pregnant CI patients and normal women, and explore the predictive value of E-cervix for CI in non-pregnant women. METHODS: In all, 46 non-pregnant women with CI and 46 non-pregnant women with full-term pregnancy experience were included. Elastic parameters (HR, IOS, EOS, IOS/EOS, CL) of the cervix were measured by transvaginal examination with a mid-sagittal section as the ROI, followed by examination of the whole cervix. The pressure of the probe on the cervix was divided into three levels. The elastic data of three consecutive images were separately obtained by two doctors for three pressure levels. Image stability and the effects of pressure were evaluated and the repeatability of the measurements was tested. In the case and control groups, cervical elasticity images were selected by standardized operation methods. Differences in the parameters between the two groups were determined and the diagnostic efficiency of each parameter was analyzed. RESULTS: The HR, IOS, and EOS showed significant differences when measured on different sequential images obtained by continuous mapping (p < 0.05). The elastic parameters obtained from the first and last two images were significantly different (p < 0.05) and there were no significant differences between the elastic parameters obtained from the last two images (p > 0.05). The HR, IOS, EOS, and IOS/EOS showed significant differences among the pressure levels (p < 0.05), while the IOS showed a significant difference only between grades 0 and 2 (p < 0.05). E-cervix showed good repeatability within and among operators. The elastic parameters obtained by E-cervix in the CI group and control group were significantly different. ROC curve analysis showed that the HR was the most sensitive index for diagnosing CI. CONCLUSION: In E-cervix data acquisition, the first image should be excluded and the probe should not put pressure on the cervix. E-cervix has good retest and inter-observer reliability. Compared with normal women, CI patients showed a relatively softer and shorter cervix. E-cervix can be used as an important diagnostic tool for assessing cervical strain.

Identification of compound heterozygous variants in the noncoding RNU4ATAC gene in a Chinese family with two successive foetuses with severe microcephaly.

BACKGROUND: Whole-exome sequencing (WES) over the last few years has been increasingly employed for clinical diagnosis. However, one caveat with its use is that it inevitably fails to detect disease-causative variants that occur within noncoding RNA genes. Our experience in identifying pathogenic variants in the noncoding RNU4ATAC gene, in a Chinese family where two successive foetuses had been affected by severe microcephaly, is a case in point. These foetuses exhibited remarkably similar phenotypes in terms of their microcephaly and brain abnormalities; however, the paucity of other characteristic phenotypic features had made a precise diagnosis impossible. Given that no external causative factors had been reported/identified during the pregnancies, we sought a genetic cause for the phenotype in the proband, the second affected foetus. RESULTS: A search for chromosomal abnormalities and pathogenic copy number variants proved negative. WES was also negative. These initial failures prompted us to consider the potential role of RNU4ATAC, a noncoding gene implicated in microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type-1 (MOPD1), a severe autosomal recessive disease characterised by dwarfism, severe microcephaly and neurological abnormalities. Subsequent targeted sequencing of RNU4ATAC resulted in the identification of compound heterozygous variants, one being the most frequently reported MOPD1-causative mutation (51G>A), whereas the other was a novel 29T>A variant. Four distinct lines of evidence (allele frequency in normal populations, evolutionary conservation of the affected nucleotide, occurrence within a known mutational hotspot for MOPD1-causative variants and predicted effect on RNA secondary structure) allowed us to conclude that 29T>A is a new causative variant for MOPD1. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the limitations of WES in failing to detect variants within noncoding RNA genes and provide support for a role for whole-genome sequencing as a first-tier genetic test in paediatric medicine. Additionally, the identification of a novel RNU4ATAC variant within the mutational hotspot for MOPD1-causative variants further strengthens the critical role of the 5' stem-loop structure of U4atac in health and disease. Finally, this analysis enabled us to provide prenatal diagnosis and genetic counselling for the mother's third pregnancy, the first report of its kind in the context of inherited RNU4ATAC variants.

The ratio of cavum septi pellucidi width to anteroposterior cerebellar diameter: A novel index as a diagnostic adjunct for prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 18.

