BILATERAL EYE PATCHING MAY IMPROVE CLINICAL OUTCOMES FOR ACUTE PRIMARY RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT.

PURPOSE: Evaluate preoperative bilateral eye patching (BEP) on subretinal fluid and vision in acute primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs). METHODS: Retrospective nonrandomized interventional study of 335 patients with RRD undergoing BEP until surgery (BEP cohort) and separated by the percentage of full-time compliance: high (≥90%), medium (>90% but ≥50%), and low (<50%). Those declining BEP were included (control). All underwent surgery and were followed for ≥3 months. Imaging was obtained immediately before surgery. Best-corrected visual acuity was measured at the longest follow-up and immediately before surgery. SRF and foveal status immediately before surgery were analyzed. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty and 95 patients were in BEP and control cohorts, respectively. Thirty patients presented immediately before surgery for analysis. High (64%) and medium (35%) compliance showed significantly greater ( P < 0.01) SRF reduction compared with low (4%) and control (3%). Mac-off RRD showed significantly greater ( P < 0.01) foveal reattachment with high (29%) and medium (8%) compliance compared with low (2%) and control (1%). Mac-on RRD demonstrated no significant differences ( P ≥ 0.51) in final best-corrected visual acuity among high (0 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] [median], 20/20 Snellen), medium (0.10 logMAR, 20/25 Snellen), low (0.10 logMAR), and control cohorts (0.10 logMAR). Mac-off RRD demonstrated significantly better final best-corrected visual acuity with high compliance (0.30 logMAR, 20/40 Snellen) compared with low (0.40 logMAR, 20/50 Snellen; P = 0.04) and control (0.60 logMAR, 20/80 Snellen; P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Preoperative BEP can stabilize or improve subretinal fluid in acute primary RRD. Patients with BEP >50% of the time experienced the greatest benefits.

Role of physician extenders: more regulation is necessary before full integration into practice.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss the drawbacks and propose recommendations for integrating physician extenders in ophthalmologic practice. RECENT FINDINGS: In this article, the role of utilizing physician extenders in ophthalmology is discussed. A role for physician extenders has been suggested as more and more patients will require ophthalmologic care. SUMMARY: Guidance is needed on how to best integrate physician extenders into eye care. However, quality of care is of the highest importance, and unless there is reliable and consistent training of extenders, using physician extenders to administer invasive procedures (e.g., intravitreal injection) should be avoided due to safety concerns.

RETINAL DETACHMENT WITH INFERIOR RETINAL BREAKS: Primary Vitrectomy Versus Vitrectomy With Scleral Buckle (PRO Study Report No. 9).

INTRODUCTION: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments with inferior retinal breaks are believed to have a higher risk of recurrent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. This study compared anatomic and visual outcomes between primary pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and combination PPV with scleral buckle (PPV/SB) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachments with inferior retinal breaks. METHODS: This is an analysis of the Primary Retinal Detachment Outcomes study, a multi-institutional cohort study of consecutive primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgeries from January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2015. The primary outcome was single-surgery success rate. Only eyes with inferior retinal breaks (one break in the detached retina between five and seven o'clock) were included. RESULTS: There were 238 eyes that met the inclusion criteria, 95 (40%) of which underwent primary PPV and 163 (60%) that underwent combined PPV/SB. The single-surgery success rate was 76.8% for PPV and 87.4% for PPV/SB (P = 0.0355). This remained significant on multivariate analysis (P = 0.01). Subgroup analysis showed that a superior single-surgery success rate of PPV/SB was especially noted in phakic eyes (85.2% vs. 68.6%; P = 0.0464). CONCLUSION: Retinal detachment with inferior retinal breaks had a higher single-surgery success rate if treated with PPV/SB compared with PPV alone, particularly in phakic eyes.

