[Prospective comparison of cognitive and mpMR/US fusion biopsy for prostate cancer detection].

INTRODUCTION: According to the recommendations of the European Association of Urology the presence of a suspicious lesion on MRI is an indication for both primary and secondary MR-targeted biopsies. At the same time, the Russian Society of Urologists recommends to perform mpMR/US fusion biopsy only in patients with a prior negative biopsy. In clinical practice, mpMR/US fusion and cognitive biopsies are the most frequently performed. However, when comparing them, contradictory data on detection of clinically significant prostate cancer is obtained. OBJECTIVE: to compare the detection rate of clinically significant prostate cancer performing cognitive and mpMR/US fusion biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inclusion criteria: PSA >2 ng/mL and/or a positive DRE, and/or a suspicious lesion on TRUS, and PI-RADSv2.1 lesion more or equal 3. At first, "unblinded" urologist performed a transperineal mpMR/ultrasound fusion and saturation biopsy. Then "blinded" urologist obtained transrectal cognitive biopsy Clinically significant cancer was defined as ISUP more or equal 2. RESULTS: We enrolled 96 patients. Median age was 63 years, prostate volume - 47 cm3 and PSA - 6.82 ng/mL. MpMR/US fusion and cognitive biopsies were comparable in regard to the detection rate of clinically significant (32.3% vs 25.0%; p=0.264), clinically insignificant cancer (25.0% and 26.0%; p=0.869) and overall detection rate (57.3% and 51%;p=0.385). Both biopsies missed clinically significant cancer with equal frequency (5.2%; p=0.839). Histological efficacy also was comparable. The number of positive cores between mpMR/US fusion and cognitive biopsy was equal (34.1% and 31.1% respectively; p= 0.415). At the same time, no statistically significant difference was found with respect to maximum cancer core length (53.1% vs 47.7%, respectively; p=0.293). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that both cognitive and mpMR/US fusion biopsies are equally accurate diagnostic methods for clinically significant prostate cancer detection, thus their wider introduction into clinical practice is necessary.

[Radio wave electrotherapy with a radiofrequency of 448 khz for the treatment of patients with organic erectile dysfunction: a prospective, randomized, blind, Sham-controlled, parallel-group study].

AIM: To evaluate the efficiency of radio wave electrotherapy (448 kHz) for the treatment of patients with organic erectile dysfunction (ED). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, randomized, blind, sham- controlled clinical trial was carried out. Inclusion criteria were as following: 1) patients with 5 to 20 points on the IIEF-5 score; 2) patients with proven organic erectile dysfunction lasting at least 6 months; 3) patients with penile arterial insufficiency and/or venous insufficiency, confirmed by doppler study of penile vessels with pharmacological stimulation (peak systolic velocity (PSV) <25 cm/s, end-diastolic blood flow velocity (DPV) >5 cm/s, resistance index (IR) < 0.8). The participants were randomized into two groups (experimental and control) in a 1:1 ratio. The full treatment course lasted 9 weeks. Patients underwent an assessment of erectile function based on questionnaires (IIEF-5, SEP, Schramek), as well as Doppler ultrasound of the cavernous arteries before inclusion in the study as well as a after treatment. RESULTS: The study included 61 men (experimental group [n=31], control group [n=30]. There was a significant difference in the IIEF-5 scores after treatment between the experimental group and the control group (19.5+/-3.2 vs. 15.1+/-5.4, p=0.017, respectively). Significant differences were also noted in mean total score of the SEP questionnaire: an increase to 3.6+/-1.0 in the treatment group compared to 2.4+/-1.1 in the control group (p=0.004). The results of the Schramek questionnaire also demonstrated a significant increase in the mean score in the experimental group compared to the control group: 4.2+/-0.6 vs. 3.2+/-1.0 (p=0.011). The response time to the drug and the detumescence time also significantly differed between the two groups: 11.9+/-4.0 min vs. 15.5+/-4.1 min, p=0.001 and 126.6+/-60.7 min vs. 66.2+/-40.9, p<0.001, respectively. Neither complications nor any adverse events were recorded during treatment or after its completion. CONCLUSIONS: Radio wave electrotherapy with a radiofrequency of 448 kHz can improve the IIEF-5, SEP and Schramek scores, as well as the indicators of ultrasound Doppler ultrasonography in patients with organic ED. To assess the feasibility of this method in patients with organic ED of different stages, further studies are needed.