AIM: To explore the effectiveness of cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) width to anteroposterior cerebellar diameter (APCD) ratio as a diagnostic adjunct for prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 18. METHODS: Images of normal fetal brain within 15 and 35 weeks were stored in our center from 2016 to 2017. Images of aneuploid fetuses were retrospectively collected from 2004 to 2017. The transverse cerebellar diameter, APCD and CSP width were measured. CSP/APCD and APCD/transverse cerebellar diameter ratios were calculated and compared between euploid and aneuploid fetuses. RESULTS: One thousand and forty one fetuses were analyzed, including 817 euploid fetuses and 224 aneuploid fetuses (trisomy 21 117 cases, trisomy 18 82 cases, trisomy 13 9 cases, sex-linked 16 cases). No correlation had been found between both ratios and gestational weeks (P > 0.05). In aneuploid groups, means of ratios were both significantly different just between trisomy 18 group and euploid group (P < 0.05). The best area under the curve was shown by the CSP/APCD ratio. The cutoff value of CSP/APCD was 0.46 (sensitivity 87.0%, specificity 85.0%). CONCLUSION: A wide CSP or cerebellar hypoplasia warrants a more detailed ultrasound screening and genetic counseling. A larger CSP/APCD ratio alerts us to trisomy 18 syndrome, especially in cases with subtle anomalies.

[Effects of Restrictive Transfusion on the Outcome of Mitral Valve Replacement].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects of restrictive transfusion on the outcome of mitral valve replacement. METHODS: We selected 120 continuous patients of mitral valve replacement from June 2011 to June 2016. Based on the different blood transfusion strategy,the patients were divided into two groups: liberal blood transfusion group and restrictive blood transfusion strategy group. The blood routine test,liver and kidney function,coagulation function,full examination before blood transfusion,blood types,echocardiography and so on were examined when the patients were admitted to hospital,also the clinical data of perioperative patients were recorded,and blood transfusion volume,major complication and mortality were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The transfusion volume of red blood cells decreased from (3.2±1.1) to (1.8±1.5) U with restrictive transfusion,the difference was statistically significant (P=0.01),while plasma volume increased from (325.7±96.5) mL to (385.2±86.2) mL (P=0.04). There were differences in major complications between the two groups (39.2% vs. 31.7%,P=0.04),especially for respiratory-related complications such as the proportion of using ventilator >24 h (P=0.03),total time using ventilator (P=0.03),lung infection rate (P=0.04). The restrictive transfusion group had better outcome with less cost of hospitalization. The mortality was not different (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Restrictive transfusion strategy reduces the incidence of major complications in patients of mitral valve replacement with less cost.

Spectrums and Outcomes of Adnexal Torsion at Different Ages.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of ultrasound in the preoperative diagnosis of adnexal torsion and describe its histological spectrum and outcomes at different ages. METHODS: This study comprised a retrospective investigation of a data set that included 195 female patients with clinically suspected adnexal torsion between January 2010 and July 2015. Each patient received a detailed pelvic ultrasound examination by an experienced ultrasound examiner, and a definitive diagnosis was achieved via surgery. The accuracy of an ultrasonic diagnosis of adnexal torsion was assessed. The patients were divided into three groups: female children and adolescents, fertile women, and postmenopausal women. The size, type, histological spectrum, and outcome of adnexal torsion in the different groups were also described. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of ultrasound were 0.84, 0.77, and 0.81, respectively. There were significant differences in the presence of ultrasonic hallmarks among the true positive, false positive, and false negative cases of adnexal torsion. Ovarian torsion was identified in 94 cases, and isolated tubal torsion was identified in 15 cases. The most common histologic diagnoses of the pediatric group and the other two groups were a normal ovary and teratoma, respectively. The most common histologic diagnoses in the cases of isolated tubal torsion were mesosalpinx cyst and oviduct inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography plays an important role in the preoperative diagnosis of adnexal torsion. Despite ovarian involvement in most of the cases, isolated oviduct torsion was not uncommon. The spectrum of histological diagnoses varied among the age groups.