CHARACTERISTICS AND SURGICAL OUTCOMES OF RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT IN OLDER ADULTS: A Multicenter Comparative Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: To describe characteristics and outcomes of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in older adults (age ≥ 80). METHODS: Consecutive patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment undergoing pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), scleral buckling (SB), or PPV/SB in the Primary Retinal Detachment Outcomes Study were evaluated. Outcome measures included single surgery anatomic success and visual acuity. RESULTS: Of 2,144 patients included, 125 (6%) were 80 years or older. Compared with younger patients (age 40-79), older adults were more likely to be pseudophakic (P < 0.001), have macula-off detachments (P < 0.001), and have preoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy (P = 0.02). In older adults, initial surgery was PPV in 73%, PPV/SB in 27%, and primary SB in 0%. Single surgery anatomic success was 78% in older adults compared with 84% in younger patients (P = 0.03). In older adults, single surgery anatomic success was 74% for PPV and 91% for PPV/SB (P = 0.03). The final mean logMAR was lower for older adults (0.79 [20/125] vs. 0.40 [20/40], [P < 0.001]). In older adults, the final mean logMAR for eyes that underwent PPV was 0.88 (20/160) compared with 0.50 (20/63) for PPV/SB (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Octogenarians and nonagenarians presented with relatively complex pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Single surgery anatomic success and visual outcomes were worse compared with younger patients, and PPV/SB had better outcomes compared with PPV alone.

Primary Retinal Detachment Outcomes Study: Pseudophakic Retinal Detachment Outcomes: Primary Retinal Detachment Outcomes Study Report Number 3.

PURPOSE: This study evaluates outcomes of comparable pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) treated with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) or PPV with scleral buckle (PPV-SB). DESIGN: Multicenter, retrospective, interventional cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Data were gathered from patients from multiple retina practices in the United States with RRD in 2015. METHODS: A large detailed database was generated. Pseudophakic patients with RRD managed with PPV or PPV-SB were analyzed for anatomic and visual outcomes. Eyes with proliferative vitreoretinopathy, giant retinal tears, previous invasive glaucoma surgery, and ≤90 days of follow-up were excluded from outcomes analysis. Single surgery anatomic success (SSAS) was defined as retinal attachment without ongoing tamponade and with no other RRD surgery within 90 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Single surgery anatomic success and final Snellen visual acuity (VA). RESULTS: A total of 1158 of 2620 eyes (44%) with primary RRD were pseudophakic. A total of 1018 eyes had greater than 90 days of follow-up. Eyes with proliferative vitreoretinopathy, previous glaucoma surgery, and giant retinal tears were excluded, leaving 893 pseudophakic eyes eligible for outcome analysis. A total of 461 (52%) were right eyes. A total of 606 patients (67%) were male, with a mean age of 65±11 years. Pars plana vitrectomy and PPV-SB as the first procedure were performed on 684 eyes (77%) and 209 eyes (23%), respectively. The mean follow-up was 388±161 days, and overall SSAS was achieved in 770 eyes (86%). Single surgery anatomic success was 84% (577/684) for PPV and 92% (193/209) for PPV-SB. The difference in SSAS between types of treatment was significant (P = 0.009). In eyes with macula-on RRD, SSAS was 88% in eyes treated with PPV and 100% in eyes treated with PPV-SB (P = 0.0088). In eyes with macula-off RRD, SSAS was 81% in eyes treated with PPV and 89% in eyes treated with PPV-SB (P = 0.029). Single surgery anatomic success was greater for PPV-SB than PPV for inferior (96% vs. 82%) and superior (90% vs. 82%) detachments. Mean final VA was similar for PPV (20/47) and PPV-SB (20/46; P = 0.805). CONCLUSIONS: In pseudophakic RRDs, SSAS was better in patients treated with PPV-SB compared with PPV alone, whereas visual outcomes were similar for both groups.

Primary Retinal Detachment Outcomes Study Report Number 2: Phakic Retinal Detachment Outcomes.