Reasons to go for thulium-based anatomical endoscopic enucleation of the prostate.

PURPOSE: To summarize the current evidence and the reasons to go for thulium-based anatomical endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (AEEP). METHODS: This review discusses the available literature on thulium-based AEEP. RESULTS: Thulium lasers operate at a wavelength between 1940 and 2013 nm. This wavelength, which has a low penetration depth in water, allows to perform smooth cuts in the prostatic tissue and allows urologists to perform various procedures: resection, vaporization, enucleation, or vapoenucleation of the prostate. Depending on the type of thulium laser, it can be used either in a continuous, or pulsed mode. CONCLUSION: In recent years, an increasing amount of evidence has described the thulium laser as a minimally invasive and size-independent treatment option for benign prostatic enlargement with excellent long-term results.

[Flexible ureteroscopy for lower pole renal stones: novel superpulse thulium (TM) fiber laser lithotripsy].

INTRODUCTION: The SuperPulse Thulium (Tm) fiber laser (wavelength of 1.94 m) has been recently introduced as a directed-energy source for urology. Preclinical studies have shown a significant potential of the SuperPulse Tm fiber laser (SP TFL) for lithotripsy. However, clinical reports of using SP TFL to treat urolithiasis are still few and limited. Of special interest are challenging cases, e.g., lower pole stones, when extreme deflection of the instrument is required. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the SuperPulse Tm fiber laser in the management of lower pole small calyceal stones during flexible ureteroscopy (F-URS). METHOD: s. The SuperPulse Tm fiber laser device (Urolase 2, IRE Polus, Fryazino, Russia) has been cleared for clinical use by the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation. Study protocol has been approved by the Ethical Review Committee. Between January 2018 and February 2019, 130 patients with kidney stones have undergone Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy during F-URS. We retrospectively analyzed 15 of this patients with a single radiopaque lower pole calculus that were included in the present study. Stone size, stone density, lithotripsy time (from the first to last footswitch press) and "lasering" (laser emission) time were measured. The SP TFL was used for stone disintegration with different settings in dusting and fragmentation modes (0.1 - 4J, 7-300Hz, 6-40W) via a fiber with a 200-m core diameter. Low dose CT scanning was performed on POD 90 to assess SFR. RESULTS: Stone size ranged from 4 to 17 mm and stone density varied from 350 to 1459 HU. The average lithotripsy time was 12 min (3-30 min). The average "lasering" time was 1.3 min (0.4-2.5 min) and the mean hospital stay was 1.1+/-0.3 days. In all cases we reached the lower pole stone containing calyx with a laser fiber. The complication rates were evaluated by using the Clavien-Dindo grading system and did not exceed GII (6.6%). SFR on POD 90 was achieved in 86.6% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: F-URS with SuperPulse Tm fiber laser is safe and effective option in the management of lower pole small calyceal stones. The possibility of using small laser fibers gives better instrument deflection which make possible to reach lower pole calyceal stones even with acute lower pole infundibulopelvic angle (IPA).

[Multidisciplinary approach in urology. Laser technologies: faster, simpler, more efficient].

Laser technology has taken a place among the methods of treatment of various urological diseases. The new laser devices are being developed in addition to commonly used. Physicists of the russian NTO "IRE Polus" in collaboration with doctors from Sechenov University have developed a new generation laser device - thulium fiber laser. It has been actively used since 2017 for laser enucleation of prostate. Later the laser was used for treatment of bladder tumor, lithotripsy. The device has already managed to prove its efficacy in in-vitro experiments and clinical practice surpassing foreign analogues.

[Minimally invasive techniques of localized prostate cancer].

