ICOS gene polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus: A case-control study.

The inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) may play an important role in adaptive immunity by regulating the interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Disruption of this molecule can lead to autoimmune diseases, in particular systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we aimed to explore the possible association between ICOS gene polymorphisms and SLE as well as their influence on disease susceptibility and clinical outcomes. A further objective was to assess the potential impact of these polymorphisms on RNA expression. A case-control study, including 151 patients with SLE, and 291 unrelated healthy controls (HC) matched in gender, and geographical origin, was performed to genotype two polymorphisms located in the ICOS gene: rs11889031 (-693 G/A) and rs10932029 (IVS1 + 173 T/C); using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The different genotypes were validated by direct sequencing. The expression level of ICOS mRNA was assessed by quantitative PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of SLE patients and HC. The results were analysed using Shesis and spss.20. Our results revealed a significant association between ICOS gene rs11889031 > CC genotype and SLE disease (codominant genetic model 1, (C/C vs. C/T), p = .001, odds ratio [OR] = 2.18 IC [1.36-3.49]); codominant genetic model 2, (C/C vs. T/T) p = .007, OR = 15.29 IC [1.97-118.5]); dominant genetic model, (C/C vs. C/T + T/T) p = .0001, OR = 2.44 IC [1.53-3.9]). Besides, there was a marginal association between rs11889031 > TT genotype and T allele with a protective role from SLE (recessive genetic model, p = .016, OR = 0.08 IC [0.01-0.63] and p = 7.6904E - 05, OR = 0.43 IC = [0.28-0.66], respectively). Moreover, statistical analysis indicated that the rs11889031 > CC genotype was linked with clinical and serological manifestations of SLE, including blood pressure, and anti-SSA antibodies production in SLE patients. However, the ICOS gene rs10932029 polymorphism was not associated with susceptibility to SLE. On the other side, we did not note any effect of the two selected polymorphisms on the level of ICOS mRNA gene expression. The study showed a significant predisposing association of the ICOS rs11889031 > CC genotype with SLE, in contrast to a protective effect of rs11889031 > TT genotype in Tunisian patients. Our results suggest that ICOS rs11889031 may act as a risk factor for SLE and could be used as a genetic susceptibility biomarker.

Role of innate immune receptors TLR4 and TLR2 polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility.

AIM: Through their recognition of various bacterial cell wall components, TLR2 and TLR4 participate in the innate response and modulate the activation of adaptive immunity. Therefore, the genetic background of these receptors might play a crucial role in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we investigated the possible association between polymorphisms within TLR2 and TLR4 genes with SLE susceptibility. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 100 SLE patients and 200 unrelated healthy controls of the Tunisian population were enrolled in the study.TLR4rs4986790, TLR4rs4986791, and TLR2rs5743708 genotyping were performed using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The number of guanine-thymine (GT) repeat microsatellite in the intron 2 of TLR2 gene was analyzed by sequencing. RESULTS: We reported a lack of allelic and genotypic association between SNPs of TLR4 and TLR2 genes and SLE pathogenesis. No correlation was found with any SLE features. However, SLE susceptibility was associated with the GT repeat microsatellite polymorphism in the human TLR2 gene. Further subclassification of alleles into three subclasses revealed a significant association between the long-sized repeats ((GT) >23) and SLE. CONCLUSION: Though the results showed the absence of genetic association of TLR4 and TLR2 SNPs with the risk of developing SLE, we have identified a protective association between the microsatellite polymorphism in intron 2 of the TLR2 gene and SLE. Functionally, these (GT)n repeats may confer modifying effects or susceptibility to certain inflammatory conditions.

RNA receptors, TLR3 and TLR7, are potentially associated with SLE clinical features.