PURPOSE: Anatomically similar rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs) can be treated with scleral buckle (SB), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), or SB combined with PPV (PPV/SB). This study compares moderately complex phakic primary RRD treated with SB, PPV, or PPV/SB to review anatomic and visual outcomes. DESIGN: Multicenter, retrospective, interventional cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Data were gathered on all patients from multiple retina practices in the United States with RRD in 2015 and >90 days of follow-up. The cohort of phakic patients with moderately complex RRD was analyzed. METHODS: A large and detailed database was generated. Eyes with findings that would bias toward PPV (vitreous hemorrhage, dense cataract, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, giant retinal tear, among others) were excluded. Age <40 years (bias toward SB) was excluded. Comparable cases of moderately complex RRD were then chosen naive to surgeon, surgery, and outcome for subgroup analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Single surgery anatomic success (SSAS), defined as retinal attachment with no other RRD surgery within 90 days, is the main outcome measure. Final visual acuity is the secondary outcome measure. Pearson's chi-square and analysis of variance were used to test treatment effect of surgery type on SSAS and vision. RESULTS: Single surgery anatomic success was noted in 155 of 169 SB cases (91.7%), 207 of 249 PPV cases (83.1%), and 271 of 297 PPV/SB cases (91.2%). Scleral buckle and PPV/SB were superior to PPV for SSAS (P = 0.0041). For macula-on or split cases, SB had significantly better visual outcomes than PPV or PPV/SB even after controlling for cataract (cases with minimal cataract at final follow-up or after cataract surgery) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: For phakic moderately complex primary RRDs in this study of PPV versus SB versus PPV/SB, SB had the best visual outcomes, and PPV had the worst SSAS outcomes.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF 360-DEGREE LASER RETINOPEXY DURING PRIMARY VITRECTOMY WITH OR WITHOUT SCLERAL BUCKLE FOR RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT AND IMPACT ON SURGICAL OUTCOMES (PRO STUDY REPORT NUMBER 4).

PURPOSE: To determine factors associated with 360-degree laser retinopexy (360LR) during primary pars plana vitrectomy ± scleral buckle for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and its impact on surgical outcomes. METHODS: This is a multicenter, retrospective, interventional study. Patients undergoing primary pars plana vitrectomy or primary pars plana vitrectomy + scleral buckle for noncomplex primary RRD in 2015 were evaluated. Primary outcomes were single surgery anatomical success (SSAS) and final anatomical success. Secondary outcomes included final logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity, epiretinal membrane formation, cystoid macular edema development, and number of subsequent vitrectomies. Multivariate regressions were performed. RESULTS: Two thousand two hundred and forty-eight surgeries by 61 surgeons were included; of which, 516 underwent 360LR. Younger age (P = 0.01), more retinal breaks (P = 0.01), more extensive RRD (P < 0.001), and surgeon ID (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with 360LR. No significant associations between 360LR and single surgery anatomical success (P = 0.44), epiretinal membrane formation (P = 0.14), cystoid macular edema development (P = 0.28), or number of subsequent vitrectomies (P = 0.41) were found. Controlling for case complexity, 360LR was significantly associated with lower final anatomical success (P < 0.001) and worse final logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Multiple factors influenced whether 360LR was performed during primary pars plana vitrectomy ± scleral buckle for RRD. However, 360LR was not associated with improved surgical outcomes, and in fact, it may be associated with poorer outcomes.

BEVACIZUMAB LEVELS IN BREAST MILK AFTER LONG-TERM INTRAVITREAL INJECTIONS.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine whether bevacizumab is detectable in the breast milk of nursing mothers. METHODS: Breast milk samples were collected from 2 patients receiving monthly intravitreal bevacizumab injections for choroidal neovascularization over the course of 16 months. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis was used to determine the levels of bevacizumab in the milk samples. RESULTS: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed using antibodies specific to bevacizumab in which the sensitivity threshold was 3 ng/mL. All breast milk samples assayed from the two patients actively undergoing treatment did not have detectable levels of bevacizumab. Samples collected 1.5 hours and 7 hours after an injection and 2 randomly chosen samples were negative by Western blot analysis. CONCLUSION: A sensitive assay to detect bevacizumab in breast milk samples assayed suggests that intravitreal injections do not result in detectable bevacizumab in breast milk.

Reuse of shipping materials in the intravitreal bevacizumab supply chain: feasibility, cost, and environmental impact.

BACKGROUND: Intravitreal injections are the most common ophthalmic procedure worldwide and are also a prime opportunity for waste reduction. This study analyzes the feasibility, environmental impact, and cost of reusing shipping materials for intravitreal injection medications, as compared to wasting coolers and cold packs after single-use. METHODS: In this prospective pilot study, shipping materials (cardboard boxes, polystyrene foam coolers, and cold packs) from repackaged bevacizumab delivered to our clinic (500 doses per week) were saved and reused over a 10-week study period. The shipping supplies were photographed and inspected for defects at point of care (Twin Cities, MN), and returned via standard ground shipping to the outsourcing facility (Tonawanda, NY). RESULTS: Polystyrene foam coolers (n = 3) survived 10 roundtrips between the outsourcing facility and retina clinic (600 mi each way), although wear-and-tear was visible in the form of marks and dents. Cold packs (n = 35) were less durable, lasting 3.1 ± 2.0 roundtrips. Total carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions were reduced 43%, by reusing shipping materials (12.88 kgCO2e per 1000 bevacizumab doses), as compared to the standard practice of disposing containers after single-use (22.70 kgCO2e per 1000 bevacizumab doses), and landfill volume was reduced by 89%. Cost savings from reusing containers offset expenses incurred with return shipping and extra handling in the reuse cohort (net savings: $0.52 per 1000 bevacizumab doses). CONCLUSIONS: Reusing shipping supplies can be cost neutral, with less CO2e emissions and reduced landfill. Robust environmental benefit is possible if retina clinics partner with manufacturers to reuse shipping containers.