Prenatal diagnosis of submicroscopic chromosomal aberrations in fetuses with ventricular septal defects by chromosomal microarray-based analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the usefulness of chromosomal microarray analysis in fetuses with ventricular septal defects (VSDs) with or without associated anomalies and normal karyotype. METHODS: Fetuses with VSDs and normal karyotypes were investigated by using an Affymetrix CytoScan HD array. The cases were classified as isolated or nonisolated VSDs. RESULTS: Among the 52 VSD fetuses, 22 (42.3%) had isolated defects and 30 (57.7%) had additional other ultrasound anomalies. Twenty-six CNVs were identified in 18 fetuses (34.6%), 15 benign CNVs were detected in 11 (21.2%) fetuses, and 8 pathogenic CNVs were detected in 6 (11.5%) fetuses. After excluding 2 fetuses with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, the rate of pathogenic CNVs was 7.7%. The proportion of variants of unknown significance was 5.8% (3/52). In five cases, additional malformations were detected after birth or abortion, and one case had a prenatal isolated VSD. The detection rate of pathogenic CNVs in nonisolated VSDs was nonsignificantly higher than that in prenatal or postnatal isolated VSDs (4.5%, 1/22 vs 16.7%, 5/30, P = 0.226; 0/21 vs 19.4%, 6/31, P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated the value of chromosomal microarray analysis in the prenatal diagnosis of VSDs. The complexity of other defects enhanced the frequency of pathogenic CNVs, although the results were not significantly different. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Azygos Vein Z Scores in Healthy Fetuses and Fetuses With Venous Malformations Related to the Azygos Vein.

OBJECTIVES: To establish fetal azygos vein and descending aorta sonographic Z score formulas based on femur length and gestational age and to determine the value of azygos vein diameter variation for potential use in the diagnosis of fetal venous malformations related to the azygos vein. METHODS: A total of 452 healthy singleton fetuses and 25 fetuses with venous malformations related to the azygos vein underwent prenatal sonography in this retrospective study. Azygos vein and descending aorta diameters were measured offline after spatiotemporal image correlation volume acquisition. Normal azygos vein and descending aorta Z score formulas were constructed for these measurements based on femur length by performing standard regression analysis followed by weighted regression of absolute residual values. The azygos vein-to-descending aorta ratio was calculated. Three parameters were compared between venous malformations related to the azygos vein and healthy fetuses. RESULTS: Azygos vein and descending aorta Z score formulas were constructed. Both showed a positive linear correlation with femur length (r = 0.79 and 0.90, respectively; P < .01) and gestational age (r = 0.79 and 0.91; P < .01). The azygos vein Z scores and azygos vein-to-descending aorta ratios of fetuses with malformations were significantly higher than those of healthy fetuses (P < .01). In the abnormal group, 96.0% of azygos vein Z scores (24 of 25) were greater than ±2, and 96.0% of azygos vein-to-descending aorta ratios (24 of 25) were greater than the 95% confidence interval. CONCLUSIONS: The azygos vein Z score formulas we developed can provide a quantitative basis for prenatal screening of venous malformations related to the azygos vein. Azygos vein dilatation and an abnormal azygos vein-to-descending aorta ratio may contribute to increasing the recognition of venous malformations involving the azygos vein.

Prenatal evaluation of the conus medullaris position in normal fetuses and fetuses with spina bifida occulta using three-dimensional ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the fetal conus medullaris (CM) position with three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography and its use in detecting and diagnosing spina bifida occulta (SBO). METHODS: We examined 150 normal fetuses (gestational age, 20-38 weeks) and 14 fetuses with SBO. All fetuses underwent prenatal 3D ultrasonography, and the CM position in relation to the vertebral body was evaluated using volume contrast imaging. Intra- and inter-observer agreements were assessed using weighted kappa. The correlation between gestational age and CM level was determined by linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Operators successfully located the CM position in 145 cases. The CM was at L3 or higher in all normal group cases. A linear relationship was noted between gestational age (X) and CM position (Y) (Y = 0.118X + 6.011, R(2) = 0.679, P < 0.001). The weighted kappa values for intra- and inter-observer agreement were 1.0 and 0.788, respectively. The CM was located at L3 in one case and lower than L3 in 13 cases in the SBO group. All values were below the fifth percentile for the normal group. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional ultrasonography may accurately determine the CM vertebral level. Prenatal evaluation of the CM position may improve the detection and diagnosis of SBO.

