HIV Information Avoidance, HIV Stigma, and Medical Mistrust among Black Sexual Minority Men in the Southern United States: Associations with HIV Testing.

Uptake of HIV testing is a critical step in the HIV prevention and treatment care cascade. Barriers to HIV testing, however, remain and innovative research in this area is warranted to improve uptake of testing. As such, we investigated the role of HIV information avoidance - a novel construct potentially related to HIV testing. We analyzed this construct in relation to other factors known to impact HIV testing, namely HIV stigma and medical mistrust. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that HIV information avoidance was negatively associated with HIV testing, while medical mistrust was positively associated with HIV testing. HIV testing stigma was not associated with HIV testing. This work contributes to the developing literature on HIV information avoidance and its relationships with HIV stigma and HIV testing uptake. Further, these findings can inform HIV testing interventions which often do not focus on HIV information avoidance. Future research on the mechanisms of information avoidance that are amenable to intervention, and the temporal ordering of the relationship between information avoidance and HIV testing is warranted.

The Potential Role of Undetectable = Untransmittable (U = U) in Reducing HIV Stigma among Sexual Minority Men in the US.

The Undetectable = Untransmittable (U = U) message and its scientific underpinnings have been widely suggested to reduce HIV stigma. However, misunderstanding and skepticism about U = U may prevent this destigmatizing potential from being fully realized. This cross-sectional study examined associations between U = U belief (belief that someone with a sustained undetectable viral load has zero risk of sexually transmitting HIV) and HIV stigma among US sexual minority men. Differences by serostatus and effects of brief informational messaging were also explored. The survey was completed online by 106 men living with HIV and 351 HIV-negative/status-unknown men (2019-2020). Participants were 18-83 years old (M[SD] = 41[13.0]). Most were non-Hispanic White (70.0%) and gay (82.9%). Although nearly all participants (95.6%) were aware of U = U, only 41.1% believed U = U. A greater percentage of participants living with HIV (66.0%) believed U = U compared with HIV-negative/status-unknown participants (33.6%). Among participants living with HIV, U = U belief was not significantly associated with perceived, internalized, or experienced HIV stigma or with viral load prejudice (prejudice against people who have a detectable HIV viral load). Among HIV-negative/status-unknown participants, U = U belief was associated with less frequently enacted HIV discrimination, more positive feelings toward people with an undetectable viral load, and lower personal endorsement of stigmatizing beliefs. Brief informational messaging about U = U did not affect most stigma dimensions and did not favorably affect any. Interventions are needed to correct commonly held, outdated misconceptions about HIV transmission risk. Such initiatives must not only engage people living with HIV but also engage HIV-negative/status-unknown people to maximize the destigmatizing potential of U = U.

RESUMEN: Para reducir el estigma del VIH se ha recomendado difundir extensivamente el mensaje Indetectable = Intransmisible (U = U) y sus fundamentos científicos. Sin embargo, falta de comprensión y escepticismo acerca de U = U pueden impedir que se realice plenamente su potencial desestigmatizante. Este estudio transversal examinó las asociaciones entre la creencia U = U (creencia de que alguien con una carga viral indetectable sostenida tiene cero riesgo de transmitir sexualmente el VIH) y el estigma del VIH entre hombres de minorías sexuales estadounidenses. También se exploró si el efecto de los mensajes informativos breves dependía del estatus serológico. La encuesta fue completada en línea por 106 hombres que viven con el VIH y 351 hombres VIH negativos o de estatus desconocido (2019­2020). Los participantes tenían entre 18 y 83 años (M[DS] = 41[13,0]). La mayoría eran blancos no hispanos (70,0%) y gay (82,9%). Aunque casi todos los participantes (95,6%) sabían sobre U = U, sólo el 41,1% creían en U = U. Un mayor porcentaje de participantes con VIH (66,0%) creían que U = U en comparación con los participantes VIH negativos o de estatus desconocido (33,6%). Entre los participantes con VIH, la creencia U = U no se asoció significativamente con el estigma del VIH percibido, interiorizado o experimentado ni con el prejuicio sobre la carga viral (prejuicio contra las personas que tienen una carga viral de VIH detectable). Entre los participantes VIH negativos/con estatus desconocido, la creencia U = U se asoció con menor frecuencia de discriminación por VIH, sentimientos más positivos hacia las personas con una carga viral indetectable y menor respaldo personal a las creencias estigmatizantes. Los mensajes informativos breves sobre U = U no afectaron la mayoría de las dimensiones del estigma y no afectó favorablemente a ninguno. Se necesitan intervenciones para corregir conceptos frecuentes sobre el riesgo de transmisión del VIH que son erróneos y obsoletos. Para maximizar el potencial desestigmatizador de U = U, estas iniciativas no sólo deben involucrar a las personas que viven con el VIH, sino también a las personas VIH-negativas o de estatus desconocido.