Evolving Treatment Patterns in Diabetic Macular Edema Between 2015 and 2020.

Purpose: To explore the recent evolution of diabetic macular edema (DME) treatment practice patterns over 5 years among retina specialists in the United States. Methods: This retrospective analysis assessed 306 700 eyes with newly diagnosed DME from the Vestrum Health database between January 2015 and October 2020. The year-over-year and cumulative 5-year distributions of eyes treated with antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, steroids, focal laser, or any combination and those of untreated eyes were calculated. Changes from baseline visual acuity were assessed. Results: Yearly treatment patterns changed significantly from 2015 (n = 18056) to 2020 (n = 11042). The proportion of untreated patients declined over time (32.7% vs 27.7%; P < .001), the use of anti-VEGF monotherapy increased (43.5% vs 61.8%; P < .001), the use of focal laser monotherapy declined (9.7% vs 3.0%; P < .001), and the use of steroid monotherapy remained stable (0.9% vs 0.7%; P = 1.000). Of eyes that maintained follow-up for 5 years (from 2015 to 2020), 16.3% were untreated while 77.5% were treated with anti-VEGF agents (as monotherapy or combination therapy). Vision gains in treated patients remained approximately stable from 2015 (3.6 letters) to 2020 (3.5 letters). Conclusions: From 2015 to 2020, treatment patterns for DME evolved toward greater anti-VEGF monotherapy, stable steroid monotherapy, less laser monotherapy, and fewer untreated eyes.

Board Certification Is Associated With a Reduced Risk of Endophthalmitis After Intravitreal Injections.

Purpose: This work investigates associations between physician qualifications and the risk of postintravitreal injection endophthalmitis. Methods: This retrospective analysis of data from medical claims studied Medicare beneficiaries undergoing 1 or more intravitreal injections between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2017. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess whether board certification status or retina subspecialty training was associated with lower risk of postinjection endophthalmitis, controlling for patient's age, race, and sex, type of agent injected, diagnosis, and year of injection. The main outcome measure was odds ratio (OR) of receiving a diagnosis of endophthalmitis in the 14 days after intravitreal injection. Clinical outcome and quality of care were not evaluated in this study. Results: A total of 2 907 324 intravitreal injections were performed on 219 640 patients by 4315 ophthalmologists, 3196 (74%) of whom were retina specialists and 4021 (92%) of whom were certified by the American Board of Ophthalmology (ABO). Overall, there were 1088 (0.037%) cases of postinjection endophthalmitis, of which 1024 (0.037%) were injected by ABO-certified ophthalmologists and 64 (0.050%) by non-board-certified ophthalmologists. Injections by ABO-certified ophthalmologist had 28% reduced odds of endophthalmitis (OR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.523-0.996, P = .05). Higher odds of endophthalmitis were observed for corticosteroid injections (OR = 3.91; 95% CI, 2.75-5.56, P < .001) and aflibercept injections (OR = 1.47; 95% CI, 1.19-1.80, P < .001). Patients' sex and race, the diagnosis associated with the injection, and providers' retina subspeciality training were not associated with the rate of endophthalmitis (P < .20 for all comparisons). Conclusions: We found evidence that endophthalmitis may be reduced when ABO-certified physicians perform an intravitreal injection.

Outcomes of Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Repair in Eyes With Preoperative Grade B or C Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy.

