Coinfections and differential diagnosis in immunocompetent patients with uveitis of infectious origin.

BACKGROUND: Making a definite diagnosis of infectious uveitis is a challenging task because many other infectious, and non-infectious uveitis, may have similar non-specific symptoms and overlapping clinical appearances. Co-infections in immunocompetent patients are not frequently proved with traditional serologic-diagnostic tools. METHODS: Descriptive transversal study, in a Uveitis Service of an Ophthalmology Reference Center, in Bogotá, Colombia, from July 2014 to February 2016. Aqueous humor (AH) and/or vitreous fluid, blood and serum samples were collected from consecutive patients suspected of having infectious uveitis. The diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) was confirmed by the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient (GWC) and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Differential diagnosis by PCR in AH was done for viral origin such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2), Varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RESULTS: In 66 Colombian patients with uveitis of presumed infectious origin: 22 (33.3%) were confirmed as OT, 16 (24.2%) as undetermined OT, five (7.5%) as co-infections and 23 (34.8%) as other uveitis. Toxoplasma coinfection with M. tuberculosis was identified in one case by PCR and in four cases with HSV by GWC. The initial clinical diagnosis changed, after laboratory examination, in 21 cases (31.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical diagnosis can be changed by laboratory examination in a significant proportion of cases of uveitis. Diagnosis of OT should combine the use of PCR and GWC to reach the maximum of confirmation of cases. The use of multiple laboratory methods is necessary to identify co-infections and viral infections that can mimic OT in immunocompetent patients.

The Atacama toad (Rhinella atacamensis) exhibits an unusual clinal pattern of decreasing body size towards more arid environments.

BACKGROUND: The causes of geographic variation of body size in ectotherms have generally been attributed to environmental variables. Research in amphibians has favored mechanisms that involve water availability as an explanation for the geographic variation of body size. However, there are few studies at intraspecific level on amphibians that inhabit desert or semi-desert environments, where hydric restrictions are stronger. Here, we describe and inquire as to the causes of the geographic variation of body size in the semi-desert toad Rhinella atacamensis, a terrestrial anuran that is distributed over 750 km along a latitudinal aridity gradient from the southern extreme of the Atacama Desert to the Mediterranean region of central Chile. We measured the snout-vent length of 315 adults from 11 representative localities of the entire distribution of the species. Then, using an information-theoretic approach, we evaluate whether the data support eight ecogeographic hypotheses proposed in literature. RESULTS: Rhinella atacamensis exhibits a gradual pattern of decrease in adult body size towards the north of its distribution, where the climate is more arid, which conforms to a Bergmann's cline. The best model showed that the data support the mean annual precipitation as predictor of body size, favoring the converse water availability hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS: Most studies in amphibians show that adult size increases in arid environments, but we found a converse pattern to expected according to the hydric constraints imposed by this type of environment. The evidence in R. atacamensis favors the converse water availability hypothesis, whose mechanism proposes that the foraging activity determined by the precipitation gradient has produced the clinal pattern of body size variation. The variation of this trait could also be affected by the decreasing productivity that exists towards the north of the species distribution. In addition, we found evidence that both pattern and mechanism are independent of sex. Lastly, we suggest that behavioral traits, such as nocturnal habits, might also play an important role determining this differential response to aridity. Therefore, the support for the converse water availability hypothesis found in this study shows that amphibians can respond in different ways to water restrictions imposed by arid environments.

Differential role of the two ζ-carotene desaturase paralogs in carrot (Daucus carota): ZDS1 is a functional gene essential for plant development and carotenoid synthesis.

Daucus carota is a biennale crop that develops an edible storage root. Orange carrots, the most consumed cultivar worldwide, accumulate high levels of ß-carotene and α-carotene in the storage root during secondary growth. Genes involved in ß-carotene synthesis have been identified in carrots and unlike most species, D. carota has two ζ-carotene desaturase genes, named ZDS1 and ZDS2, that share 91.3 % identity in their coding regions. ZDS1 expression falls during leaf, but not root development, while ZDS2 is induced in leaves and storage roots of a mature plant. In this work, by means of post-transcriptional gene silencing, we determined that ZDS1 is essential for initial carrot development. The suppression of the expression of this gene by RNAi triggered a reduction in the transcript levels of ZDS2 and PSY2 genes, with a concomitant decrease in the carotenoid content in both, leaves and storage roots. On the contrary, transgenic lines with reduced ZDS2 transcript abundance maintain the same levels of expression of endogenous ZDS1 and PSY2 and carotenoid profile as wild-type plants. The simultaneous silencing of ZDS1 and ZDS2 resulted in lines with a negligible leaf and root development, as well as significantly lower endogenous PSY2 expression. Further functional analyses, such as a plastidial subcellular localization of ZDS1:GFP and the increment in carotenoid content in transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing the carrot ZDS1, confirmed that ZDS1 codifies for a functional enzyme. Overall, these results lead us to propose that the main ζ-carotene desaturase activity in carrot is encoded by the ZDS1 gene and ZDS2 gene has a complementary and non essential role.

Taxonomy, systematics and geographic distribution of ground frogs (Alsodidae, Eupsophus): a comprehensive synthesis of the last six decades of research.