Currently, prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most important problem of modern medicine, including economical issue. The detection of PCa compared to any other cancers progressively increases with age. Currently, PCa is the most commonly diagnosed solid tumor. Radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy are considered standard of treatment for PCa. However, while excellent long-term oncologic results can be achieved, these methods are often associated with significant complication rate, which negatively affects the quality of life of patients. Technological advancement and their implementation in medicine have increased treatment opportunities in oncourology. The purpose of this literature review is to study alternative treatment methods of localized PCa and compare their efficiency with conventional therapy.

[Results of a comparative multi-center randomized clinical study of efficacy and safety of EFFEX Tribulus and Tribestan in patients with erectile dysfunction].

RELEVANCE: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition. Pharmacological management of ED involves medications produced by chemical synthesis. Despite high efficiency, their use is often accompanied by some side effects. Considering this, herbal preparations with sufficient efficacy and greater safety have received much attention. AIM: To compare the efficacy and safety of two herbal preparations (EFFEX Tribulus and Tribestan) based on Tribulus Terrestris herb dry extract in patients with ED. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 173 patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 87 (group I) and 86 (group II) received EFFEX Tribulus and Tribestan, respectively. The mean age of patients was 42.2+/-11.5 years in group I and 42.8+/-11.2 years in group II. One hundred fifty two patients completed the study. The follow-up was 13 weeks (the herbal preparation dose was titrated at week five after the treatment initiation). The effectiveness of treatment was assessed on five follow-up visits using the IIEF, AMS, MSF, GAQ questionnaires, and a complex of diagnostic and laboratory studies. RESULTS: At visit five compared to visit 1, the mean IIEF erectile function domain score increased by 5.7+/-4.6 and 5.2+/-4.3 points in group I and II, respectively. In both groups, all other IIEF domain scores demonstrated a statistically significant increase. The AMS scores decreased from 32.93+/-10.04 to 25.02+/-7.62 points in group I and 31.78+/-10.37 to 24.55+/-7.31 points in group II. The SMF scores increased from 22.36+/-4.85 to 27.16+/-4.80 points in group I and from 22.13+/-3.69 to 26.10+/-5.69 points in group II. Besides, the use of the herbal preparations was associated with a decrease in the serum cholesterol level, more pronounced with increasing patient age (correlation coefficient -0.06, p=0.41). CONCLUSION: The herbal preparations EFFEX Tribulus and Tribestan have a similar efficacy and safety profiles.

[Current trends in bladder cancer diagnosis].

In the Russian Federation, a proportion of bladder cancer in the overall structure of malignant tumors is about 2.8% and among oncological diseases of genitourinary system its incidence is second only to prostate cancer. Bladder cancer ranks as ninth most prevalent in males and as eighteens in females. The most important issue is to determine a recurrence rate of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, which can reach 80%. In this regard, currently, all over the world much more attention is paid to studying and creation of early detection, including non-invasive, which will be reliable in the early stages. It can possibly lead to a reduction the number of cystoscopy and become as "golden" standard of non-invasive diagnosis bladder cancer.

[Complications of the holmium laser enucleation of prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia].

INTRODUCTION: With growing experience in the HoLEP, it can replace TURP as the "gold standard" for the surgical management of BPH, and therefore this technique is the most studied surgical modality. Despite the proven effectiveness of HoLEP in the treatment of patients with BPH, its widespread use has been associated with both intra- and postoperative complications. AIM: To improve the results of surgical management of patients with BPH. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study comprised 310 patients who underwent HoLEP for BPH. HoLEP was performed using the Gillings technique. INCLUSION CRITERIA: presence of LUTS (Qmax<15 ml/s, Qav<10 ml/s, presence of residual urine, I-PSS score> 5, QoL score> 2), absence of an active inflammatory process of the urogenital organs. RESULTS: Intraoperative complications included severe hemorrhage in 16 (5.2%), the bladder wall injury in 17 (5.5%) and the ureteral orifice injury in 2 (0.6%) patients. 275 (88.7%) had no intraoperative complications. Early postoperative complications included fever in 4 (1.3%), the bladder tamponade that required cystoscopy and evacuation of blood clots in 7 (2.3%) and acute urinary retention in 36 (11.8%) patients. 263 (84.6%) patients had no postoperative complications. Long-term postoperative complications comprised urinary incontinence in 39 (12.6%) patients and urethral strictures requiring surgical treatment in 9 (2.9%) patients. There were no long-term complications in 262 (84.5%) patients. CONCLUSION: HoLEP is an effective and safe surgical modality for treating patients with BPH with minimal complications, suitable for any size of the prostate.