Fetal persistent left superior vena cava in cases with and without chromosomal anomalies.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study are to determine and compare the prevalence of persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) in chromosomally normal and abnormal fetuses and to evaluate the potential of PLSVC as a screening marker for chromosomal abnormalities. METHODS: Women undergoing routine fetal sonographic examinations were evaluated once for the presence of PLSVC. PLSVC was diagnosed on the basis of the identification of an additional vessel in the left of the pulmonary artery in a three-vessel trachea view. Associated abnormalities, karyotypes, and outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 164 (0.7%, 164/25 171) cases of PLSVC were detected and successfully followed-up. The detection rates were 0.5% (81/17 535) and 1.1% (83/7636) in the low-risk and high-risk cases, respectively. The incidence of PLSVC was lower among the chromosomally or clinically normal (0.4%, 110/24 914) compared with chromosomally abnormal fetuses (7.8%, 20/257, p < 0.001). Additional defects were identified in 90% (18/20) of the PLSVC fetuses with chromosomal anomalies, a rate that was higher than those fetuses with chromosomal normal (61.8%, 68/110). CONCLUSIONS: Persistent left superior vena cava is more common among chromosomally abnormal than normal fetuses, and PLSVC fetuses with other defects are more highly associated with chromosomal disorders than isolated PLSVC fetuses. Isolated PLSVC is a benign vascular anomaly and may not affect outcomes.

Prenatal diagnosis of prevalence of the right heart: associated anomalies and outcome predictors.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the characteristics, associations, and outcomes of prevalence of the right heart and to evaluate the use of sonography to predict the risk of a poor prognosis in fetuses with this condition. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 182 fetuses with prevalence of the right heart. At the initial evaluation, the left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) sizes, left atrium and right atrium sizes, great artery diameters, appearance of the aortic arch and ductus arteriosus arch, and flow direction across the foramen ovale and aortic arch were documented. Malformations were documented in fetuses with intracardiac anomalies, who were divided into groups with and without coexisting extracardiac defects. The RV-LV diameter ratio and main pulmonary artery-to-aortic root diameter ratio were calculated and compared. The following variables were analyzed: coexisting intracardiac anomalies, associated extracardiac anomalies, diagnosis before 24 gestational weeks, fetal growth restriction, reversed flow across the foramen ovale, reversed flow in the aortic arch, and RV-LV ratio greater than 2.0. Relationships between these sonographic findings and the prognosis were evaluated by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 182 fetuses, 1 (0.5%) had intrauterine death, and 25 (13.7%) had neonatal death; 1 (0.5%) had selective reduction, and 106 (58.2%) underwent termination of pregnancy; 49 (26.9%) survived at this writing. The mean RV-LV ratio was 1.67. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that only 2 sonographic parameters, coexisting intracardiac anomalies (odds ratio, 17.75; 95% confidence interval, 4.18-75.26) and diagnosis before 24 weeks (odds ratio, 17.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.80-165.39) were significantly associated with a poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: The sonographic parameters of coexisting intracardiac anomalies and diagnosis before 24 gestational weeks are significant independent predictors of a poor prognosis in fetuses with prevalence of the right heart. Combinations of these risk factors may be useful in prenatal consultation.

Effects of organic trace minerals chelated with oligosaccharides on growth performance, blood parameters, slaughter performance and meat quality in sheep.