The Implications of PrEP Use, Condom Use, and Partner Viral Load Status for Openness to Serodifferent Partnering Among US Sexual Minority Men (SMM).

PrEP has been reported to facilitate openness to serodifferent sexual partnerships among sexual minority men (SMM). However, other aspects of a sexual scenario likely come into play, including whether or not condoms are used and whether or not the partner living with HIV has an undetectable viral load. This online survey study evaluated the association between PrEP status and openness to serodifferent partnering, as well as the effects of various sexual scenario variables (condom use and partner's viral load) among 268 HIV-negative SMM in the US. Each participant reported their PrEP status and rated their openness to serodifferent partnering in four sexual scenarios, which varied by condom use (with/without) and partner viral load status (detectable/undetectable). Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) were conducted to assess differences in openness to serodifferent partnering by PrEP status in each scenario, adjusting for background characteristics. A two-way repeated measures ANCOVA and a three-way mixed factorial ANCOVA, including PrEP status as a between-subjects variable, were also performed to assess the effects of condom use and partner viral load status on openness. Across all scenarios, current PrEP users expressed significantly greater openness to serodifferent partnering compared to participants who had never used PrEP. Current PrEP users were also more likely than former PrEP users to consider partnering with someone with an undetectable viral load without using condoms. Both PrEP users and PrEP-inexperienced individuals had greater openness to serodifferent partnering with a partner having an undetectable (vs. detectable) viral load, which was magnified by condom use among the latter.

RESUMEN: Se ha reportado que hombres de minorías sexuales (HMS) están más dispuestos a tener parejas sexuales serodiferentes cuando usan PrEP. Sin embargo, es probable que existan otros aspectos del contexto sexual, como el uso o no de condones y si la pareja que vive con el VIH tiene o no una carga viral indetectable. Este estudio utilizó una encuesta virtual para evaluar la asociación entre el uso de PrEP y el estar abierto a parejas serodiferentes, así como los efectos de diversas variables del contexto sexual (uso de condón y carga viral de la pareja) entre 268 SMM VIH negativos en los EE. UU. Cada participante reportó su uso de PrEP y estimó su apertura a parejas serodiferentes en cuatro contextos sexuales, que variaron según el uso de condón (con o sin) y el estado de carga viral de la pareja (detectable/indetectable). Para examinar si la apertura a tener parejas sexuales serodiferentes estaba asociada con el uso de PrEP en cada contexto sexual, se realizaron análisis de covarianza (ANCOVA), controlando por características demográficas. También se utilizó ANCOVA de medidas repetidas de dos vías y una ANCOVA de diseño factorial mixto de tres vías, incluyendo el estado de PrEP como una variable entre sujetos, para evaluar los efectos del uso de condón y el estado de carga viral de la pareja en la apertura a tener parejas sexuales serodiferentes. En todos los contextos, las personas usando PrEP en ese momento expresaron una apertura significativamente mayor a las parejas serodiferentes comparados con los participantes que nunca habían usado PrEP. Las personas usando PrEP en ese momento también eran más propensas a considerar asociarse con alguien con una carga viral indetectable sin usar condones que los que habían descontinuado PrEP. Tanto los usuarios de PrEP como las personas sin experiencia en PrEP tuvieron una mayor apertura a tener relaciones serodiferentes con una pareja que tuviera una carga viral indetectable (versus detectable), que se magnificó por el uso de condones entre los sin inexperiencia.

Perceptions of bias in HIV prevention services, happiness with social support, and anticipated PrEP stigma among Black and Latine/x sexual and gender diverse individuals.