[Issues of spectrum and local sensitivity of E. coli in female patients with acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection a review of M. Seitz study and own observations].

RELEVANCE: Acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections (AULUTI) are one of the most common diseases in urological practice. The management of cystitis is commonly based on antibacterial therapy. Despite the high efficiency, inadequate prescription of antibiotics leads to an increase in microorganisms resistance. In light of these matters, the selection of antibacterial agents to which the sensitivity of bacteria is the highest is becoming increasingly challenging. AIM: To estimate the spectrum and local sensitivity of E. coli in patients with AULUTI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study analyzed the results of bacterial culture sampled from 45 patients with AULUTI. The mean age of the patients was 44+/-17 years. All bacterial cultures were obtained in out-patient settings in the framework of a multicenter initiative study on the prevention of recurrent AULUTI with d-mannose. RESULTS: Microbiological studies of the urine of patients with AULUTI revealed the growth of E. coli in concentrations ranging from 104 to 107 CFU/ml. Assessment of sensitivity demonstrated 100% sensitivity of Escherichia coli to fosfomycin trometamol. CONCLUSION: According to the findings of microbiological studies, the patients with the AULUTI retain the highest sensitivity level of E.coli to phosphomycin trometamol, which allows it to be used as a first-line drug.

[En bloc holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HOLEP EN BLOC): our experience].

INTRODUCTION: Some authors consider HoLEP a new gold standard for the surgical management of prostatic hyperplasia. The increasing utilization of holmium enucleation has led to the development of various modifications of this treatment modality, including the so-called enucleation as a single piece (HoLEP en bloc), which reduces the operative time and, according to some authors, facilitates acquiring new surgical technique by surgical trainees. AIM: To compare the effectiveness and safety of the traditional HoLEP and HoLEP en bloc. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised 227 BPH patients aged from 53 to 86 years old (mean - 61.38+/-5.09 years). HoLEP en bloc was performed in 114 patients, of whom 39 patients had prostate volume (Vpr) less than 80 cm3, and in 75 patients it was more than 80 cm3. The standard HoLEP was performed in 113 patients, of whom 41 patients had Vpr less than 80 cm3, and in 72 patients it was more than 80 cm3. RESULTS: Enucleation time: HoLEP - 48+/-12 min, HoLEP en-bloc - 35+/-10; morcellation time: HoLEP - 20+/-3 min, HoLEP en-bloc - 16+/-12; duration of urinary bladder drainage by a urethral catheter: HoLEP - 58+/-3 h, HoLEP en-bloc - 41+/-2; length of hospital stay: HoLEP - 5.93+/-0.39 days, HoLEP en-bloc - 4.45+/-0.35; bladder tamponade, urethrocystoscopy and coagulation of bleeding vessels: HoLEP-3, HoLEP en-bloc-1; infectious-inflammatory complications (prostatitis): HoLEP-3, HoLEP en-bloc-2; acute urinary retention, stress urinary incontinence: HoLEP-6, HoLEP en-bloc-2; stress urinary incontinence: HoLEP - 5, HoLEP en-bloc - 2. CONCLUSION: En bloc holmium enucleation of the prostate results in the reduction of enucleation and total operative time compared with traditional HoLEP due to the fast identification of the surgical capsule and the right layer. Using this technique can improve the effectiveness of learning holmium laser enucleation of the prostate by surgical trainees.

[Endoscopic enucleation of the prostate: a short term trend or a new treatment standard?]

Endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (EEP) techniques such as HoLEP (holmium laser enucleation of the prostate), ThuLEP (thulium laser enucleation of the prostate) and electroenucleation (mono- or bipolar) are highly effective and safe. They have been endorsed by the latest version of the European Association of Urology guidelines as an alternative to not only open adenomectomy but also transurethral resection of the prostate (EAU Guidelines on Treatment of Non-neurogenic Male LUTS 2018). Therefore, many urologists face the possibility of replacing the treatments of BPH. In this article, we analyze the history of EEP techniques, both their pros and cons and, what are they today - just a popular trend or a new standard procedure for the surgical treatment of BPH?

[Experimental verification of thulium lithotripsy].

AIM: Experimental evaluation of the efficacy and safety of lithotripsy using a new pulsed thulium fiber laser operating at a wavelength of 1.94 microns, peak power of 500 watts (maximum average power of 50 watts) by comparing it with a holmium laser operating at a wavelength of 2.1 microns (average maximum power 100 W and 120 W). RELEVANCE: The proportion of minimally invasive surgery in the management of urolithiasis, including retrograde intrarenal surgery, is steadily growing. The most appropriate tool for stone destruction is a laser. To date, the gold standard of minimally invasive surgical treatment of nephrolithiasis is holmium laser lithotripsy, which uses a laser on yttrium-aluminum-garnet activated by holmium ions (Ho: YAG) operating at a wavelength of 2.1 m. However, in recent years, lasers on a Tm-activated fiber with a wavelength of 1.94 m have become increasingly popular since the water absorption coefficient for the Tm radiation of a fiber laser is 5.5 times higher than for a Ho: YAG laser and in 2.2 times higher than for the Tm: YAG laser. This difference may translate into greater effectiveness and speed of stone crushing, which in turn leads to shorter operating time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This article describes physical foundations of holmium and thulium laser radiation, the mechanisms of stone fragmentation, data from a series of experiments comparing the efficiency and safety of ex-vivo lithotripsy using a holmium solid-state laser with a wavelength of 2.1 m and a thulium fiber laser with a wavelength of 1.94 m. RESULTS: The study findings suggest that the STA IRE-Polyus thulium fiber laser operating at a wavelength of 1.94 microns and a maximum power of 500 watts has several advantages over the holmium laser in the stone fragmentation in urological practice. CONCLUSION: The results of the experimental work allow us to conclude that the use of a thulium fiber laser operating at a wavelength of 1.94 m and a maximum peak power of 500 W enables highly effective and safe lithotripsy.

[Multi-parametric MRI/US fusion guided biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. ur experience].

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men. The gold standard for the detection of prostate cancer is ultrasound guided transrectal prostate biopsy. The detectability of cancer using this method is from 30 to 50%. As a result, many men undergo multiple repeat biopsies for suspected prostate cancer. The European Association of Urology does not give any recommendations on this matter. A revolutionary new method in the diagnosis of prostate cancer is a targeted prostate biopsy using a fusion of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound. MATERIALS AND METHODS: At the R.M. Fronstein Clinic of Urology, 55 patients with suspected prostate cancer from September 2017 to January 2018 underwent fusion prostate biopsy. Of them, 21 patients had negative primary biopsies. Two patients had verified prostate cancer. 32 patients did not undergo primary biopsies. RESULTS: The findings of the study suggest that using MRI-ultrasound fusion for guidance of targeted prostate biopsy improves the quality of the histological material, allows patients to avoid unnecessary biopsy, reduces the number of punctures, thereby offering higher diagnostic performance in detecting prostate cancer. MRI-ultrasound fusion targeted biopsy has a high sensitivity in detecting clinically significant cancer and low for clinically insignificant cancers. CONCLUSION: The technique affords accurate detection of the location and extent of pathological lesions in the prostate thus allowing focal therapy for prostate cancer.

[Experience of using phytolysin in combination therapy of chronic cystitis in patients with urate nephrolythisis].