The present study assessed the effects of oligosaccharide-chelated organic trace minerals (OTM) on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, blood parameters, slaughter performance, and meat quality indexes of mutton sheep. A total of 60 East Ujumuqin × small-tailed Han crossbred mutton sheep were assigned to two groups (10 duplicates per group) by body weight (26.12 ± 3.22 kg) according to a completely randomized design. Compared to the CON group, the results of the OTM group showed: (1) no significant changes in the initial body weight, final body weight, dry matter intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio (p > 0.05); (2) the activities of trypsin, lipase, and amylase in the jejunum were significantly increased (p < 0.05); (3) serum total protein, albumin, and globulin of the blood were significantly increased (p < 0.05), and the growth factor interleukin IL-10 was significantly higher (p < 0.05), while IL-2, IL-6, and γ-interferon were significantly lower (p < 0.05). Immunoglobulins A, M, and G were significantly higher (p < 0.05); (4) the live weight before slaughter, carcass weights, dressing percentage, eye muscle areas, and GR values did not differ significantly (p > 0.05); (5) shear force of mutton was significantly lower (p < 0.05), while the pH45min, pH24h, drip loss, and cooking loss did not show a significant difference (p > 0.05). The content of crude protein was significantly higher (p < 0.05), while the ether extract content was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was detected between moisture and ash content; (6) the total amino acids, essential amino acids, semi-essential amino acids, and umami amino acids were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Although umami amino acids were not significant, the total volume increased (p > 0.05). Among these, the essential amino acids, threonine, valine, leucine, lysine in essential amino acids and arginine were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Also, non-essential amino acids, glycine, serine, proline, tyrosine, cysteine, and aspartic acid, were significantly higher (p < 0.05). The content of alanine, aspartate, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, and tyrosine in umami amino acids was significantly higher (p < 0.05).

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (L) and molasses (M) on nutrient composition, aerobic stability, and microflora of alfalfa silage in sandy grasslands.

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and molasses on the nutrient composition, fermentation quality, bacterial count, aerobic stability, and microflora of alfalfa silage in sandy grasslands. The experimental treatments included control (CK), 106 CFU/g Lactobacillus plantarum (L), 5% molasses (M), and 106 CFU/g Lactobacillus plantarum + 5% molasses (LM). The nutrient composition, fermentation quality, bacterial count, aerobic stability, and microflora were determined after 14 days and 56 days of ensiling, respectively. The results showed that the addition of L, M, and LM reduced dry matter loss (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content, and increased water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and ether extract (EE) content, compared to the CK group. Meanwhile, more lactic acid (LA) and accelerated fermentation were observed, causing the pH value to drop below 4.5 in the L, M, and LM groups after 56 days of ensiling. The addition of L, M, and LM promoted lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and inhibited yeast. The addition of L significantly increased the content of acetic acid (AA). In terms of microflora, the addition of L, M, and LM made Firmicutes become the dominant bacterial phylum earlier, while Lactobacillus, Weissella, and Pediococcus had a higher abundance. According to the result of Pearson's correlation, there is a very significant negative correlation between pH value and Lactobacillus (P < 0.01) and a very significant positive correlation between pH value and Lactococcus, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, and Leuconostoc (P < 0.01), which may be inhibited by Lactobacillus under the decreased pH value. The results of the prediction of microbial genes indicated that the addition of M could enhance the carbohydrate metabolism and membrane transport metabolism, which may contribute to LA production by LAB metabolism. In general, L, M and LM all improved the fermentation quality and reduced the loss of nutrients to varying degrees, but considering the fermentation quality, the overall effects of M and LM were better than L. M and LM are recommended to be used as silage additives in the process of alfalfa silage in sandy grasslands to improve the quality.