Although pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective preventive treatment for HIV, anticipated PrEP stigma can hinder uptake. Perceptions of bias in HIV prevention and evaluations (e.g., happiness) tied to social support among Black and Latine/x sexual and gender diverse (SGD) individuals could be important correlates of anticipated PrEP stigma. To further this line of inquiry, a national sample of 872 Black and Latine/x SGD individuals who had and had never taken PrEP (Mage = 25.1, SD = 2.8) reported how they perceived HIV prevention and how happy they were with their social support. Multivariable linear regressions revealed that greater perceptions of bias in HIV prevention services were associated with higher anticipated PrEP stigma among Black and Latine/x SGD individuals who have never taken PrEP. Greater happiness with friend support was associated with lower PrEP stigma, whereas greater happiness with family support was associated with higher PrEP stigma among individuals who have taken PrEP. Findings highlight the need for PrEP and HIV interventions to address the intersectional stigma attached to prevention and for researchers to understand how evaluations of social support may contribute to stigma among Black and Latine/x SGD individuals.

How LGBTQ+ Young Adults Navigate Personal Risk in App-Based Hookups: The Safety Spectrum Theory.

Research on hooking up is rife with examinations of risky sexual health practices among LGBTQ+ young adults; yet, little has been written about the personal safety practices for this population. This omission is notable because safety practices can enhance the notable positive outcomes related to hooking up. Drawing on one-on-one interviews with 50 LGBTQ+ young adults (20 cismen, 20 ciswomen, two transmen, and eight others) in British Columbia, California, and Connecticut, we developed the safety spectrum theory, which used a spectral measurement to assess how LGBTQ+ young adults negotiate safety practices and implement safety rules. This spectrum was then applied to a three-step sequence of application (app)-based hookup rituals: online initiation, pre-meeting preparation, and in-person meetup. Results indicated that safety strategies may be dictated by situational factors, where individuals adapt to varying circumstances to be more in control of personal safety when hooking up. We further identified that participants move across the spectrum depending upon contextual factors, such as the gender of the potential hookup partner. This work suggests that LGBTQ+ young adults are mindful of their personal safety and deserve more credit than previously attributed in queer and sexual health research. From these findings, we provide evidence-based recommendations to make dating/hookup apps and public health campaigns more effective at mitigating hookup-related risks.

Measurement invariance of the LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale among LGBTQ+ youth.

The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale (LGBT-PCMS) is a widely used measure of intersectional microaggression experiences among sexual and gender minority people of color. Although it is widely used-and increasingly used in adolescent and young adult samples-it is unknown whether the LGBT-PCMS demonstrates similar measurement properties across subgroups of sexual and gender minority youth of color (SGMYOC). Among 4142 SGMYOC (ages 13-17) we found evidence for either partial or full scalar invariance (item loadings and intercepts were generally equal) across sexual orientation, race-ethnicity, and gender identity groups for all three subscales. Specific patterns of invariance and noninvariance across groups, as well as implications for the use of the LGBT-PCMS and its subscales among SGMYOC are discussed.

Stress of being outed to parents, LGBTQ family support, and depressive symptoms among sexual and gender diverse youth.

Limited scholarship has explored how a lack of agency in identity disclosure (being "outed") to parents is associated with mental health experiences of sexual and gender diverse youth (SGDY). With a national sample of SGDY (N = 9272; 66.8% White non-Hispanic) aged 13-17 (Mage = 15.63, SD = 1.24), this study first compared social position differences between SGDY who were outed to their parents compared to those not outed, and second, investigated how the stress from being outed to parents was associated with LGBTQ family support and depressive symptoms. Results revealed that SGDY who were outed to their parents reported higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower amounts of LGBTQ family support than SGDY who were not outed to their parents. In addition, greater stress from being outed to parents was indirectly associated with higher depressive symptoms through lower LGBTQ family support. These relationships significantly varied across gender identity. Findings highlight the importance of instilling greater agency in disclosure experiences among SGDY.

Stigmatization of food insecurity helps explain the association between food insecurity and medication nonadherence among people living with HIV.