The influence of intracellular Toll-like-receptors (TLR), recognized as nucleic acid sensors, in the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is increasingly explored. Yet, the results of both functional and genetic studies remain conflictual. We evaluated the association between TLR3 and TLR7 genes selected variants and SLE and investigated the possible relationship with clinical and serological parameters. Then, we studied the genetic expression of these receptors, and if the TLR7 gene evades X chromosome inactivation (XCI). Our study covers 106 cases and 200 controls, genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. TLR3 and TLR7 expression level was assessed by qPCR carried, respectively, on renal tissues and PBMC, and methylation status was evaluated by methylation-specific PCR. Results were statistically analysed using Shesis software, χ2 , and Mann-Whitney test. Significant associations with SLE susceptibility were found for the TLR3 rs3775291, rs5743305 and rs3775294 polymorphisms. Further subgroup analysis, TLR3 rs3775291 and rs3775294 polymorphisms were significantly associated with lupus nephritis (LN) and even correlate with the presence of auto-antibodies binding RNA molecules. SLE and LN were more common in men with rs3853839-G variant within TLR7 gene versus those carrying the C allele. Moreover, the role of the G allele in the TLR7 expression up-regulation was confirmed. However, gene expression analysis showed no significant differences in TLR3 and TLR7 mRNA levels between LN patient biopsies and healthy tissues (p > .05). When comparing patients and controls, no statistical difference was observed in XCI pattern. Otherwise, notable associations were raised between TLR3 and TLR7 gene variants and clinical and serological lupus features pointing towards the role of genetic background in the physiopathogenesis of the disease.

Tubular expression of Toll-like receptor 9 in lupus and primary membranous nephropathy.

INTRODUCTION: Toll-like- receptors (TLR) control important aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses. Renal cells are among the non-immune cells that express (TLR). Therefore, their activation might be implicated in renal tubulo-interstitial injury. AIM: The study aimed to compare TLR9 expression in patients with primary membranous nephropathy (MN) to patients with lupus membranous nephropathy. METHODS: Kidney sections from 10 Lupus nephritis (LN) patients and ten patients with primary MN were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using anti-human TLR9 antibody. RESULTS: Results showed that TLR9 expression was weak and exclusively tubular in primary MN patients' biopsies. There was a significant difference between LN patients' biopsies and primary MN patients' biopsies. TLR9 expression was more diffused in LN patients' specimen than in those with primary MN. CONCLUSION: This study focuses on molecular level pathogenesis of MN. The data suggest that the receptors TLR9 may play role in tubulointerstitial injury in the pathogenesis of LN but not primary membranous nephropathy.

Exploring the role of vitamin D-VDR pathway in pemphigus foliaceous: a novel perspective on disease pathogenesis.

Several auto-immune diseases have been linked to vitamin D deficiency as a contributing environmental factor. Its pleiotropic effects on the immune system, especially its essential role in maintaining immune tolerance, make the vitamin D pathway of great interest. In this study, we focused on Pemphigus foliaceous (PF) in Tunisian population. we aimed to quantify the Serum 25[OH]D levels using chemiluminescence assay and to analyze the differential expression of the VDR, CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 genes in the circulating blood cells and lesional skin tissue of PF patients using Q-PCR. A genetic explanation was then sought to explore any direct relationship between tag polymorphisms and the inherited features of PF. Results confirmed a vitamin D hypovitaminosis in Tunisian PF patients. Interestingly, a differential gene expression correlated to the disease stratification was noted. Indeed, at the systemic level, an upregulation of VDR and CYP27B1 genes was observed in healthy controls compared to PF patients. Notably, in lesional skin tissue, the clinical and serological remission phase was correlated with high transcriptional levels of the VDR gene and conversely a drop in expression of the CYP24A1 gene. Genetic analysis indicated the involvement of the most appealing polymorphisms, rs2228570 and poly (A) microsatellite, in PF etiopathogenesis. Indeed, CAC13 haplotype was associated with a higher risk of PF development. Our findings suggest that alterations in the vitamin D-VDR pathway may influence PF physiopathology, making this pathway a potential target for pharmacological modulation, especially for cortico-resistant PF patients.

Unraveling the role of the vitamin D-VDR pathway in pemphigus vulgaris from Tunisian patients.

