K-Lysine acetyltransferase 2a regulates a hippocampal gene expression network linked to memory formation.

Neuronal histone acetylation has been linked to memory consolidation, and targeting histone acetylation has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for neuropsychiatric diseases. However, the role of histone-modifying enzymes in the adult brain is still far from being understood. Here we use RNA sequencing to screen the levels of all known histone acetyltransferases (HATs) in the hippocampal CA1 region and find that K-acetyltransferase 2a (Kat2a)--a HAT that has not been studied for its role in memory function so far--shows highest expression. Mice that lack Kat2a show impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity and long-term memory consolidation. We furthermore show that Kat2a regulates a highly interconnected hippocampal gene expression network linked to neuroactive receptor signaling via a mechanism that involves nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). In conclusion, our data establish Kat2a as a novel and essential regulator of hippocampal memory consolidation.

Repeated adjuvant anti-CEA radioimmunotherapy after resection of colorectal liver metastases: Safety, feasibility, and long-term efficacy results of a prospective phase 2 study.

BACKGROUND: In previous work, a single administration of anticarcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) 131 I-labetuzumab radioimmunotherapy (RIT) after complete resection of colorectal liver metastases was well tolerated and significantly improved survival compared with controls. In the current phase 2 trial, the authors studied repeated RIT in the same setting, examining safety, feasibility, and efficacy. METHODS: Sixty-three patients (median age, 64.5 years) received RIT at 40 to 50 millicuries/m2 per dose. Before the receipt of RIT, restaging was performed with computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging and 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission to confirm that patients were "truly adjuvant." Patients who had elevated serum CEA levels or radiographically inconclusive new lesions were classified as "possibly nonadjuvant," but they also received RIT. Time to progression (TTP), overall survival (OS), and cause-specific survival (CSS) were calculated. The median follow-up was 54 months. RESULTS: After the first course of RIT, 14 of 63 patients experienced National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria grade 4 hematotoxicity; 19 patients did not receive the second course of RIT because of impaired performance status (N = 5) or relapse (N = 14). After the second course of RIT, 9 of 44 patients experienced National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria grade 4 hematotoxicity. Five patients developed myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) from 22 to 55 months after their last RIT. The median TTP, OS, and CSS for all patients were 16, 55, and 60 months, respectively. The "truly adjuvant" patients (N = 39) had an improved median TTP (not reached vs 6.1 months; hazard ratio, 0.12; P < .001), OS (75.6 vs 33.4 months; hazard ratio, 0.44; P = .014), and CSS (not reached vs 41.4 months; hazard ratio,0.42; P = .014) compared with "possibly nonadjuvant" patients (N = 24). CONCLUSIONS: Repeated RIT with 131 I-labetuzumab is feasible but is associated with hematotoxicity. Survival is very encouraging, especially for "truly adjuvant" patients. However, the maximum safe dose of 131 I-labetuzumab is a single administration of 50 millicuries/m2 . Cancer 2017;123:638-649. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

Comparative analysis of cell cycle regulated genes in eukaryotes.

We compared microarray experiments on cell cycle of three model eukaryotes: budding and fission yeast and human cells. Only 112 orthologous groups were cyclic in the three model organisms. The common set of cyclic orthologs includes many taking part in the cell cycle progression, like cyclin B homologs, CDC5, SCH9, DSK2, ZPR1. Proteins involved in DNA replication included histones, some checkpoint kinases and some proteins regulating DNA damage and repair. Conserved cyclic proteins involved in cytokinesis included myosins and kinesins. Many groups of genes related to translation and other metabolic processes were also cyclic in all three organisms. This reflects rebuilding of cellular components after the replication and changes of metabolism during the cell cycle. Many genes important in cell cycle control are not cyclic or not conserved. This includes transcription factors implicated in the regulation of budding yeast cell cycle. The partially overlapping roles of regulatory proteins might allow the evolutionary substitution of components of cell cycle.

5-Fluorouracil sensitizes colorectal tumor cells towards double stranded DNA breaks by interfering with homologous recombination repair.

Malignant tumors of the rectum are treated by neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy. This involves a combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and double stranded DNA-break (DSB)-inducing radiotherapy. Here we explored how 5-FU cooperates with DSB-induction to achieve sustainable DNA damage in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. After DSB induction by neocarzinostatin, phosphorylated histone 2AX (γ-H2AX) rapidly accumulated but then largely vanished within a few hours. In contrast, when CRC cells were pre-treated with 5-FU, gammaH2AX remained for at least 24 hours. GFP-reporter assays revealed that 5-FU decreases the efficiency of homologous recombination (HR) repair. However, 5-FU did not prevent the initial steps of HR repair, such as the accumulation of RPA and Rad51 at nuclear foci. Thus, we propose that 5-FU interferes with the continuation of HR repair, e. g. the synthesis of new DNA strands. Two key mediators of HR, Rad51 and BRCA2, were found upregulated in CRC biopsies as compared to normal mucosa. Inhibition of HR by targeting Rad51 enhanced DNA damage upon DSB-inducing treatment, outlining an alternative way of enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that interfering with HR represents a key mechanism to enhance the efficacy when treating CRC with DNA-damaging therapy.