Purpose: This work evaluates the anatomic and functional outcomes of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs) with preoperative grade B and C proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) vs eyes without PVR. Methods: As a multi-institutional, interventional, retrospective study of all patients undergoing primary RRD surgical procedures from January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2015, this study evaluated the visual acuity (VA) outcomes and single-surgery anatomic success rates (SSAS) of patients with primary grade B and C PVR at the time of RRD repair. Results: A total of 2486 eyes underwent primary RD surgery during the study period, of which 153 eyes (6.2%) had documented preoperative PVR grade B or C. Eyes without PVR had better SSAS compared with eyes with grade B or C PVR (87% vs 83% vs 75%, respectively, P < .0001). Eyes without PVR also had better final mean (SD) logMAR VA (0.35 [0.47]; 20/45 Snellen equivalent) than eyes with PVR of grade B (0.50 [0.56]; 20/63 Snellen equivalent) or grade C (P < .0001). In only eyes with preoperative PVR, there were no significant differences in final VA or SSAS on multivariate analysis based on surgical approach or use of retinectomy or membrane peeling alone in the intraoperative management of PVR. Conclusions: Eyes with primary preoperative grade B and C PVR appear to have significantly worse VA outcomes and lower surgical success rates. Surgical approach and management of PVR membranes did not appear to affect VA or success rates, indicating that preoperative PVR severity may dictate these outcomes.

Medical Waste Due to Intravitreal Injection Procedures in a Retina Clinic.

Purpose: Medical waste contributes to health care costs and has a direct negative impact on the environment. The goals of this study are to quantify and categorize the medical waste generated by intravitreal injection procedures and identify opportunities to reduce waste. Methods: This is a prospective observational series. Medical waste from intravitreal injections was collected from 337 consecutive intravitreal injections by a retina specialist over 2 weeks. The waste was sorted, photographed, weighed, and recorded. Results: A total of 65.6 kg of waste was collected across 3 broad categories: (1) shipping waste (cardboard boxes, foam coolers, cold packs, and bubble wrap); (2) waste from administering the intravitreal injection (nitrile gloves, tissues, wipes, and plastic or paper packaging); and (3) biohazard waste (used syringes and needles). Shipping waste contributed 83% of the overall waste, by mass, and varied greatly based on the size of the order and how efficiently shipments were packed. Cold packs, foam coolers, cardboard/paper, and nitrile gloves were the greatest contributors to carbon emissions and landfill. Conclusions: Waste due to shipping of medication is a major opportunity for reducing the environmental impact of intravitreal injections. Buying in bulk is a simple way for retina practices to reduce waste. Manufacturers should consider less bulky packaging for branded intravitreal injections; distributors and outsourcing facilities should consider take-back programs to reuse coolers and cold packs. Improved sustainability in the treatment of retinal disease is achievable but requires awareness and optimization of a clinic's routine.

Intravitreal Injection Therapy: Current Techniques and Supplemental Services.

Purpose: Intravitreal injection is the most frequently performed eye procedure in the world and is an essential component in the management of sight-threating retinal diseases and conditions. Given the seriousness and range of diseases treated and the risks of the procedure, retina specialists must weigh the pros and cons of each individual treatment. Complexities guiding injection treatment are multifaceted and involve patient-history review, careful examination, diagnostic testing selection and interpretation, customized medical decision-making, and follow-up considerations. Methods: This article by the Intravitreal Injection Task Force Committee of the American Society of Retina Specialists documents the intricacies and necessary components of the intravitreal injection procedure. Results: By expert consensus, the task force further recommends ancillary services and decision-making that may accompany intravitreal injection visits, when appropriate, to monitor response to treatment, adjust treatment, and manage additional considerations in the same or fellow eye. Conclusions: Retina specialists can optimize safety and therapeutic outcomes with individualized consideration and customization of intravitreal injection treatment for each patient.

Mechanisms of sterile inflammation after intravitreal injection of antiangiogenic drugs: a narrative review.