Vitamin D dysregulation has been recognized as a factor that may cause or aggravate autoimmunity. Vitamin D deficiency was found to be common in pemphigus vulgaris (PV) in different populations. This study aimed to investigate the vitamin D-VDR pathway in PV in the Tunisian population. A serological study was carried out to determine the vitamin D status in newly diagnosed PV patients. CYP27B1, CYP24A1 and VDR mRNA expression was assessed using quantitative real-time PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from untreated newly diagnosed and treated PV patients. In addition, a genetic study was accomplished on VDR polymorphisms to investigate the changes in VDR gene expression. Overall, the serological study confirmed the hypovitaminosis D in newly diagnosed PV patients. Vitamin D-VDR pathway gene expression showed downregulation of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 mRNA in first-discovery patients compared to healthy controls, while VDR mRNA was highly expressed in newly diagnosed PV patients. Moreover, CYP27B1, CYP24A1 and VDR mRNA were significantly upregulated in chronic disease severity groups compared to mild disease groups. The genetic study showed low VDR gene expression in carriers of FokI > CC genotype, which was more frequent among PV patients, and FokI > C-TaqI > C-ApaI > A-polyA > A16 haplotype, suggesting that the VDR gene polymorphisms testing can provide useful information for PV treatment decision-making. In conclusion, our findings underline the impact of vitamin D-VDR pathway disruption in the PV pathophysiology in Tunisian patients.

Genes regulating oxidative-inflammatory response in circulating monocytes and neutrophils in septic syndrome.

Despite significant progress in the past decades, sepsis still lacks a specific treatment. Under normal conditions, leucocytes play a critical role in controlling infection and it is suggested that their activity is impaired during sepsis which contribute to the dysregulation of immune reactions. Indeed, in response to infection, several intracellular pathways are affected mainly those regulating the oxidative- inflammatory axis. Herein, we focused on the contribution of NF-kB, iNOS, Nrf2, HO-1 and MPO genes in the pathophysiology of septic syndrome, by analyzing the differential expression of their transcripts in circulating monocytes and neutrophils, and monitoring the nitrosative/oxidative status in septic syndrome patients. Circulating neutrophils of septic patients displayed a significant overexpression of NF-kB compared to other groups. In monocytes, patients with septic shock expressed the highest levels of iNOS and NF-kB mRNA. However, genes involved in cytoprotective response had increased expression in patients with sepsis, in particular, the Nrf2 and its target gene HO-1. Moreover, patient monitoring indicates that the iNOS enzyme expression and NO plasma levels may play a role in assessing the severity of septic conditions. Overall, in either monocytes or neutrophils, we pointed out the major role of NF-κB and Nrf2 in the pathophysiological process. Therefore, therapies targeted to redox abnormalities may be useful for better management of septic patients.

Evaluation of X chromosome inactivation in endemic Tunisian pemphigus foliaceus.

BACKGROUND: Almost 5% of the world's population develops an autoimmune disease (AID), it is considered the fourth leading cause of disability for women, who represent 78% of cases. The sex ratio when it comes to the most prevalent AID varies from 9:1 in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to 13:1 in endemic Tunisian pemphigus foliaceus (PF). METHODS: To test the potential involvement of skewed x-inactivation in the pathogenesis of Tunisian PF, we analyzed the methylation status of a highly polymorphic CAG repeat in the androgen receptor gene and evaluated the x chromosome inactivation (XCI) patterns in peripheral blood-leukocyte-derived DNA samples of female patients with PF (n = 98) compared to healthy control (HC) subjects (n = 150), as well as female patients with SLE (n = 98) were enrolled as a reference group. RESULTS: XCI status was informative for 50 of the 98 PF patients (51%) and 70 of the 150 HC women (47%). Extremely skewed XCI patterns were more frequent in PF and SLEwomen than HC, but the difference was statistically significant only in women with SLE. No statistical difference was observed in XCI patterns between PF and SLE patients. PF phenotype-XCI correlation analysis revealed that (i) skewed XCI patterns may be involved in the disease's subtype and (ii) it was more pronounced in the endemic group than the sporadic one. Furthermore, preferential XCI showed an increase in heterozygote genotypes of PF's susceptibility polymorphisms in immunity-related X genes (FOXP3, AR, and TLR7) in PF patients compared to HC. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that skewed XCI could lead to hemizygosity of X-linked alleles that might unmask X-linked deleterious alleles.