Food insecurity is an established barrier to antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among people living with HIV (LWHIV). While insufficient access to food reliably impedes medication adherence, the link between food insecurity and ART nonadherence has not been fully explained. In addition, depression is reliably associated with both food insecurity and ART nonadherence, but again the link between food insecurity and depression is not understood. A potential explanatory mechanism in the associations among food insecurity, depression and ART nonadherence is the experience of food insecurity stigma (FI-stigma). The current study tested FI-stigma in relation to depression as explanatory mechanisms in the association between food insecurity and ART nonadherence. Men and women (n = 495) LWHIV in the southeastern United States completed confidential surveys that included measures of food insecurity, FI-stigma, depression, and ART adherence. Results from the serial mediation model indicated significant direct effects of food insecurity and depression on ART adherence. In addition, food insecurity was indirectly associated with ART adherence through FI-stigma and depression symptoms. Results suggest that the stigmatization of food insecurity predicts increased depression which in turn predicts ART nonadherence, with both FI-stigma and depression symptoms partially mediating the relationship between food insecurity and ART nonadherence. Interventions aimed to reduce food insecurity should include it's associated stigma to improve treatment adherence among people LWHIV.

Sexual Minority Youth Reporting SOGIE-Based Harassment to Adults at School: The Roles of Experienced Harassment, Outness, Safety, and Adult Support at School.

Despite a proliferation of bullying prevention programs in recent time, limited work has investigated support-seeking behaviors in response to elevated bullying levels among sexual minority youth (SMY). To address this gap, the current study examined how harassment targeting SOGIE (sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression), sexual identity outness, school safety, and perceptions of teacher/staff support were associated with SMY talking to an adult at school about harassment. A large contemporary national sample of SMY (N = 5538) between the ages 13-18 (Mage = 15.53, SD = 1.33) who experienced at least one form of SOGIE-based harassment in the past year was leveraged for analyses. Hierarchical multivariable logistic regressions revealed more frequent SOGIE-based harassment was associated with greater odds of reporting harassment to school personnel, particularly among SMY who felt safe at school. Findings highlight the need for school-based interventions to foster school safety among SMY who experience peer harassment to promote their reporting of this behavior.

Cannabis Use Frequency is Associated with PrEP Cessation and Self-reported HIV Diagnosis.

To achieve stated targets in the United States of Ending the HIV Epidemic by 2030, it is necessary to decrease rates of pre-exposure prophylaxis use (PrEP) cessation. In particular, it is key to assess PrEP use and cannabis use frequency given the recent wave of cannabis decriminalization across the U.S., particularly among sexual minority men and gender diverse (SMMGD) individuals. We used data from the baseline visit of a national study of Black and Hispanic/Latino SMMGD. Among participants reporting any lifetime cannabis use, we further assessed the association between frequency of cannabis use in the past 3 months and: (1) self-reported PrEP use, (2) recency of last PrEP dose, and (3) HIV status using adjusted regression models. Compared to those who never used cannabis, odds of PrEP cessation were higher among those who used it once or twice (aOR 3.27; 95% CI 1.38, 7.78), those who used it monthly (aOR 3.41; 95% CI 1.06, 11.01), and those who used it weekly or more frequently (aOR 2.34; 95% CI 1.06, 5.16). Similarly, those reporting cannabis use 1-2 times in the past 3 months (aOR 0.11; 95% CI 0.02, 0.58) and those reporting weekly or more frequent use (aOR 0.14; 95% CI 0.03, 0.68) were each more likely to report more recent PrEP cessation. These results suggest that cannabis users in general may be a population at elevated risk of HIV diagnosis although more research regarding these findings is needed with nationally representative populations.

Injection Drug Use and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among People who Inject Drugs in Ukraine: A Random-Intercept Latent Transition Analysis.

HIV transmission in Ukraine is driven in part by unsafe injection drug use and sexual risk behaviors among people who inject drugs. We performed a random-intercept latent transition analysis on responses to 9 binary injection drug use and sexual behavior items from 1195 people who inject drugs with negative HIV status enrolled in a clustered randomized clinical trial of a social network intervention in Odessa, Donetsk, and Nikolayev, Ukraine. We identified 5 baseline classes: "Social injection/equipment-sharing" (11.7%), "Social injection" (25.9%), "High-risk collective preparation/splitting" (17.0%), "Collective preparation/splitting" (11.3%), and "Dealer-facilitated injection" (34.1%). After 12 months, intervention participants were more likely to transition to the "Collective preparation/splitting" class, which featured the fewest risk behaviors. Transitioning from the "Collective preparation/splitting" to the "Social injection/equipment-sharing" class was associated with HIV acquisition for control participants. Research to illuminate the stability of these patterns and how they may benefit from uniquely tailored programming to reduce unsafe behaviors is needed.