[Association between fetal ventricular septal defects and chromosomal abnormalities].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between fetal ventricular septal defects (VSD) and chromosomal abnormalities. METHODS: The 214 fetuses diagnosed VSD in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2008 to September 2011 were included. The VSD were categorized into 3 types: perimembranous, muscular and mixed (the defect could not be classified because the dimensions were larger than 5 mm) type. The perimembranous defect was subdivided into inlet and outlet subtypes. Complicated with other cardiac abnormalities/extracardiac abnormalities or not, the cases were divided into isolated VSD group,VSD complicating cardiac anomalies group (other cardiac and/or great vessels malformation),VSD complicating extracardiac anomalies group (include organ malformation and sonographic soft markers) and VSD with both cardiac and extracardiac anomalies group.G-banding chromosome analysis was advised for all cases.In cases that no karyotype was obtained, the phenotype of the newborns was examined by the pediatricians. And those appeared normal were defined as normal karyotype. RESULTS: (1) There were 134 (62.6%, 134/214) perimembranous defects, including 91 (42.5%, 91/214) inlet lesions and 43 (20.1%, 43/214) outlet lesions. There were 35 (16.4%, 35/214) muscular defects and 45 (21.0%, 45/214) mixed type lesions. (2) Among the 214 VSD fetuses, 46 (21.5%) were isolated VSD, 34 (15.9%) were cases with other cardiac anomalies, 87 (40.6%) were cases with extracardiac anomalies and 47 (22.0%) were cases with both cardiac and extracardiac anomalies. (3) The chromosomal karyotypes were obtained in 105 cases, and 21 cases were considered as normal according to the phenotype.Of all these 126 cases, 46 (36.5%, 46/126) had chromosomal abnormalities. (4) Inlet defects had the highest risk of chromosomal abnormalities (28/55, 50.9%), while the muscular defects had the lowest risk (2/25, 8.0%). The incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in outlet and mixed type was 33.3% (9/27) and 7/19, respectively. The types of VSD were significantly correlated with chromosomal defects (P < 0.01).(5) The incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in the 4 groups were 3.4% (1/29), 2/14, 53.6% (30/56) and 48.1% (13/27), respectively. The risk of chromosomal abnormalities in the cases complicating extracardiac or both extracardiac and cardiac anomalies was significantly higher than the isolated VSD group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Fetal VSD had a highest risk of chromosomal abnormalities, especially the inlet type and VSD with extracardiac abnormalities, and then the fetal karyotype should be recommended.

Effects of ultrasound treatment on muscle structure, volatile compounds, and small molecule metabolites of salted Culter alburnus fish.

This study investigated the effects of ultrasound treatment on the quality of salted Culter alburnus fish. The results showed that with the increasing ultrasound power, the structural degradation of muscle fibers was intensified, and the conformation of myofibrillar protein was significantly changed. The high-power ultrasound treatment group (300 W) had relatively higher thiobarbiturate reactive substance content (0.37 mg malondialdehyde eq/kg) and peroxidation value (0.63 mmol/kg). A total of 66 volatile compounds were identified with obvious differences among groups. The 200 W ultrasound group exhibited fewer fishy substances (Hexanal, 1-Pentene-3-ol, and 1-Octane-3-ol). Compared with control group, ultrasound groups (200, 300 W) contained more umami taste-related amino peptides such as γ-Glu-Met, γ-Glu-Ala, and Asn-pro. In the ultrasound treatment group, L-isoleucine and L-methionine, which may be used as flavor precursors, were significantly down-regulated, while carbohydrates and its metabolites were up-regulated. Amino acid, carbohydrate, and FA (fatty acyls) metabolism products in salted fish were enriched by ultrasound treatment, and those products might ultimately be related to the taste and flavor of salted fish.

Effects of guanidinoacetic acid on in vitro rumen fermentation and microflora structure and predicted gene function.

The fermentation substrate was supplemented with 0% guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) (control group, CON), 0.2% GAA (GAA02), 0.4% GAA (GAA04), 0.6% GAA (GAA06) and 0.8% GAA (GAA08) for 48 h of in vitro fermentation. Gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h of fermentation. The gas was collected, and the proportions (%, v/v) of H2, CH4 and CO2 were determined. The rumen fermentation parameters, including pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), microbial protein (MCP) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), were also determined. Furthermore, the bacterial community structure was analyzed through 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The gene functions were predicted using PICRUSt1 according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The results showed that with the increase in GAA supplementation levels, the MCP and the concentration of rumen propionate were significantly increased, while the concentration of isovalerate was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The results of microbial diversity and composition showed that the Shannon index was significantly decreased by supplementation with GAA at different levels (p < 0.05), but the relative abundance of norank_f_F082 and Papillibacter in the GAA06 group was significantly increased (p < 0.05). Especially in group GAA08, the relative abundances of Bacteroidota, Prevotella and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The results of gene function prediction showed that the relative abundances of the functions of flagellar assembly, bacterial chemotaxis, plant-pathogen interaction, mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), but the relative abundances of bile secretion and protein digestion and absorption were significantly increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation with 0.8% GAA enhanced in vitro rumen fermentation parameters, increased the relative abundance of Prevotella and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 in the rumen, and increased the metabolic pathways of bile secretion and protein digestion and absorption.

