Advances in Oncologic Shoulder Girdle Resection and Reconstruction.

The bony shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle, humerus, and scapula, which work synergistically to form a complex articulation that is essential for use of the upper extremity. The shoulder girdle is the most common location for primary and secondary bone tumors in the upper extremity, and following resection of these tumors, reconstruction of the upper extremity is challenging. Compared with those in the lower extremity, reconstructive techniques in the upper extremity have historically been unreliable and fraught with complications and poor functional outcomes. Newer reconstructive techniques using reverse total shoulder arthroplasty and functional muscle flaps have shown promise to improve outcomes while reducing complications for proximal humerus reconstructions. Despite these advancements, reconstruction following scapulectomy remains challenging and is still associated with more frequent complications and compromised function.

The Scapula: The Greater Masquerader of Shoulder Pathologies.

A comprehensive review of scapular pathologies and their effect on shoulder function is necessary to determine the best treatment options. The coordinated motion between the scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joints is essential for shoulder motion and depends on the balanced activity of the periscapular muscles. Disruption in these muscles can cause abnormal scapular motion and compensatory glenohumeral movements, leading to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. Scapular pathologies can arise from muscle overactivity or underactivity/paralysis, resulting in a range of scapulothoracic abnormal motion (STAM). STAM can lead to various glenohumeral pathologies, including instability, impingement, or nerve compression. It is important to highlight the critical periscapular muscles involved in scapulohumeral rhythm (such as the upper, middle, and lower trapezius; rhomboid major and minor; serratus anterior; levator scapulae; and pectoralis minor). A discussion of the different etiologies of STAM should include examples of muscle dysfunction, such as overactivity of the pectoralis minor, underactivity or paralysis of the serratus anterior or trapezius muscles, and dyskinesis resulting from compensatory mechanisms in patients with recurrent glenohumeral instability due to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The evaluation and workup of STAM has shown that patients typically present with radiating shoulder pain, especially in the posterior aspect of the shoulder and scapula, and limitations in active shoulder overhead motion associated with glenohumeral pain, instability, or rotator cuff pathologies.

Scapular Dyskinesia: How to Differentiate Between Etiologies.

It is important to discuss the importance of synchronous balance between periscapular muscles for scapulothoracic motion and resultant scapulohumeral rhythm. Abnormalities in this balance can lead to scapular dyskinesia and winging, affecting shoulder motion and leading to impingement. Strategies exist to diagnose and differentiate between pathologies such as muscle paralysis (eg, trapezius or serratus anterior) or overactivity (eg, pectoralis minor). The physician should be aware of the role of diagnostic imaging, as well as the unique considerations for patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Overall, a comprehensive physical examination to accurately diagnose and treat scapular pathologies is particularly important.

Investigation Into the Effects of Intra-Articular Steroid on Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis in Distal Radius Fractures: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blinded pilot study was to determine the rates of post-traumatic osteoarthritis and assess joint space width in the presence or absence of a single intra-articular injection of corticosteroid after an acute, intra-articular distal radius fracture (DRF). METHODS: Forty patients received a single, intra-articular, radiocarpal joint injection of 4 mg of dexamethasone (DEX) (n = 19) or normal saline placebo (n = 21) within 2 weeks of a surgically or nonsurgically treated intra-articular DRF. The primary outcome measure was minimum radiocarpal joint space width (mJSW) on noncontrast computed tomography scans at 2 years postinjection. Secondary outcomes were obtained at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years postinjection and included Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand; Michigan Hand Questionnaire; Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation; wrist range of motion; and grip strength. RESULTS: At 2-year follow-up, there was no difference in mean mJSW between the DEX group (2.2 mm; standard deviation, 0.6; range, 1.4-3.2) and the placebo group (2.3 mm; standard deviation, 0.7; range, 0.9-3.9). Further, there were no differences in any secondary outcome measures at any postinjection follow-up interval. CONCLUSIONS: Radiocarpal joint injection of corticosteroid within 2 weeks of an intra-articular DRF does not appear to affect the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis within 2 years follow-up in a small pilot cohort. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic II.