Amphetamine use and its associations with antiretroviral adherence and viral load among sexual minority men and transgender women living with HIV.

Substance use has complex associations to HIV disease progression. The current study tested the associations between several substances and HIV viral load while accounting for confounders relevant to HIV disease progression and substance use. Young sexual minority men and transgender women living with HIV (LWH) in Georgia (N = 385) completed measures and biological tests for HIV viral load and substance use. Multivariable regression models tested the role of specific drugs (i.e., alcohol, cannabis/THC, cocaine, and combined amphetamine and methamphetamine) directly on viral load and indirectly through antiretroviral (ART) adherence. ART adherence and HIV care self-efficacy were consistently associated with greater HIV suppression. Alcohol and cocaine were not associated with ART adherence or viral load. Cannabis was negatively associated with ART adherence (B = -.053, p = .037) but not viral load. Amphetamine/methamphetamine demonstrated significant direct effects on higher viral load (B = .708, p = .010) while indirectly influencing viral load through a negative association with ART adherence. Our findings support previous research demonstrating amphetamine/methamphetamine use impacts viral load both directly and indirectly through ART adherence. Interventions addressing amphetamine/methamphetamine use by young sexual minority men and transgender women LWH are urgently needed, and future research should focus on determining the mechanisms by which formulations of amphetamine impact HIV replication.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03665532.

COVID-19 health information trust and prejudicial attitudes predict healthcare disruptions in the first year of COVID-19 among people living with HIV.

Cross-sectional studies have reported that people living with HIV experienced disruptions to social relationships and healthcare during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, individuals with less trust in public health sources of COVID-19 information as well as those who held greater COVID-19 prejudicial attitudes experienced greater healthcare disruptions in the early months of COVID-19. To examine changes in trust and prejudicial attitudes in relation to healthcare disruptions during the first year of COVID-19, we followed a closed cohort of 115 men and 26 women ages 18 to 36 living with HIV over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings confirmed that a majority of individuals continued to experience disruptions to their social relationships and healthcare over the course of the first year of COVID-19. In addition, trust in COVID-19 information from the CDC and state health department diminished over the year as did COVID-19 prejudicial attitudes. Regression models showed that lower trust in the CDC and health department and greater prejudicial attitudes toward COVID-19 early in the pandemic predicted greater healthcare disruptions over the year. In addition, greater trust in the CDC and health department early in COVID-19 predicted better antiretroviral therapy adherence later in the year. Results support an urgent need to regain and sustain trust in public health authorities among vulnerable populations.

Lifetime prevalence of syphilis infection among predominantly Black sexual and gender minorities living with HIV in Atlanta, Georgia: a cross-sectional analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Syphilis infection disproportionately impacts Black sexual and gender minorities (SGM) in the United States. The extent of this impact among those living with HIV has been minimally examined. This study sought to examine lifetime syphilis prevalence and associated factors in a community sample of predominantly Black SGM living with HIV in the Southeastern US. DESIGN: Participants (N = 174) enrolled in a stigma-mitigation trial for people living with HIV in Atlanta, Georgia, completed a sub-study involving testing for Treponema pallidum antibodies, indicative of lifetime syphilis infection. We performed chi-square and Fisher's exact tests to assess sociodemographic and healthcare differences by presence/absence of lifetime syphilis infection. RESULTS: Most participants identified as non-Hispanic Black (n = 142/174; 81.6%) and cisgender male (n = 146/174; 83.9%). More than two thirds (n = 120/174) identified as gay/homosexual. We documented a 55.7% (n = 97/174) lifetime prevalence of syphilis infection and observed differences by sexual identity, with 77.3% (n = 75/97) of those screening positive reporting gay/homosexual identity relative to 58.4% (n = 45/77) of those screening negative (chi-square[1] = 7.8, p < 0.010). CONCLUSION: Findings underscore how syphilis prevention efforts have missed the most marginalized, warranting a renewed, comprehensive strategy for improving the sexual health of Black SGM. Embedding targeted, respectful community engagement, expanded testing access, and healthcare provider training into broader sexual health and psychosocial wellness efforts is needed.

Randomized Clinical Trial of Stigma Counseling and HIV Testing Access Interventions to Increase HIV Testing Among Black Sexual Minority Men and Transwomen.

