Correction to: Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Improved Topical Drug Delivery: Evaluation in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Vaginal Candidiasis Animal Models.

In the published manuscript, co-author Sarah Hendrickx name was misspelled and co-author Guy Caljon's last and first names were inadvertently switched.

Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Improved Topical Drug Delivery: Evaluation in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Vaginal Candidiasis Animal Models.

The present study aimed to develop, characterize and evaluate the amphotericin B-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (AmB-NLCs) for topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). AmB-NLCs were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and surface morphology. Prepared NLCs were also characterized for in vitro drug release, ex vivo skin permeation and deposition before evaluating their in vitro and in vivo efficacy. Cytotoxicity of NLCs was assessed on MRC-5 cells, whereas skin irritation potential was evaluated in vivo using rats. Significant accumulation of drug in to the skin supported the topical application potential of drug-loaded NLCs. Encapsulation of AmB in NLCs resulted in enhanced in vitro potency against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of L. major JISH 118 (IC50 ± SEM = 0.02 ± 0.1 µM for both) compared with free drug (IC50 ± SEM = 0.15 ± 0.2 & 0.14 ± 0.0, respectively). Similar improved potency of AmB-NLCs was also observed for other Leishmania and fungal strains compared with drug solution. Topical application of AmB-NLCs on L. major-infected BALB/c mice caused a significant reduction in parasite burden per mg of lesion (65 × 108 ± 13) compared with the control group (> 167.8 × 108 ± 11). Topical AmB-NLCs gel demonstrated superior efficacy in the vaginal C. albicans rat model for VVC as compared with plain AmB gel. Moreover, results of in vitro cytotoxicity assay and in vivo skin irritation test confirmed AmB-NLCs to be non-toxic and safe for topical use. In conclusion, NLCs may have promising potential as carrier for topical treatment of various conditions of skin and mucosa.

Optimization of the different phases of the freeze-drying process of solid lipid nanoparticles using experimental designs.

In this work, the effect of cryoprotectant type and concentration and freeze-drying process parameters were evaluated to determine an optimal freeze-drying process for celecoxib-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Different cryoprotectants were tested at different weight ratios (cryoprotectant:lipid). Trehalose, maltose, and sucrose at a 1:1 wt ratio were selected for further use in optimizing the freeze-drying process through experimental designs to accurately define the freezing, primary, and secondary drying conditions of the freeze-drying process. The optimal freeze-dried solid lipid nanoparticles were subjected to a 6-month stability study at either 4 °C or 25 °C/60% RH, resulting in significant growth when the nanoparticles were stored at 25 °C/60% RH. The best results were obtained with trehalose as a cryoprotectant and storage at 4 °C. Furthermore, the in vitro release data showed a significantly different release profile before and after optimization of the freeze-drying process, suggesting that the optimization of the freeze-drying process affected the quality of the freeze-dried cake. In conclusion, a successful lyophilization process was obtained due to rational cooperation between a good formulation and optimal conditions in the freezing and drying steps. This yielded an acceptable non-collapsed freeze-dried cake with good redispersibility, minimal changes in physicochemical properties, and long-term stability at 4 °C.

The influence on the oral bioavailability of solubilized and suspended drug in a lipid nanoparticle formulation: In vitro and in vivo evaluation.

The present study investigated the oral bioavailability of celecoxib when incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles either dissolved or suspended. In vitro drug release in different media, in vivo performance, and in vitro-in vivo correlation were conducted. The results revealed that the compound was successfully encapsulated into the nanocarriers with good physicochemical properties for oral administration. The in vitro release profiles followed the Weibull model, with significant differences between the formulations containing the solubilized and the suspended compound. Furthermore, in vitro release data could be used to rank the observed in vivo bioavailability. The relative bioavailability of celecoxib from the solid lipid nanoparticles was 2.5- and 1.8-fold higher for the drug solubilized and suspended solid lipid nanoparticle formulation, respectively, when compared to the celecoxib reference. A significant difference was observed between the plasma concentration-time profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters for the three investigated formulations. Finally, this investigation displayed promising outcomes that both solubilized and suspended celecoxib in the lipid core of the solid lipid nanoparticles offers the potential to improve the compound's oral bioavailability and thereby reduce the dosing frequency.

Targeting of sialoadhesin-expressing macrophages through antibody-conjugated (polyethylene glycol) poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles.

This research aims to evaluate different-sized nanoparticles consisting of (polyethylene glycol) (PEG) poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), loaded with fluorescein isothiocyanate for nanoparticle uptake and intracellular fate in sialoadhesin-expressing macrophages, while being functionalized with anti-sialoadhesin antibody. Sialoadhesin is a macrophage-restricted receptor, expressed on certain populations of resident tissue macrophages, yet is also upregulated in some inflammatory conditions. The nanocarriers were characterized for nanoparticle size (84-319 nm), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro dye release. Small (86 nm) antibody-functionalized PEG PLGA nanoparticles showed persisting benefit from sialoadhesin-targeting after 24 h compared to the control groups. For small (105 nm) PLGA nanoparticles, uptake rate was higher for antibody-conjugated nanoparticles, though the total amount of uptake was not enhanced after 24 h. For both plain and functionalized small-sized (PEG) PLGA nanoparticles, no co-localization between nanoparticles and (early/late) endosomes nor lysosomes could be observed after 1-, 4-, or 24-h incubation time. In conclusion, decorating (PEG) PLGA nanocarriers with anti-sialoadhesin antibodies positively impacts macrophage targeting, though it was found to be formulation-specific.

Application of solid lipid nanoparticles as a long-term drug delivery platform for intramuscular and subcutaneous administration: In vitro and in vivo evaluation.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a long acting injectable drug delivery platform for intramuscular and subcutaneous administration. SLNs were developed with a low (unsaturated) and high (supersaturated) drug concentration at equivalent lipid doses. The impact of the drug loading as well as the administration route for the SLNs using two model compounds with different physicochemical properties were explored for their in vitro and in vivo performance. Results revealed that drug concentration had an influence on the particle size and entrapment efficiency of the SLNs and, therefore, indirectly an influence on the Cmax/dose and AUC/dose after administration to rats. Furthermore, the in vitro drug release was compound specific, and linked to the affinity of the drug compounds towards the lipid matrix and release medium. The pharmacokinetic parameters resulted in an increased tmax, t1/2 and mean residence time (MRT) for all formulations after intramuscular and subcutaneous dosing, when compared to intravenous administration. Whereas, the subcutaneous injections performed better for those parameters than the intramuscular injections, because of the higher blood perfusion in the muscles compared with the subcutaneous tissues. In conclusion, SLNs extend drug release, need to be optimized for each drug, and are appropriate carriers for the delivery of drugs that require a short-term sustained release in a timely manner.

Improving cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles in macrophages.

Aim: This research aims to identify important formulation parameters for the enhancement of nanoparticle (NP) uptake and decreasing the cytotoxicity in macrophages. Materials & methods: Fluorescent poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanocarriers were characterized for size distributions, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. Incubation time, size class, PLGA derivative and chitosan derivative were assessed for uptake kinetics and cell viability. Results: The major determining factor for enhancing cellular uptake were chitosan coatings, combined with acid-terminated PLGA and small NP size. Moreover, cytotoxicity was more favorable for small, chitosan glutamate-coated, acid-terminated PLGA NPs compared with its plain chitosan-coated counterparts. Conclusion: Chitosan glutamate has been shown to be a valuable alternative coating material for acid-terminated PLGA NPs to efficiently and safely target macrophages.