Allograft prosthetic composite reconstruction using a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for failed oncologic proximal humerus reconstruction.

INTRODUCTION: Endoprosthetic or allograft reconstruction are the preferred reconstruction techniques for proximal humeral bone tumors. Failure of these reconstructions may occur, but historically revision is performed rarely due to the lack of reliable options. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty with an allograft prosthetic composite (rAPC) may provide a revision option. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate our institutional outcome of these procedures. METHODS: Eleven (6 male, 5 female) patients (mean age 51 ± 17 years) underwent revision of a failed oncologic reconstruction of the proximal humerus utilizing a rAPC. The most common indication for revision was subluxation (n = 6) and the most common previous implant was an endoprosthesis (n = 5). RESULTS: Revision resulted in improvements in shoulder elevation (39° vs. 62°, p = 0.02), external rotation (13° vs. 25°, p = 0.04), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (39 vs. 58, p = 0.004) and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Scores (51% vs 69%, p = 0.002). There were 2 re-revision procedures performed. One for an allograft fracture and one for allograft resorption and loosening. CONCLUSIONS: Revision with a rAPC can effectively restore patient function. Due to the complexity of the cases, we advocate for these procedures to be performed by subspecialty upper extremity surgeons trained in complex revision shoulder arthroplasty.

Outcome of arthroscopic pectoralis minor release and scapulopexy for the management of scapulothoracic abnormal motion.

BACKGROUND: Management of persistent symptomatic scapulothoracic abnormal motion (STAM) in the absence of periscapular muscle paralysis may be challenging. This study reports the outcomes of arthroscopic pectoralis minor release and scapulopexy for the management of symptomatic STAM secondary to pectoralis minor hyperactivity and serratus anterior hypoactivity in the absence of periscapular paralysis. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study with prospectively collected data of patients with symptomatic STAM secondary to pectoralis minor hyperactivity and serratus anterior hypoactivity. Surgery was indicated if patients failed 6 months of conservative management. Patient outcomes were assessed with shoulder range of motion (ROM) measurements, numerical pain scale, shoulder subjective value (SSV), and Constant score. Data were analyzed with Fischer's exact test for categorical variables and Student's t-test of unequal variance for continuous and categorical variables. RESULTS: Thirty-one consecutive patients were included in the study period between 2017 and 2020. Average age at the time of surgery was 24 years (range, 14-44 years), 80% of patients were female, and average follow-up after surgery was 23 months (range, 15-39 months). Thirteen patients also had a diagnosis of recurrent posterior instability. At final follow-up, 81% reported significant improvements in their STAM, as demonstrated by improved mean pain scale, ROM, SSV, and Constant scores. Pain improved from 6 (range, 4-10) to 2 (range, 1-4), SSV from 30% (range, 10%-40%) to 75% (range, 60%-100%), and Constant score from 49 (range, 43-61) preoperatively to 79 (range, 51-100) postoperatively (P < .01). All 13 patients with recurrent associated posterior instability had resolution of their instability. Flexion ROM improved from average 100° (range, 60°-150°) to 140° (range, 120°-160°). One patient had traumatic rupture of her scapulopexy 7 weeks postoperatively and underwent revision scapulopexy. Thirteen percent had minimal improvement after surgery and experienced recurrence 3 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: In patients with symptomatic STAM secondary to pectoralis minor hyperactivity and serratus anterior hypoactivity, arthroscopic pectoralis minor release and scapulopexy is an effective surgical option.

Biomechanical comparison of lower trapezius and latissimus dorsi transfer for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears using a dynamic shoulder model.