Four-dimensional sonography with spatiotemporal image correlation and tomographic ultrasound imaging in the prenatal diagnosis of anomalous pulmonary venous connections.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the use of 4-dimensional (4D) sonography with spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) and tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI) can provide additional information with respect to 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography in the prenatal diagnosis of anomalous pulmonary venous connections. METHODS: The study population consisted of 10 cases that were initially suspected to have total or partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections by prenatal 2D echocardiography between January 2008 and April 2011. All 10 cases were further examined and analyzed by 4D sonography with STIC-TUI. Detailed postnatal surgery or autopsy was performed on all 10 fetuses. RESULTS: Total anomalous pulmonary venous connections were found in 5 cases, and a partial connection was diagnosed in 1 fetus postnatally. The remaining 4 cases were confirmed to have normal pulmonary venous connections. Four of the 5 fetuses with anomalous pulmonary venous connections had an additional major cardiac defect; 1 fetus had an isolated connection. Anomalous drainage was supracardiac to the superior vena cava in 2 cases, cardiac to the coronary sinus in 3, and partially infracardiac to the portal vein in remaining case. The pulmonary venous connections were completely and correctly visualized with 2D echocardiography in 2 of the 10 cases, partially identified in 4, and not distinguished completely in 4. Four-dimensional sonography imaging with STIC-TUI clearly visualized the connections in 9 of the 10 cases, and the remaining case was partially identified. CONCLUSIONS: Four-dimensional sonography with STIC-TUI facilitates visualization of pulmonary venous connections, thus supplying additional information with respect to 2D echocardiography in the prenatal diagnosis of anomalous pulmonary venous connections.

Postnatal outcomes of fetuses with isolated gallbladder anomalies: be aware of biliary atresia.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the normal development of fetal gallbladder (GB) and evaluate the postnatal outcomes of fetuses with isolated GB anomalies without other structural abnormalities by ultrasound. METHODS: This was a retrospective study. We collected normal cases during 2016 between 15 and 40 gestational weeks and measured the length and width of GB to establish a normal reference range of GB. Using the 10th and 90th percentiles of the normal reference range, isolated cases of enlarged or small GB without other structural anomalies were selected between January 2017 and December 2019. Simultaneously, cases of echogenic material in the GB were included. Fetuses with non-visualization of the fetal gallbladder (NVFGB) were collected between January 2010 and December 2019. Postnatal outcomes of these cases were followed up and analyzed. RESULTS: There were 670 cases in the normal group and a linear correlation was found between the dimensions of GB and the gestational age, including the length (r = 0.69; p < .05; y = 0.97 + 0.70 × gestational age) and width (r = 0.48; p < .05; y = 1.65 + 0.12 × gestational age). Sixty-two cases with isolated GB anomalies were collected, including nine cases of enlarged GB, four cases of small GB, three cases of echogenic material in the GB, and 46 cases of NVFGB. Sixty fetuses (96.8%, 60/62) had good outcomes, except that two neonates (4%, 2/50) in small GB and NVFGB groups were both born with BA. In the NVFGB group, 97.8% (45/46) were with good outcomes, in which gallbladders were finally visualized in 37 (80.4%, 37/46) cases and GB agenesis was postnatally diagnosed in eight (17.4%, 8/46) patients by ultrasound. CONCLUSION: The postnatal outcomes of most fetuses (96.8%) with isolated GB anomalies such as enlarged GB, echogenic material in the GB were favorable. When it comes to cases of small GB or NVFGB in prenatal ultrasound diagnosis, we should alert biliary atresia in prenatal counseling.