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of the herbal preparation Phytolysin in the comprehensive management of urate nephrolithiasis against the background of chronic cystitis exacerbation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised 21 patients aged 19 to 57; 11 of them (the study group) received ciprofloxacin 500 mg once daily for 7 days, Phytolysin (for 1 month) and Blemaren (for 3 months), while 10 patients of control group were treated with antibacterial therapy and Blemaren. The clinical evaluation of the patients included laboratory testing and ultrasound imaging. RESULTS: The combination therapy resulted in a decrease in leukocyturia and bacteriuria. There was no tendency to relapse. The occurrence of relapse was identified by dysuria, urgent and frequent urination, suprapubic pain and results of laboratory testing (leukocyturia, bacteriuria >103) on days 15, 29, 57, 85 and 112 of the study. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the use of Phytolysin can be an effective and safe way to prevent exacerbation of chronic cystitis in patients with urate nephrolithiasis.

[Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy and its role in modern surgery of nephrolithiasis].

AIM: To determine the place of laparoscopic pyelolithotomy in surgical management of nephrolithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 16 laparoscopic pyelolithotomies performed in our clinic over the last few years for large and stag-horn stones of anomalous kidneys (n=8), the "giant" (>30-40 cc) monolithic stones of the large extrarenal pelvis (n=3), multiple stones of PCS with the stone burden of more or equal 40 cm (n=2) and large recurrent (after PCNL) kidney stones in patients at risk of bacteriotoxic complications of percutaneous nephroscopy (n=3). The age of the patients ranged from 39 to 72 years (mean age 51+/-8 years). The average density of stones was 1012 (160-1483) HU. RESULTS: There were no conversions to open surgery. The mean operating time of laparoscopic pyelolithotomy was 137 (96-255) minutes, flexible transabdominal pyelocalycoscopy 31.2 (12-110) min. The stone-free rate was 87%. Residual clinically insignificant stones were found in two (13%) patients with staghorn horseshoe kidney calculi and complex PCS. The preoperative hospital stay was 1 day, postoperative-from 2 to 18 (mean 6) days. DISCUSSION: We believe that laparoscopic pyelolithotomy supplemented by transabdominal flexible pyelocalycoscopy may be recommended for surgical management of patients with "giant", multiple and infected kidney stones, because the length of their percutaneous removal is beyond the recommended time intervals and it is accompanied by an increased risk of septic complications.

[Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoablation of renal tumors].

INTRODUCTION: Surgery remains the gold-standard curative treatment for localized (T1) renal carcinoma. However, recent medical-technological advances have led to the development of new minimally invasive treatment options, one of which is percutaneous cryoablation. AIM: To assess the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoablation of renal tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised 12 patients aged 52 to 76 years who underwent ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoablation of renal tumors from 2015 to 2017. In 11 patients, the size of the renal mass was 3.0 cm (T1a), in 1 patient 4.5 cm (T1b). A Doppler ultrasound, contrast-enhanced MSCT and computer 3D modeling were performed in all patients pre-operatively and 6 months after surgery to assess the tumors size and extent and the spatial location of the tumor internal surface to the pelvicalyceal system. In all patients, the tumors were located along the posterior or lateral surface of the kidney, in the lower or middle segment and without sinus invasion. We used a 3rd generation Galil Medicals SeedNet Gold Cryotherapy System and IceSeed and IceRod cryoprobes. Intraoperatively, immediately before cryoablation, the tumor was biopsied. In all patients the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma was confirmed morphologically. RESULTS: Mean duration of cryoablation was 60 minutes. Endotracheal, spinal, local and intravenous anesthesia was used in 1, 6, 5 and 1 patients, respectively. Doppler ultrasound at 6 months after surgery showed that in 11 patients (T1a) the tumor size decreased on average by 8 mm, with no blood flow in the tumors. MSCT with 3D modeling also revealed a decrease in tumor size and total absence of contrast agent accumulation, or accumulation gradient not exceeding 10 HU (initially it was about 200 HU). In the patient with T1b stage renal carcinoma, MSCT showed a decrease in tumor size from 4.5 to 3.7 cm, however, there was a mass up to 1.5 cm with a high gradient of contrast agent accumulation. The patient underwent kidney resection. No intra- and postoperative complications were observed. CONCLUSION: The accumulated experience allows to confirm the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoablation and to consider it a method of choice for patients with stage T1a renal carcinoma located along the posterior or lateral surface of the kidney in the lower or middle segment, without sinus invasion.