BACKGROUND: In the setting of irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears (PSRCTs), lower trapezius transfer (LTT) may be anatomically better positioned for restoring the muscular force couple compared with latissimus dorsi transfer (LDT). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of LTT and LDT on glenohumeral kinematics using a dynamic shoulder model. METHODS: Ten fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders (mean age: 56.5 ± 17.2 years) were tested using a dynamic shoulder simulator. The maximum abduction angle (MAA), superior humeral head migration (SHM), and cumulative deltoid forces (CDFs) were compared across 4 conditions: (1) native; (2) irreparable PSRCT; (3) LTT using an Achilles tendon allograft; and (4) LDT. MAA and SHM were measured using 3-dimensional motion tracking. CDF was recorded in real time throughout the dynamic abduction motion by load cells connected to actuators. RESULTS: Compared to the native state, the PSRCT resulted in a significant decrease (Δ-24.1°; P < .001) in MAA, with a subsequent significant increase after LTT (Δ13.1°; P < .001) and LDT (Δ8.9°; P < .001). LTT achieved a significantly greater MAA than LDT (Δ4.2°; P = .004). Regarding SHM, both LTT (Δ-9.4 mm; P < .001) and LDT (Δ-5.0 mm; P = .008) demonstrated a significant decrease compared with the PSRCT state. LTT also achieved significantly less SHM compared with the LDT (Δ-4.4 mm; P = .011). Further, only the LTT resulted in a significant decrease in CDF compared with the PSRCT state (Δ-21.3 N; P = .048), whereas LTT and LDT showed similar CDF (Δ-11.3 N; P = .346). However, no technique was able to restore the MAA, SHM, and CDF of the native shoulder (P < .001, respectively). CONCLUSION: LTT and LDT both achieved a significant increase in MAA along with significantly less SHM compared with the PSRCT state. Although LTT required significantly less compensatory deltoid forces compared with the PSRCT state, this was not observed for the LDT. Further, the LTT prevented loss of abduction motion and SHM more sufficiently. In the challenging treatment of irreparable PSRCTs, LTT may restore native glenohumeral kinematics more sufficiently, potentially leading to improved postoperative functional outcomes.

Comparison of reconstructive techniques following oncologic intraarticular resection of proximal humerus.

INTRODUCTION: The proximal humerus is a common site of primary and metastatic disease in the upper extremity. Historically, the goal of a hemiarthroplasty reconstruction was to provide a stable platform for hand and elbow function, with limited shoulder function. Techniques utilizing a reverse endoprosthesis (endoprosthetic replacement [EPR]) and allograft-prosthetic composite (APC) have been developed; however, there is a paucity of comparative studies. METHODS: A total of 83 (42 females, 41 males) patients undergoing an intraarticular resection of the humerus were reviewed. Reconstructions included 30 reverse and 53 hemiarthroplasty; including hemiarthroplasty EPR (n = 36) and APC (n = 17), and reverse EPR (n = 20) and APC (n = 10). RESULTS: Reverse reconstructions had improved forward elevation (85° vs. 44°, p < .001) and external rotation (30° vs. 21°; p < .001) versus a hemiarthroplasty. Reverse reconstructions had improved American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores (65 vs. 57; p = .01) and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society 93 scores (72 vs. 63; p < .001) versus hemiarthroplasty. Subluxation of the reconstruction was a common (n = 23, 27%), only occurring in hemiarthroplasty patients (EPR [n = 13, 36%] and APC [n = 10, 59%]). CONCLUSION: The current series highlights the improved functional outcome in patients undergoing reconstruction with a reverse arthroplasty compared to the traditional hemiarthroplasty. Currently reverse shoulder arthroplasty (APC or EPR) is our preferred methods of reconstruction in this patient population.

Humeral stress shielding following cemented endoprosthetic reconstruction: An under-reported complication?