Th17 and Th1 cells in systemic lupus erythematosus with focus on lupus nephritis.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by T cells imbalance. Indeed, a correlation between levels of Th17 cells and disease activity has been reported. Our work aimed to study the functional association of subpopulations of Th cells and SLE with (lupus nephritis, LN) or without (lupus erythematosus, LE) renal involvement in Tunisian patients through the detection of intracellular cytokines and surface marker expression. The IL23R and RORC mRNA expression levels were evaluated. The level of Th17 and Th1 cells was higher in LE and LN patients compared to healthy controls (HC) (p = 0.007 and p = 0.018, respectively), while Th1/17 cells were increased only in LN patients compared to HC (p = 0.011). However, no significant difference was described in the mRNA expression levels of RORC and IL-23R between SLE and HC. Our findings suggest that the Th1/Th17 differentiation mechanisms are altered in SLE and that this imbalance should have an important influence on the development and severity of the disease.

Annexin A1 and its receptor gene polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus in the Tunisian population.

BACKGROUND: An association between ANXA1, FPR1 and FPR2 gene polymorphisms and the patho-physiology of many human diseases was suggested by numerous studies. OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to evaluate association between common polymorphisms in the 9q21.13 and 19q13.41 and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the Tunisian population. MATERIALS: We performed a case-control study on 107 Tunisian SLE patients and 122 healthy controls to explore 9 polymorphisms of the three studied genes: rs2811226 and rs3739959 (ANXA1), rs5030880, rs1042229, rs1461765570, rs17849971, rs867228 (FPR1), rs17694990 and rs11666254 (FPR2). RESULTS: Four polymorphisms were found to be linked with SLE susceptibility: rs3739959-ANXA1 > G and GG (p = 0.021, OR = 1.73 and p = 0.014, OR = 2.06 respectively), rs867228-FPR1 > TT (p = 0.014, OR = 4.59), rs11666254-FPR2 > GG (p = 0.019, OR = 8.34) and rs17694990-FPR2 > T (p = 0.05, OR = 1.506). In homogenous groups of SLE patients depending on clinical manifestations and serological results, previous associations were confirmed with a panoply of manifestations of lupus including lupus nephritis, malar rash, mouth ulceration and hypocomplementia. CONCLUSION: Our study showed an association between ANXA1 > rs3739959, FPR1 > rs867228, FPR2 > rs11666254, FPR2 > rs17694990 and SLE susceptibility. Our results also showed a strong association between the two ANXA1 studied SNPs and LN which allowed us to suggest these two SNPs as biomarkers of LN development in SLE. Further research is needed to understand by which mechanism the gene variants affect susceptibility to SLE. Key Points • Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in which a panoply of factors are implicated • Annexin A1 interaction with its receptors are suggested as a target in therapy of a panoply of human disease in particular cancers • The present results highlighted the implication of Annexin A1 and its receptors gene polymorphisms in the physiopathology of lupus, in particular in the involvement of renal and cutaneous lesions.

Differential Expression of Anti-Inflammatory RNA Binding Proteins in Lupus Nephritis.

Lupus nephritis (LN) is a type of immunological complex glomerulonephritis characterized by chronic renal inflammation which is exacerbated by infiltrating leukocytes and fueled by a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines. A profound understanding of the pathogenesis of LN is necessary to identify the optimal molecular targets. The role of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in post-transcriptional gene regulation in the immune system is being explored in greater depth to better understand how this regulation is implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Tristetraprolin (TTP), Roquin-1/2, and Regnase-1 are 3 RBPs that play a critical role in the regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators by gating the degradation and/or translational silencing of target mRNAs. In this study, we proposed to focus on the differential expression of these RBPs in immune cells and renal biopsies from LN patients, as well as their regulatory impact on a specific target. Herein, we highlight a novel target of anti-inflammatory treatment by revealing the mechanisms underlying RBP expression and the interaction between RBPs and their target RNAs.

Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of inflorescence of Ormenis Africana in vitro and in cell cultures.

BACKGROUND: The antioxidant potency of the hydroethanolic extract of Ormenis Africana (HEOA), Asteraceae was evaluated with regards to total polyphenol, flavonoid and anthocyanins content. Antioxidant activity has been assessed chemically and biologically. First, the free radical scavenging ability of HEOA was evaluated using two commonly in vitro tests: ABTS and DPPH radicals. Then, the protection effect of this extract against oxidative stress was conducted in HeLa cells treated with Fe2+ or H2O2. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring the lipid peroxidation levels (TBARs and DC) and the antioxidant enzymes activities (catalase and Superoxide dismutase). Cytotoxic effect of HEOA was prealably determined against HeLa cell line by MTT assay. RESULTS: HEOA contain considerable levels of antioxidant compound as evidenced by high amount of polyphenols (312.07 mg GAE/g dray matter), flavonoids (73.72 ± 1.98 mg QE/g dray matterl) and anthocyanins (0.28 ± 0.09 mg Cy-3-glu E/g dray matter). DPPH and ABTS assays showed a high antioxidant activity (IC50 = 24 µg/ml; TEAC = 2.137 mM) which was comparable to BHT.In biological system, HEOA exhibited a 50% cytotoxic concentration evaluated as 16.52 µg/ml. Incubation of HeLa cell line with no cytotoxic concentrations resulted in a remarkable protection from oxidative stress induced by Fe2+ or H2O2 which was evidenced by a decrease of MDA and CD levels as well as a diminution of antioxidant enzymes activities (Catalase and SOD) as compared to cells treated with Fe2+ or H2O2 alone. CONCLUSION: The hydroethanolic extract of O. Africana could thus be considered as a source of potential antioxidants. The results of this study will promote the reasonable usage of this plant in food and pharmacy industries as well as in alternative medicine and natural therapy.

Vitamin D status and CYP27B1-1260 promoter polymorphism in Tunisian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

AIM: An association between serum vitamin D (Vit D) levels and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been reported by several studies that suggested the involvement of genetically determined characteristics of enzymes of vitamin D metabolism. Our study aimed to evaluate the relationship between 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level, the most representative metabolite of VitD status, and polymorphism of the cytochrome P450, CYP27B1 gene, which influence vitamin D metabolism, and serum levels, in SLE Tunisian patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study has been conducted in SLE patients (supplemented and not supplemented patients), matched to healthy controls by age and gender. The 25[OH]D serum level was measured by chemiluminescence assay and CYP27B1-1260 genetic polymorphism was carried out using PCR-RFLP methods. Statistical analysis was made using Shesis and SPSS.20 Software. RESULTS: Controls and Vit D not supplemented patients' groups presented the highest percentage of hypovitaminosis D. A significant difference in the mean level of circulating 25[OH]D between Vit D supplemented SLE patients and controls was observed (23.91 ng/ml and 7.18 ng/ml, respectively p = 3.4 105 ). Our results showed a correlation of high 25[OH]D level with complement component 3 levels and prednisolone drug. Moreover, the analysis of CYP27B1-1260 polymorphism in SLE patients and controls revealed a nonsignificant allelic or genotypic association. CONCLUSION: Despite the sunny climate, the high prevalence of Vit D deficiency is common in Tunisia. This hypovitaminosis D feature may affect the Vit D levels in our SLE patients but a direct association with the disease or with the genetically determined features remains unclear. More studies are needed to establish thresholds and susceptibility genes according to the characteristics of each population.