Advances in HIV prevention tools have outpaced our ability to ensure equitable access to these tools. Novel approaches to reducing known barriers to accessing HIV prevention, such as stigma and logistical-related factors, are urgently needed. To evaluate the efficacy of a randomized controlled trial with four intervention arms to address barriers to HIV/STI testing uptake (primary outcome) and PrEP use, depression, and HIV test results (secondary outcomes). We tested a 2 × 2 research design: main effect 1-stigma-focused vs. health information evaluation-focused counseling, main effect 2-offering HIV/STI testing appointments in person vs. at home with a counselor via video chat, and the interaction of the main effects. Participants (N = 474) residing in the southeastern USA were screened and enrolled in a longitudinal trial. Intervention efficacy was established using generalized linear modeling with binomial or Poisson distributions. Intervention efficacy demonstrated an increase in HIV/STI testing uptake when testing was made available at home with a counselor via video chat vs. in person (83% vs. 75% uptake, p < .05), and participants were also more likely to test positive for HIV over the course of the study in the at-home condition (14.5% vs. 9.4%, p < .05). Stigma-focused counseling resulted in lower depression scores and greater uptake of PrEP among participants < 30 years of age when compared with health information counseling (15.4% vs. 9.6%, p < .05). In order to prevent further disparities between HIV prevention advances and access to HIV prevention tools, we must prioritize improvements in linking people to care. Novel interventions, such as those proposed here, offer a practical, evidence-based path to addressing long-standing barriers to HIV prevention strategies. Trial registration: NCT03107910.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use, anticipated PrEP stigma, and bisexual identity among a Black and Hispanic/Latino sexual and gender diverse sample.

Black and Hispanic/Latino sexual minority men and gender diverse (SMMGD) individuals are disproportionately impacted by the HIV epidemic. Uptake and adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is suboptimal among SMMGD Black and Hispanic/Latino individuals, but most research has approached this population as homogenous (e.g., a group operationalized as men who have sex with men). Bisexual men are less likely to disclose their sexual identity and report more mental health problems than their gay counterparts, but there is less attention to the impact of different sexual identities on PrEP use over time. We utilized data from three waves of a national longitudinal study (2020-2021) to characterize Black and Hispanic/Latino SMMGD participants' PrEP use including: 1) PrEP uptake during the study; 2) consistent PrEP use across the study; and 3) discontinuation of PrEP use since study baseline. We found bisexual men were significantly less likely than gay men to be consistent PrEP users and were more likely to discontinue PrEP use over the course of the study. Of the sample who reported PrEP use across surveys, 10% initiated PrEP during the study period, 0% of whom were bisexual. Additionally, bisexual participants reported statistically significantly higher anticipated PrEP stigma relative to gay participants. These findings have implications for HIV prevention interventions. Given the differences in PrEP experiences as a function of sexual identity, researchers and clinicians should consider the disruptive role of stigma (both biphobia and anticipated PrEP stigma) in PrEP care and adherence.

Finding the Right Angle: A Geometric Approach to Measuring Intersectional HIV Stigma.

Intersectionality has emerged as theoretically and practically important to advancing HIV stigma research. However, few psychometric measures capture the intricacies of intersectional stigma. Grounded in the HIV stigma framework and contemporary theories of intersectionality, this paper describes a novel approach to conceptualizing the measurement of intersectional stigma. Taking the notion of an intersection literally, that is the point at which two or more lines meet and form a union, we offer a geometric conceptualization for developing a psychometric instrument to measure intersectional stigma. Ratings of stigmatized attributes, such as stigma ascribed to gender, race, sexual orientation, and HIV status are assessed on independent scales to calculate their intersection using the Pythagorean Theorem, c = [Formula: see text] (a2 + b2) and its extension to multiple stigmatized attributes d = [Formula: see text] (a2 + b2 + c2). Data from a sample of Black /African American women living with HIV were used to test the concept of a geometric approach to measuring intersectional enacted stigma and intersectional anticipated stigma. Findings from the test of concept were encouraging and warrant further scale development research.