INTRODUCTION: The proximal humerus is a common location for primary and non-primary tumors. Reconstruction of the proximal humerus is commonly performed with an endoprosthesis with low rates of structural failure. The incidence and risk factors for stress shielding are under reported. METHODS: Thirty-nine (19 male, 20 female) patients underwent resection of the proximal humerus and reconstruction with a cemented modular endoprosthesis between 2000 and 2018. The mean resection length was 12 ± 4 cm and was most commonly performed for metastatic disease (n = 26, 67%). RESULTS: Stress shielding was observed in 9 (23%) patients at a mean of 29 (6-132) months postoperatively. Patients with stress shielding were noted to have shorter intramedullary stem length (87 vs. 107 mm, p < .001), longer extramedullary implant length (16 vs. 14 cm, p = .01) and a higher extramedullary implant to stem length ratio (2.1 vs. 1.1, p < .001). The incidence of stress shielding was higher (p = .003) in patients reconstructed with 75 mm stem (n = 6, 67%) lengths. CONCLUSION: Stress shielding of the humerus was associated with the use of shorter stems and long extramedullary implants. The long-term ramifications of stress shielding on implant stability, complications at the time of revision surgery, and overall patient outcomes remain unknown.

Rotator Cuff Repair and Reconstruction.

Rotator cuff pathology is the most common shoulder condition for which patients seek treatment. Schmidt et al covered the relevant anatomy, natural history, nonsurgical and surgical treatment, biological augmentation, and postoperative rehabilitation in their comprehensive review published in 2015. This current review builds upon the last update, discussing the most recent evidence-based medicine regarding rotator cuff repair: primary repair, revision repair, and reconstructive techniques for superior capsular reconstruction, subacromial balloon spacers, tendon transfer options (pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and lower trapezius), and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

Topographical Analysis of the Hamate for Proximal Pole Scaphoid Nonunion Reconstruction.

PURPOSE: To quantify the similarity of the surface topography of the proximal hamate and proximal pole of the scaphoid for nonunion reconstruction. METHODS: Using previously acquired computed tomographic scans of the wrist of 10 patients, the 2 bones were segmented and subsequently aligned using both a manual and automated technique. Surface error between corresponding articular surfaces was computed to determine the similarity of the shape of the 2 bones. RESULTS: The median distance between the 2 articulating surfaces for each patient was 1 mm or less for all cases. Maximum distance varied from 2.7 to 9.7 mm. The automated method improved alignment such that the maximum distance was 4.1 mm. Visual review of the alignment revealed that the maximum error occurred on or around the margin of the articulating surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: In most cases, the proximal hamate appears to be a suitable donor match to reconstruct proximal pole scaphoid nonunions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study serves as a guide to practitioners when considering the suitability of the proximal hamate autograft for unsalvageable proximal pole scaphoid nonunions.

Outcome of arthroscopically assisted lower trapezius transfer to reconstruct massive irreparable posterior-superior rotator cuff tears.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to report the outcome of arthroscopically assisted lower trapezius transfer to reconstruct irreparable posterior-superior rotator cuff tear. METHODS: Forty-one consecutive patients with irreparable posterior-superior rotator cuff tears who underwent an arthroscopically assisted transfer of the lower trapezius transfer were included in this study. The patients' average age was 52 years (range 37-71), and average follow-up was 14 months (range 6-19 months). Nineteen patients had true pseudoparalysis preoperatively, whereas 66% had a prior failed rotator cuff repair. Outcome measures included visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, range of motion, Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score. RESULTS: Thirty-seven (90%) patients had significant improvement of all outcome scores: VAS, SSV, and DASH. The presence of a subscapularis tear did not affect the outcome. However, 3 patients who had preoperative rotator cuff arthropathy changes of the shoulder had persistent pain and limited range of motion of the shoulder after surgery, and 2 of them underwent reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Two additional patients had a traumatic rupture of the transfer as a result of fall (at 5 and 8 months postop). One underwent revision arthroscopic repair and did well after surgery, and the other had good pain relief but recurrent weakness and limited range of motion, and elected not to have a revision surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic-assisted lower trapezius transfer may lead to a good outcome in patients with massive irreparable posterior-superior rotator cuff tears, including patients with pseudoparalysis. The presence of an associated reparable subscapularis tear did not affect the outcome.

Latissimus dorsi transfer for irreparable subscapularis tear.