HLA Class III: A susceptibility region to systemic lupus erythematosus in Tunisian population.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Short tandem repeats (STR) are usually used as informative polymorphic markers for genetic mapping and for disease susceptibility analysis. The involvement of these microsatellite markers localized in the MHC region was reported in many auto-immune diseases. In this study we analyzed for the first time eight polymorphisms of microsatellite loci at the HLA region: D6S291, D6S273, TNFa, b and c, MICA, D6S265 and D6S276, in Tunisian systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a case control study in which the microsatellite loci were amplified using specific primers labeled with NED, VIC, PET or 6-FAM and analyzed using GeneScan software 3.7. For the statistical analysis, we used SPSS software and we performed a sub-haplotype scoring test using the haplo.stats software developed in the R language. RESULTS: We found that two mean associated regions existed; the most statistically significant encompassed the 3 TNF markers (p = 0.0003, OR = 19.34); the latter covered the DR region. In fact, when scoring haplotypes in 3 marker- sliding windows, the p value increased as we moved away from the TNF region and decreased again when we approached the DRB1 locus. We also established for the first time the negative association between alleles of D6S291 and SLE. The majority of clinical and serological correlations were noted with TNF alleles. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm the association between TNF and DRB1 polymorphisms and SLE. The association between alleles of D6S291 and SLE needs however to be verified by the analysis of other markers beyond this region.

Differential reactive oxygen species production of neutrophils and their oxidative damage in patients with active and inactive systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: Increasing interest is given to the involvement of the innate immunity and especially Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in the physiopathological process of inflammatory diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we investigated the oxidative burst and damages in SLE patients neutrophils, considering the two phases of the disease, the active and the remission/inactive states. METHODS: This study was conducted on 30 SLE patients and 23 healthy controls. The oxidative burst in neutrophils of SLE patients and controls was triggered by fMLP and TPA, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was evaluated using a chemiluminescence assay. Oxidative damages in neutrophils were assessed by measuring Free thiol groups level and carbonyl groups, as protein oxidative markers. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level informed about the lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the catalase activity indicated the antioxidant enzymatic activity. RESULT: Compared to controls, SLE patients exhibited a significantly increased level of ROS production concomitantly to a decreased response time. Their Neutrophils were characterized by a decreased level of MDA and high levels of protein oxidation as evidenced by increased carbonyl groups and decreased SH levels. The catalase activity was higher in SLE patients' neutrophils compared to controls. When patients were clustered according to the disease activity, PMN of patients in active phase showed, paradoxically, a lower ROS production and exhibited higher oxidative damages than the inactive group. CONCLUSION: Our results highlight an altered behavior of LES patients derived PMN particularly in the active phase of the disease. The evaluation of the redox status including the rate of ROS production could be a biological marker to follow the activity of the disease.

Genetic association and phenotypic correlation of TLR4 but not NOD2 variants with Tunisian inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVE: The common association between NOD2/CARD15 and TLR4 gene variants with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been replicated in all studies. We studied the polymorphism of these two genes in Tunisian patients with IBD. METHODS: Polymorphisms of NOD2 (R702W, G908R and L1007fs) and TLR4 (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) genes were analyzed in 106 patients with IBD (68 with ulcerative colitis [UC], 38 with Crohn's disease [CD]) and 160 healthy controls using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Genotypes and phenotypes were correlated. RESULTS: The mutated allele of TLR4-Thr399Ile was strongly associated with IBD (9.4% in IBD, 7.4% in UC and 13.2% in CD vs 2.5% in controls; P = 0.0004, 0.014 and 0.00006, respectively). Heterozygous genotypes were significantly more frequent in patients with IBD (17.0%), UC (14.7%) and CD (21.1%) than in controls (5.0%) (P = 0.0012, 0.012 and 0.001, respectively). Interestingly, the wild genotype was found to be protective (odds ratio 0.24). The mutated allele of TLR4-Asp299Gly was more frequent in controls (6.8%) than in patients with IBD (2.9%). A phenotypic correlation of Asp299Gly-AG genotype with arthritis in UC patients was detected (P = 0.003). Regarding the NOD2 gene, the common variations studied were not polymorphic and there was no genetic association with IBD. CONCLUSION: The TLR4-Thr399Ile variant was strongly associated with susceptibility to IBD, whereas TLR4-Asp299Gly seems to play a role in the clinical expression of UC. The rarity and non-association of NOD2 mutations with IBD may reveal a genetic characteristic of the population in our region.