BACKGROUND: Intraocular inflammation is an uncommon but potentially vision-threatening adverse event related to anti-VEGF therapy. This is of increasing importance given both the volume of injections performed, as well as the increased prevalence of inflammation seen with newer anti-VEGF agents. Brolucizumab, the newest anti-VEGF agent, has been associated with an inflammatory retinal vasculitis and the underlying mechanism is unclear. Reviewing potential mechanisms and clinical differences of intraocular inflammation may assist clinicians and scientists in reducing the risk of these events in the future. OBSERVATIONS: Two types of inflammation are seen with intravitreal injections, acute onset sterile inflammation and delayed onset inflammatory vasculitis. Acute onset inflammation can be subcategorized into subclinical anterior chamber inflammation and sterile uveitis/endophthalmitis. Subclinical anterior chamber inflammation can occur at rates as high as 19% after intravitreal anti-VEGF injection. Rates of sterile uveitis/endophthalmitis range from 0.05% to 4.4% depending on the anti-VEGF agent. Inflammatory vasculitis is only associated with brolucizumab and occurred in 3.3% of injections according to the post hoc review of the HAWK/HARRIER data. In addition, silicone oil from syringes can induce immunogenic protein aggregates. Agitation of the syringe, freeze thawing, shipping and improper storage prior to injection may increase the amount of silicone oil released from the syringe. CONCLUSION: The main factors which play a role in intraocular inflammation after anti-VEGF injection can be divided into three causes: patient-specific, medication-specific and delivery-specific. The majority of clinically significant inflammation seen after intravitreal injection is an acute onset inflammatory response with most patients recovering baseline VA in 3-5 weeks. The presence of pain, hypopyon, severe anterior chamber reaction, hyperemia and significant vision loss may help distinguish infectious from non-infectious etiologies of post injection inflammation. Avoiding temperature fluctuation, mechanical shock, agitation during transport and handling of syringes/drugs, and the use of SO-free syringes may help minimize intraocular inflammation. While a definitive mechanism has not yet been established, current knowledge of the clinical presentation and vitreous histopathology of brolucizumab-retinal vasculitis favors an auto-immune type IV hypersensitivity reaction.

Short term visual and structural outcomes of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment delay during the first COVID-19 wave: A pilot study.

Regularly scheduled intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections are essential to maintaining and/or improving many ocular conditions including: neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusions with macular edema (RVO). This study aims to assess the effect of unintended delays in anti-VEGF treatment during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. This retrospective case series identified patients receiving regularly scheduled anti-VEGF intravitreal injections based on current procedural terminology (CPT) code at two practices in Minnesota. Diagnoses were limited to nAMD, diabetic macular edema (DME), proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and RVO. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether they maintained or delayed their follow-up visit by more than two weeks beyond the recommended treatment interval during the COVID-19 lockdown. The 'COVID-19 lockdown' was defined as the period after March, 28th, 2020, when a lockdown was declared in Minnesota. We then compared the visual acuity and structural changes to the retina using ocular coherence tomography (OCT) to assess whether delayed treatment resulted in worse visual outcomes. A total of 167 eyes from 117 patients met criteria for inclusion in this study. In the delayed group, the average BCVA at the pre- and post-lockdown visits were 0.614 and 0.715 (logMAR) respectively (p = 0.007). Central subfield thickness (CST) increased from 341 to 447 in the DME delayed group (p = 0.03) while the CST increased from 301 to 314 (p = 0.4) in the nAMD delayed group. The results of this pilot study suggests that treatment delays may have a negative impact on the visual and anatomic outcomes of patients with nAMD and DME. Future studies with larger sample sizes are required for further investigation.

Risk Factors for Presence of Cystoid Macular Edema following Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Surgery.

Purpose: Cystoid macular edema (CME) following cataract surgery is a well-known entity. Less is known regarding the risk factors of developing CME following repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRD).Methods: This was a multi-institutional study of primary RRD surgeries from 1/1/2015 through 12/31/2015. The primary outcome was the development of postoperative CME following RRD surgery. Post-operative optical coherence tomography imaging and 3 months of follow-up following RRD repair were required.Results: There were 1,466 eyes that met the inclusion criteria, and 140 (9.6%) developed postoperative CME following primary RRD repair. On multivariate analysis, the statistically significant metrics were older patient age (OR 1.03 per year, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05), pre-operative proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR, OR 1.74, 95% 1.03 to 2.95), and cataract surgery following RRD repair (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.47 to 3.25). Single surgery success was protective against CME (OR 0.20 (95% CI 0.14-0.30). Seventy-six (9.0%) of the phakic eyes and 60 (9.9%) of the pseudophakic eyes developed post-operative CME. Multivariate analysis showed that cataract surgery following RRD repair (p < .0001) for phakic eyes and older age (p = .0075) for pseudophakic eyes were risk factors. In eyes that underwent successful retinal reattachment with one surgery, post-operative cataract surgery (p = .0005) and pre-operative PVR (p = .0011) were risk factors for CME in this subgroup.Conclusion: CME occurred in nearly 10% of the eyes following RRD repair. The biggest risk factors were recurrent RRD, preexisting PVR, older age, and cataract surgery following RRD repair.