There is a paucity of information on latissimus dorsi transfer (LDT) for subscapularis insufficiency. The purpose of this study is to report the outcome of LDT to reconstruct an irreparable subscapularis tear. METHODS: Excluding patients with prior failed Latarjet procedures, we examined 56 consecutive patients who underwent open (n = 14) or arthroscopic (n = 42) LDT. The average age was 53 years (range, 23-79), and 46 patients had a prior surgery. Outcome measures included visual analog scale score for pain, range of motion (ROM), subjective shoulder value (SSV), and Constant shoulder score (CSS). RESULTS: At a mean 13-month follow-up (7-51 months), patients had significant improvements in their pain, ROM, SSV, and CSS when compared to preoperatively. At final follow-up, 26% of patients continued to have proximal migration, and 11% of patients had anterior subluxation. The patients with frank anterior escape had a higher likelihood of having proximal migration and anterior subluxation, but this was not statistically significant. Stages of arthritis did not progress. Revision surgeries included 2 patients who revised to a reverse shoulder arthroplasty for rupture of the tendon transfer. Furthermore, 3 patients had LDT ruptures but did not elect to undergo further surgery. CONCLUSIONS: LDT for irreparable subscapularis tears has the potential to lead to significant clinical improvements. Most patients improve in many of the signs of subscapularis insufficiency, including anterior and/or proximal subluxation, clinical examination maneuvers, and shoulder function. Overall, this transfer represents a reasonable option for this difficult pathology.

High incidence of complications associated with shoulder girdle reconstruction utilizing a Stryker proximal humerus cap endoprosthesis following Tikhoff-Linberg resections.

INTRODUCTION: The Tikhoff-Linberg procedure is a limb salvage technique for tumours of the shoulder girdle which preserves function of the hand and elbow; however, shoulder function is limited. A humeral cap endoprosthesis (Stryker Orthopedics, Mahwah, NJ, USA) was developed within the Modular Replacement System (MRS) to act as a functional spacer for these defects; however, the outcomes of this implant have not been described. METHODS: Thirty-three (17 male, 16 female) patients underwent a Tikhoff-Linberg procedure at our institution. Of these, 17 (11 females, 6 males) were reconstructed with a MRS humerus endoprosthesis. Outcomes and complications were compared between patients who were reconstructed (n = 17) and those who were not (n = 16). RESULTS: Complications occurred in 14 (42%) patients, with more complications in patients who were reconstructed (n = 11, 65% vs. n = 3, 19%, p = 0.01). Endoprosthetic complications included stress shielding of the bone/prosthesis interface (n = 7, 41%) and subluxation/instability (n = 5, 29%), leading to a revision surgery in two (12%). Post-operatively, the mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score (MSTS93) was 67 ± 11%, with no difference in the mean MSTS93 between patients who were reconstructed and those who were not (67 ± 10% vs. 68 ± 12%, p = 0.77). CONCLUSIONS: Reconstruction with a MRS humerus cap endoprosthesis resulted in a high rate of complications following a Tikhoff-Linberg procedure. Stress shielding and subluxation were common, and as such, the use of this prosthesis is limited to cases where a standard implant is not a feasible option.

Primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty using contemporary implants is associated with very low reoperation rates.

BACKGROUND: The early results of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) were influenced to some extent by the use of first-generation implants and surgeons' learning curves, resulting in relatively high reoperation rates. The purpose of this study was to quantify the burden of and identify the indications for reoperation after primary RSA using contemporary implants and techniques. METHODS: A retrospective review of 1649 primary RSAs implanted consecutively between 2009 and 2015 at a single institution was conducted. All arthroplasties were performed by 5 fellowship-trained shoulder surgeons at a tertiary referral center. Demographic characteristics, indications for primary RSA, and reoperations were analyzed and categorized for trends associated with each type of reoperation performed. RESULTS: A total of 39 reoperations (2.37%) were performed for a variety of indications. Overall, only a few patients with infection or instability required reoperation (0.55%). The most common indications for reoperation were related to the humeral component (1.03%); the majority of humeral component complications were related to a specific design flaw of 1 implant system. RSAs performed for proximal humeral fracture sequelae more commonly underwent reoperation owing to instability or humeral component-related issues; all 4 cases of aseptic humeral stem loosening occurred in the setting of proximal humeral fracture sequela treatment. Only 0.36% of all primary RSAs required reoperation because of glenoid complications. CONCLUSIONS: Primary RSA performed with contemporary implants and surgical techniques seems to be associated with a very low rate of reoperation. The most common reasons for reoperation were humeral component fracture for 1 particular implant, humeral loosening, dislocation, infection, and glenoid failure, each occurring at a rate under 1%.