The Increased Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Renal and Skin Lesions in Lupus Erythematosus.

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), a bacterial lipopolysaccharide sensor, is an innate immunity essential modulator. It is expressed on both immune and non-immune cells and may contribute to the cutaneous and renal manifestations during lupus erythematosus (LE). Our purpose is to evaluate TLR-4 expression and analyzing its role in lupus nephritis (LN) and chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) pathogenesis. TLR-4 immunohistochemical staining was performed on 30 LN renal biopsies compared with 11 healthy renal tissues and 30 skin biopsies from CLE patients compared with 15 normal individuals. CLE patients' biopsies showed a strong and diffuse TLR-4 expression throughout the epidermis and labeled inflammatory infiltrate and glands in the dermis whereas controls' skin expressed weakly TLR-4 only in the epidermis basal layer. LN glomeruli and tubules showed an increased and more intense TLR-4 expression compared with normal controls where TLR-4 expression was weak and rarely detected in glomeruli, diffuse and weak in tubules. A significant difference in TLR-4 expression between LN classes, both in glomeruli and tubules, was observed. These data confirm an up-regulation of TLR-4 expression in the affected tissues of CLE and LN patients and highlight the critical role of TLR-4 in the pathogenesis of cutaneous and renal disorders in LE.

Role of FOXP3 gene polymorphism in the susceptibility to Tunisian endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus.

OBJECTIVE: Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) is an essential and crucial transcription factor of regulatory T-cells. Genetic polymorphisms in the promoter region of FOXP3 gene may alter the gene expression level and, therefore, contribute to several autoimmune diseases susceptibility. We aimed to investigate the possible role of genetic variants of four SNPs (rs3761547, rs3761548, rs3761549 and rs2294021) and a (GT)n microsatellite located in FOXP3 gene in the susceptibility to Tunisian Pemphigus Foliaceus (PF). METHOD: A case-control study was conducted on 98 patients with different clinical features of PF and 182 matched healthy controls using PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: According to the epidemio-demographic features of the disease, patients were classified into two groups: an endemic group (n=33, mean age=31 [18-48]) versus a sporadic one (n=65, mean age=36 [19-84]). In the whole population, rs3761548, rs3761549 and rs2294021 were associated with the susceptibility to PF. Interestingly, significant differences of gene distributions between the two sub-groups of patients were observed. In the endemic group, all associations observed in the whole population were maintained and reinforced and a new association was revealed with rs3761547; while in the sporadic group, only the association with rs3761549 was conserved. Further, the haplotype analysis showed that the G-A-C-15-C risk haplotype was significantly much more expressed in PF patients and specially in the endemic group. The phenotype-genotype correlation revealed that the rs3761548>AA genotype was significantly correlated with the severity of the disease including Nickolsky sign, generalized form of the disease and the earliest age onset. CONCLUSION: These results underline the particular genetic background of the Tunisian endemic PF and suggest the implication of FOXP3 gene in the susceptibility and the clinical course of the disease.

Phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Capparis spinosa.

Caper plant (Capparis spinosa) extracts have been associated with diverse biological activities including anti-oxidant properties. In this work, we characterized the hydro-ethanolic extract obtained from C. spinosa leaves [hydroethanolic extract of C. spinosa (HECS)] by analyzing the content in anti-oxidant compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Further, we evaluated HECS antioxidant activities in vitro using bleaching of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and ABTS test as well as by pretreatment of HeLa cells exposed to Fe(2+) or H2O2. Our findings indicate that HECS contains high amount of total phenolic compounds and high levels of flavonoids and anthocyanins. Furthermore, HECS exhibited antioxidant activity in both chemical and biological tests. Specially, pretreatment of HeLa cells with different concentrations of the extract conferred protection against lipid peroxidation and modulated activities of two antioxidant enzymes, SOD and catalase. These results revealed HECS antioxidant effects and suggest that C. spinosa leaves are a potential source of natural antioxidant molecules with possible applications in industry and medicine.