[Current laser technologies for the surgical treatment of prostatic hyperplasia].

The first medical application of lasers dates back to the mid-60s of the XX century. Since then, laser systems have undergone significant changes. No longer a science fiction, lasers are used in many medical fields as an indispensable tool in the hands of the modern physician. The article outlines advances in laser techniques (from the idea of laser radiation to the modern laser systems used as effective surgical tools). We also present our experience in using laser surgical techniques in treating patients with prostatic hyperplasia.

[Laser enucleation of the prostate (HOLEP and THULEP): a comparative effectiveness analysis in treating recurrent prostatic hyperplasia].

INTRODUCTION: The estimated recurrence rate of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) after transurethral resection of the prostate is about 5 to 15%. Laser enucleation of the prostate results in a much lower recurrence rate (not exceeding 1-1.5%). At the same time, laser enucleation of the prostate is still not widely used for recurrent prostatic hyperplasia since it believed to be technically difficult in cases. AIM: To describe the distinctive features of thulium and holmium laser enucleations of the prostate in the management of recurrent BPH and show that the technical difficulties are not an obstacle to the wide application of this technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study comprising 676 patients aged 54 to 87 years with clinically pronounced infravesical obstruction due to prostatic hyperplasia (IPSS>20, Qmax<10). All patients were divided into four groups. Groups 1 (n=489) and 3 (n=153) underwent holmium (HoLEP) and thulium (ThuLEP) laser enucleations of the prostate, respectively. Groups 2 (n=23) and 4 (n=11) included patients with BPH recurrence after HoLEP (group 2) and ThuLEP (group 4). All patients underwent diagnostic evaluation at baseline and at 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: The mean ThuLEP operating time was shorter than that of HoLEP (p=0.02). The mean duration of repeat and primary ThuLEP and HoLEP did not differ statistically significantly (p>0.05). There was no difference in the length of hospitalization and catheterization between the four groups (p>0.05). At six months after surgery, a statistically significant improvement in I-PSS, Qmax, QoL, and RUV was observed in all groups compared with preoperative values (p>0.05)). CONCLUSION: We found that the technical difficulties of the re-operation, such as the difficult separation of adenomatous tissue from the prostate capsule, the multinodular nature of the adenoma, increased tissue density are easy to overcome and do not confer a significant complexity. In turn, better completeness of resection, low complication and recurrence rates and the possibility of surgery, even in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities - these features allow us to conclude that laser enucleation of the prostate is not only an effective treatment for infravesical obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia, but is also a method of choice in the treatment of patients with recurrent BPH.

[Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of various techniques of endoscopic prostate enucleation in a single center]. / Sravnitel'nyi analiz éffektivnosti razlichnykh metodik éndoskopicheskoi énukleatsii prostaty.

AIM: To compare electro- and laser enucleation (thulium, holmium) of prostate hyperplasia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 693 prostate hyperplasia patients were enrolled. 489 patients underwent holmium enucleation (HoLEP), 51 - monopolar enucleation, 153 - thulium enucleation (ThuLEP). Prostate volume was 91.7 (50-250) cm3. There were no significant differences in preoperative variables between both groups (I-PSS, QoL, Qmax, residual urine volume) (p>0.05). RESULTS: Mean time of HoLEP was 97.0±42.2 min, monopolar enucleation - 112.9±36.3 min, ThuLEP duration was significantly less (77.4±36.3 min, p<0.01). An efficacy of all methods was confirmed in 6 months after surgery by significant (p<0.01) improvement of functional parameters (I-PSS, QoL, Qmax, residual urine volume). CONCLUSION: High efficiency of thulium and holmium enucleation allows to consider them as 'gold standard' of prostate hyperplasia management. Despite higher incidence of complications an efficacy of monopolar enucleation is comparable to that in laser techniques.