Options of bipolar muscle transfers to restore deltoid function: an anatomical study.

PURPOSE: To outline the technical details and determine the ranges of two pedicled functioning flaps that are the upper pectoralis major (UPM) and latissimus dorsi (LD) to elucidate their respective indications with regards to deltoid impairment. METHODS: The UPM and LD bipolar transfers were performed in 14 paired cadaveric shoulders, one on each side. The UPM was flipped 180° laterally over its pedicle to be placed onto the anterior deltoid. The LD flap was elevated on its pedicle to be rotated and positioned onto the deltoid mid-axis. Their respective spans were defined according to the deltoid muscle origin and insertion. RESULTS: The UPM outreached the lateral edge of the anterior deltoid origin with a mean distance of 7.3 cm (range 4-9.1 cm) off the lateral edge of the clavicle. Distally, the flap consistently overcame the proximal end of the deltoid tuberosity for a mean distance of 2.1 cm (range 0.9-3.2 cm). The LD flap mdi-axis could be consistently placed onto the deltoid mid-axis; spans of the anterior and posterior borders of the LD flap averaged 1 cm (range - 1 to 2.3 cm) and 0.2 cm (range -1.8 to 1.9 cm), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The UPM flap optimal indications would be cases with deltoid defects limited to its anterior portion, whereas the LD bipolar transfer could be used in more extensive lesions. Additionally, the distal span of both transfers appears to allow their use in the setting of a reverse shoulder arthroplasty with subsequent humeral lengthening. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Non-applicable-basic science study, cadaver dissection.

Predictors of early mortality and readmissions among dialysis patients undergoing lower extremity amputation.

OBJECTIVE: Patients receiving dialysis are at increased risk for lower extremity amputations (LEAs) and postoperative morbidity. Limited studies have examined differences in 30-day outcomes of mortality and health care use after amputation or the preoperative factors that relate to worsened outcomes in dialysis patients. Our objective was to examine dialysis dependency and other preoperative factors associated with readmission or death after LEA. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of dialysis-dependent and nondialysis patients undergoing major LEA in the 2012 to 2013 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Primary outcomes included death and hospital readmission within 30 days of amputation. RESULTS: Of 6468 patients, 1166 (18%) were dialysis dependent. The dialysis cohort had more blacks (39% vs 23%), diabetes (76% vs 58%), below-knee amputations (62% vs 55%), and in-hospital deaths (8% vs 3%; all P < .001). The 30-day postoperative death rates (15% vs 7%) and readmission rates (35% vs 20% per 30 person-days; both P < .001) were higher in dialysis patients. Among the live discharges, the rate of any readmission or death within 30 days from amputation was highest in those aged ≥50 years (40% per 30 person-days). Multivariable analyses in the dialysis cohort revealed increased age, above-knee amputation, decreased physical status, heart failure, high preoperative white blood cell count, and low platelet count to be associated with death (P < .05; C statistic, 0.75). The only preoperative factor associated with readmission in dialysis patients was race (P = .04; C statistic, 0.58). CONCLUSIONS: Readmission or death after amputation is increased among dialysis patients. Predicting which dialysis patients are at highest risk for death is feasible, whereas predicting which will require readmission is less so. Risk factor identification may improve risk stratification, inform reimbursement policies, and allow targeted interventions to improve outcomes.

Management of Failed Rotator Cuff Repair in Young Patients.