Comparison of Visual and Anatomic Outcomes Following RRD Surgery Using 23-Gauge Versus 25-Gauge Vitrectomy: PRO Study Report No. 12.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Most surgeons now utilize small-gauge (23- or 25-gauge) pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with or without scleral buckling for repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRD), in addition to primary scleral buckle (SB), but comparative data between the two gauges are limited. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study is an analysis of primary RRD repairs comparing 23- versus 25-gauge vitrectomy for PPV or combination PPV/SB from January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2015, across multiple institutions. The primary outcome was single-surgery success and secondary outcomes included postoperative complications. RESULTS: There were 1,932 eyes that met inclusion criteria. There was no statistically significant difference in single-surgery success (82.9% vs. 83.8%; P = 0.6329). There were similar rates of postoperative hypotony, endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage, and choroidal detachment. The findings were similar when analyzing only eyes that underwent primary PPV without SB. CONCLUSION: Both 23- and 25-gauge vitrectomy systems have similar anatomic and visual outcomes in the primary repair of RRD. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2021;52:70-76.].

Surgical techniques for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments between surgeons with high versus low single surgery success rates.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To identify differences in preoperative characteristics and intraoperative approaches between surgeons with higher versus lower single surgery success rates (SSSR) for repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs). METHODS: This study is a sub-analysis of subjects who underwent RRD repair in the Primary Retinal Detachment Outcomes (PRO) study, a multi-institutional, retrospective comparative interventional study. The PRO study examined consecutive primary RRD surgeries from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2015. The primary outcome was variations in surgical approach to different types of RRDs with secondary analyses of pre and intraoperative metrics for surgeons with SSSR > 90% compared to those <80% who performed at least 40 operations during the study period. RESULTS: A total of 689 surgeries were included in the analysis. The mean SSSR was 94% for the higher tier and 75% for the lower tier (p < 0.0001). Surgeons with >90% SSSR were more likely to have graduated fellowship more recently (p = 0.0025), use less perfluorocarbon liquid (p < 0.0001), perform less 360 degree laser retinopexy (p < 0.0001), and perform a higher percentage of primary buckles and combined PPV/SB (p < 0.0001). For pseudophakic eyes there was no difference between PPV and PPV/SB use (p = 0.6211). CONCLUSION: Surgeons with high SSSR typically performed SB as well as combination PPV/SB for more RRDs. Similar numbers of PPV and PPV/SB were performed for pseudophakic eyes, suggesting that the difference in SSSR between the two groups may be related to a combination of preoperative and intraoperative decisions as well as differences in technique.

Impact of contact versus non-contact wide-angle viewing systems on outcomes of primary retinal detachment repair (PRO study report number 5).

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Vitrectomy to repair retinal detachment is often performed with either non-contact wide-angle viewing systems or wide-angle contact viewing systems. The purpose of this study is to assess whether the viewing system used is associated with any differences in surgical outcomes of vitrectomy for primary non-complex retinal detachment repair. METHODS: This is a multicenter, interventional, retrospective, comparative study. Eyes that underwent non-complex primary retinal detachment repair by either pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) alone or in combination with scleral buckle/PPV in 2015 were evaluated. The viewing system at the time of the retinal detachment repair was identified and preoperative patient characteristics, intraoperative findings and postoperative outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 2256 eyes were included in our analysis. Of those, 1893 surgeries used a non-contact viewing system, while 363 used a contact lens system. There was no statistically significant difference in single surgery anatomic success at 3 months (p=0.72), or final anatomic success (p=0.40). Average postoperative visual acuity for the contact-based cases was logMAR 0.345 (20/44 Snellen equivalent) compared with 0.475 (20/60 Snellen equivalent) for non-contact (p=0.001). After controlling for numerous confounding variables in multivariable analysis, viewing system choice was no longer statistically significant (p=0.097). CONCLUSION: There was no statistically significant difference in anatomic success achieved for primary retinal detachment repair when comparing non-contact viewing systems to contact lens systems. Postoperative visual acuity was better in the contact-based group but this was not statistically significant when confounding factors were controlled for.