RESUMEN
We used multilocus sequence typing and variable number tandem repeat analysis to determine the clonal origins of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains from an outbreak of cholera that began in 2009 in Papua New Guinea. The epidemic is ongoing, and transmission risk is elevated within the Pacific region.
Asunto(s)
Cólera/epidemiología , Vibrio cholerae O1/clasificación , Cólera/virología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Genes Bacterianos , Humanos , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Papúa Nueva Guinea , Secuencias Repetidas en Tándem/genética , Vibrio cholerae O1/genéticaAsunto(s)
Cólera/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Vibrio cholerae O1/clasificación , Vibrio cholerae O1/aislamiento & purificación , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Cólera/microbiología , Cólera/mortalidad , Humanos , Análisis Multivariante , Papúa Nueva Guinea/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Vibrio cholerae O1/genéticaAsunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Disentería Bacilar/epidemiología , Disentería Bacilar/microbiología , Shigella/efectos de los fármacos , Brotes de Enfermedades , Humanos , Papúa Nueva Guinea/epidemiología , Factores de Tiempo , Combinación Trimetoprim y Sulfametoxazol/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In October 2004, Manam Island volcano in Papua New Guinea erupted, causing over 10 000 villagers to flee to internally displaced person (IDP) camps, including 550 from Dugulaba village. Following violence over land access in March 2010, the IDPs fled the camps, and four months later concurrent outbreaks of acute watery diarrhea and unusual neurological complaints were reported in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was conducted to identify the risk factors for peripheral neuropathy. Rectal swabs were collected from cases of acute watery diarrhea. Hair and serum metals and metalloids were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS: There were 17 deaths among the 550 village inhabitants during the outbreak period at a crude mortality rate 21-fold that of a humanitarian crisis. Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa was confirmed among the population. Access to community-level rehydration was crucial to mortality. Peripheral neuropathy was diagnosed among cases with neurological symptoms. A balanced diet was significantly protective against neuropathy. A dose-response relationship was seen between peripheral neuropathy and a decreasing number of micronutrient- rich foods in the diet. Deficiencies in copper, iron, selenium and zinc were identified among the cases of peripheral neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: Cholera likely caused the mostly preventable excess mortality. Peripheral neuropathy was not caused by cholera, but cholera may worsen existing nutritional deficiencies. The peripheral neuropathy was likely caused by complex micronutrient deficiencies linked to non-diversified diets that potentially increased the vulnerability of this population, however a new zinc-associated neuropathy could not be ruled out. Reoccurrence can be prevented by addressing the root cause of displacement and ensuring access to arable land and timely resettlement.