Management of failed rotator cuff repair may be very difficult, especially in young patients. Various nonmodifiable and modifiable patient factors, including age, tendon quality, rotator cuff tear characteristics, acute or chronic rotator cuff tear, bone quality, tobacco use, and medications, affect rotator cuff repair healing. Surgical variables, such as the technique, timing, tension on the repair, the biomechanical construct, and fixation, as well as the postoperative rehabilitation strategy also affect rotator cuff repair healing. Variable outcomes have been reported in patients who undergo revision rotator cuff repair; however, a systematic surgical approach may increase the likelihood of a successful outcome. Numerous cellular and mechanical biologic augments, including platelet-rich plasma, platelet-rich fibrin matrix, mesenchymal stem cells, and acellular dermal matrix grafts, have been used in rotator cuff repair; however, conflicting or inconclusive outcomes have been reported in patients who undergo revision rotator cuff repair with the use of these augments. A variety of tendon transfer options, including latissimus dorsi, teres major, lower trapezius, pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, combined pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, and combined latissimus dorsi and teres major, are available for the management of massive irreparable rotator cuff tears. Ultimately, the optimization of surgical techniques and the use of appropriate biologic/tendon transfer techniques, if indicated, is the best method for the management of failed rotator cuff repair.

Shoulder Arthroplasty for Sequelae of Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Injury.

PURPOSE: Shoulder arthroplasty following obstetrical brachial plexus injury (OBPI) is technically challenging because glenoid morphology, muscle balance, and humeral version are substantially altered compared with the neurologically intact shoulder. The purpose of this study is to report the outcome of shoulder arthroplasty in a group of patients with end-stage arthritis secondary to OBPI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven patients with OBPI and secondary glenohumeral arthritis were treated with shoulder arthroplasty between 1976 and 2014. Two underwent hemiarthroplasty (HA), 2 underwent total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), and 3 underwent reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). One HA was lost to follow-up and was excluded. The remaining 6 patients (mean age, 62.5 years old at the time of surgery) were followed for a minimum of 2 years (mean, 7.5 years; range, 2-13 years) Outcome measures included pain, range of motion, and postoperative modified Neer ratings. RESULTS: Pain improved in all shoulders. Mean forward flexion was unchanged. No shoulders treated with HA/TSA regained forward elevation above 90°, compared with 1 out of the 3 RSAs. External rotation improved from a mean of -10° to 20°. Active internal rotation decreased from L1 to L5. Immediate postoperative radiographs showed either severe posterior or posterosuperior subluxation in all 3 patients treated with nonconstrained implants. CONCLUSIONS: Shoulder arthroplasty is an acceptable option to relieve pain in patients with symptomatic shoulder arthritis as a sequel of OBPI. However, range of motion improvements are not expected. TYPE OF STUDY /LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic V.

Fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy of the rotator cuff in stemless total shoulder arthroplasty: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The influence of preoperative rotator cuff fatty infiltration (FI) and muscle atrophy (MA) on the postoperative outcome of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) has only rarely been investigated and reported in the literature. We hypothesized that more FI and MA would be associated with a worse postoperative functional outcome. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 63 patients (31 female and 32 male patients; mean age, 71 years [range, 53-89 years; standard deviation, 7 years]) with primary osteoarthritis of the shoulder operated on with anatomic stemless TSA. Preoperatively and at 3 months and 1 year after the operation, the functional outcome (QuickDASH [short version of Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire] score) and range of motion (ROM) (goniometer) and strength (dynamometer) for abduction at the scapular plane and for external rotation were measured. The degree of preoperative FI and MA was evaluated using computed tomography scans according to the Goutallier classification and Warner classification, respectively, for the supraspinatus and infraspinatus. RESULTS: We found clinically and statistically significant improvements in functional outcome, strength, and ROM at both 3 months and 1 year of follow-up compared with those preoperatively. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) showed significant correlations between preoperative supraspinatus and infraspinatus FI and MA and preoperative and 1-year postoperative shoulder abduction and external rotation strength but not ROM. However, we found no influence of the rotator cuff FI and MA on the functional outcome after TSA. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated a significant correlation between rotator cuff FI and MA and strength but not ROM of the shoulder joint.