The genus Eupsophus (ground frogs) inhabits exclusively the temperate forests of southern South America (Chile and Argentina). The current delimitation of the genus was reached in the late 1970s, when only two species were recognized, but since then the number of described species steadily increased, reaching a maximum of 11 by 2012. Subsequent studies that applied explicit species delimitation approaches decreased the number of species to six in 2017 and raised it again to 11 the following year, including an undescribed putative species. Despite these taxonomic changes, the two species groups traditionally recognized, roseus and vertebralis, have been maintained. Another recent contribution to the taxonomy of the genus was the explicit recognition of the extremely high level of external phenotypic variation exhibited by species of the roseus group, which undermines the utility of some diagnostic characters. Here we provide a critical review of the extensive taxonomic and systematic literature on the genus over the last six decades, to examine the evidence behind the recurrent taxonomic changes and advances in its systematics. We also update and complete a 2017 review of geographic information, provide additional qualitative observations of external characters commonly used in the diagnoses of species of the roseus group, and reassess the phylogenetic position of a putative new species from Tolhuaca (Chile), which was not included in the last species delimitation study. The present review shows that: 1) there is no congruence between the patterns of phenotypic and genetic/phylogenetic differentiation among species of both groups; 2) in the roseus group, the intraspecific variation in some external characters is as high as the differences described among species; 3) there is little morphological and bioacoustic differentiation within species groups, and inconsistencies in the chromosomal evidence at the genus level; 4) under the latest taxonomic proposal (2018), species of the roseus group still lack consistent and reliable diagnoses and their distribution limits are poorly defined; and 5) the population from Tolhuaca represents an additional undescribed species under the most recent taxonomic framework. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus, pointing out some areas that require further research to understand their patterns and processes of diversification.

Sueño: características generales: Patrones fisiológicos y fisiopatológicos en la adolescencia / Sleep: General Characteristics: Physiological and Pathophysiological Patterns in Adolescence / Sono: Características Gerais: Patrões fisiológicos e fisiopatológicos na adolescência

La adolescencia es una etapa crítica del desarrollo que se acompaña de múltiples cambios que afectan diversas funciones fisiológicas y psicológicas, dentro de las cuales se encuentra el sueño. En este estadio ocurre el cambio de los patrones de sueño de la infancia hacia el sueño del adulto. El sueño es un fenómeno complejo resultante de la interacción entre el funcionamiento del sistema neuroendocrino, los relojes biológicos y procesos bioquímicos, con aspectos ambientales, culturales y sociales que adquieren especial relevancia en esta etapa de la vida. La homeostasis de estos sistemas asegura al adolescente un crecimiento y desarrollo dentro de los parámetros fisiológicos esperados para esta etapa. La función reparadora del sueño y las consecuencias que su alteración produce en las funciones cognoscitivas, el desempeño diurno y la salud en general, ameritan ser estudiadas. Es necesario detectar tempranamente las alteraciones, problemas o trastornos del sueño en esta etapa vital, estudiar las posibles causas e intervenir oportunamente para evitar las consecuencias de una pobre calidad de sueño. Este artículo resume los resultados encontrados en la literatura científica actualizada sobre las características del sueño en la adolescencia y sus problemas más comunes.

Adolescence is a critical development period, related to multiple changes in physiological and psychological functions. Sleep is one of these important functions. At this stage, the childhood sleep pattern changes to the adult sleep pattern. Sleep is a complex phenomenon, resulting from the interaction between the neuroendocrine system function, the biological clock and biochemical processes, and environmental, social and cultural elements of special significance at this stage in life. The homeostasis of these systems ensures the adolescent's growth and development within the expected physiological parameters for this stage. The restorative function of sleep and the consequences of its alteration on cognition, daytime performance and health in general, ought to be studied. At this stage of life, it is necessary to detect sleep problems or disorders and to explore possible causes. Early therapeutic intervention is needed in order to avoid the consequences of poor sleep quality. This article summarizes the results found in the current scientific literature on sleep characteristics in adolescence and their common problems.

A adolescência é uma etapa crítica do desenvolvimento que se acompanha de múltiplas mudanças que afetam diversas funções fisiológicas e psicológicas, dentro das quais se encontra o sono. Neste estádio ocorre a mudança dos patrões de sono da infância para o sono de adulto. O sono é um fenômeno complexo resultante da interação entre o funcionamento do sistema neuroendócrino, os relógios biológicos e processos bioquímicos, com aspectos ambientais, culturais e sociais que adquirem relevância especial nesta etapa da vida. A homeostase destes sistemas assegura ao adolescente um crescimento e desenvolvimento dentro dos parâmetros fisiológicos esperados para esta etapa. A função reparadora do sono e as consequências que sua alteração produz nas funções cognoscitivas, o desempenho diurno e a saúde em geral, merecem ser estudadas. É necessário detectar precocemente as alterações, problemas ou transtornos do sono nesta etapa vital, estudar as possíveis causas e intervir oportunamente para evitar as consequências de uma pobre qualidade de sono. Este artigo resume os resultados encontrados na literatura científica atualizada sobre as características do sono na adolescência e seus problemas mais comuns.