Who is using PrEP on-demand? Factors associated with PrEP use modality among Black and Hispanic/Latino emerging adults.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly efficacious HIV prevention medication, yet Black and Hispanic/Latino sexual minority men's and gender diverse individuals' (SMMGD) PrEP use is limited due to factors such as PrEP barriers and anticipated PrEP stigma. Although most individuals who use PrEP take it as a daily regimen, there is evidence that many SMMGD are interested in using "on-demand" (also known as event-driven or intermittent or 2-1-1) PrEP. We used stepwise multinomial logistic regression to explore factors associated with on-demand, daily, and no PrEP use among 820 Black and Hispanic/Latino SMMGD ages 18-29 in the United States. We found that greater reported PrEP barriers were associated with higher odds of using PrEP on-demand or not using PrEP compared to daily PrEP use. More past 3-month sex partners and greater comfort telling others about PrEP use were associated with lower odds of on-demand compared to daily PrEP use. In addition, compared to daily PrEP use, more past 3-month sex partners, greater comfort telling others about PrEP use, and higher anticipated PrEP stigma were associated with lower odds of no current PrEP use compared to daily PrEP use. Findings may inform clinical practices and interventions to promote PrEP uptake and adherence.

Daily Marijuana Use Predicts HIV Seroconversion Among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women in Atlanta, GA.

We evaluated whether different types of substance use predicted HIV seroconversion among a cohort of 449 Black men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW). A community-based sample was recruited in Atlanta, GA between December 2012 and November 2014. Participants completed a survey and were tested for STIs (Chlamydia and gonorrhoeae using urine samples and rectal swabs) at baseline. HIV testing was conducted at 12-months post enrollment. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between substance use and HIV seroconversion. By 12-month follow-up, 5.3% (n = 24) of participants seroconverted. In multivariable analyses, daily marijuana use was positively associated with HIV seroconversion (aOR 3.07, 95% CI 1.11-8.48, P = 0.030). HIV incidence was high and daily marijuana use was associated with a more than threefold increased odds of HIV seroconversion among a community-based cohort of Black MSM and TGW.

RESUMEN: Evaluamos si diferentes tipos de uso de sustancias predijeron la seroconversión del VIH entre una cohorte de 449 hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) y mujeres transgénero (TGW) de raza negra. Se reclutó una cohorte en la comunidad en Atlanta, GA, entre diciembre de 2012 y noviembre de 2014. Los participantes completaron una encuesta y se les hizo una prueba de infecciones de transmisión sexual (clamidia y gonorrea usando muestras de orina e hisopos rectales) al inicio del estudio. Los participantes completaron una prueba del VIH al final del estudio. Se utilizó la regresión logística binaria multivariable para estimar proporciones de probabilidades ajustadas (aOR) y los intervalos de confianza (CI) del 95% para las asociaciones entre el uso de sustancias y la seroconversión del VIH. A los 12 meses de seguimiento, 5,3% (n = 24) de los participantes se seroconvirtieron. En análisis multivariable, el consumo diario de marijuana se asoció positivamente con la seroconversión del VIH (aOR 3.07, 95% CI 1.11­8.48, P = 0.030). La incidencia del VIH fue elevada y el uso diario de marijuana se asoció con un aumento de más de 3 veces en las probabilidades de seroconversión del VIH entre una cohorte de HSH y TGW de raza negra reclutado por la comunidad.

PrEP Stigma and logistical barriers remain significant challenges in curtailing HIV transmission among Black and Hispanic/Latinx cisgender sexual minority men and transgender women in the US.

Despite advancements in HIV prevention, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), there remain inequities in accessing PrEP among Black and Hispanic/Latinx cisgender sexual minority men and transgender women (SMMTW). Researchers have documented multiple barriers to PrEP uptake, yet the relative impacts of PrEP internalized stigma and logistical barriers (e.g., Cost; time) to PrEP use are understudied. It may be meaningful to investigate potential interactions between internalized stigma and logistical barriers to PrEP use. We utilized data from 827 Black and Hispanic/Latinx SMMTW (Mage = 25.09) in the US and found that greater PrEP-related internalized stigma and greater PrEP logistical barriers were independently significantly associated with lower likelihood of current PrEP use, but PrEP-related internalized stigma became a non-significant predictor when included in a multivariable model. We found a significant interaction between PrEP-related internalized stigma and logistical barriers to PrEP use, such that the association between internalized stigma and likelihood of current PrEP use was only significant at lower levels of logistical barriers to PrEP use. Findings highlight the need to reduce logistical barriers to PrEP use, and for clinicians to acknowledge the role of stigma for individuals who otherwise do not report logistical barriers.