The risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus in maternal subclinical hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the association between maternal subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk. METHODS: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. Following PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar database search up to April 1 2021, a total of 4597 studies were identified. Studies published in English, with full text available, related to subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy, reporting or mentioning the incidence of GDM were included in the analysis. Following exclusion of studies, a total of 16 clinical trial were analyzed. For the risk of GDM, odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. Subgroup analyzes were performed according to gestational age and thyroid antibodies. RESULTS: Pregnant women with SCH were at increased risk of GDM compared to women with euthyroidism, overall (OR = 1.339, 95% CI 1.041-1.724; p = 0.023). Additionally, SCH without thyroid antibodies has no significant effect on GDM risk (OR = 1.173, 95% CI 0.88-1.56; p = 0.277) and pregnant women with SCH in the first trimester were not found to be at increased risk of GDM compared to women with euthyroidism regardless of thyroid antibodies (OR = 1.088, 95%CI 0.816-1.451; p = 0.564). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal SCH in pregnancy is related to an increased risk of GDM.

Evaluation of sex dimorphism of the mandible with geometric morphometric analysis: conventional and reconstructed panoramic radiography study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the mandible shape dimorphism between males and females both on conventional panoramic radiographs (cPR) and reconstructed panoramic radiographs obtained from cone beam computed tomography (rPR) with geometric morphometric method. METHODS: Panoramic radiographs and cone beam computed tomography scans were performed on 33 males and 35 females with median age 23.0 (13.0-57.0) years old. The mandibular shape comparisons between genders were examined with Procrustes analysis, mandible shape classification analysis was made with principal component analysis and shape deformations were concluded from thin plate spline (TPS) analysis. RESULTS: Age had no statistically significant difference between gender (p = 0.580). For the shape of mandible on cPR and rPR, there were statistically significant differences between males and females (p = 0.002, p = 0.032, respectively). The shape variabilities of mandible on cPR for females were 0.054 and for males 0.053. The shape variabilities of mandible on rPR for females were 0.051 and for males 0.049. Both on cPR and rPR, the shape variability of the females' mandible was similar within their group, the shape variability of the males' mandible was similar within their group. In the examination of mandibular dimorphism in cPR, maximal deformations were seen in the region between the mandibular notch, posterior ramus, anterior ramus, gonion, in both sides, in TPS graphs. On the other hand, a high level of deformations was observed in all landmarks that define the mandibular shape on rPR. CONCLUSIONS: The mandible dimorphism can be detected in the examination performed with geometric morphometric methods on cPR and rPR. While mandible shape differences according to gender are seen most in the ramus region in cPR, differences can be detected in all landmarks in rRP.

Evaluation of the corpus callosum shape in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine whether or not there was a difference in corpus callosum shape between patients with mild to moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) compared with patients who have simple snoring. METHODS: The landmark coordinate data was obtained from the mid-sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of 70 patients who underwent polysomnography. For comparisons, mild and moderate OSA groups were combined and analyses were performed on three groups; simple snoring/control group, mild or moderate OSA group, and severe OSA group. RESULTS: The corpus callosum shape of controls was significantly different from that of the severe OSA group. The most prominent deformities were observed in the genu and rostral body of the corpus callosum for the patients with severe OSA. No significant difference was found between mild/moderate OSA group and simple snoring group in terms of global corpus callosum shape. CONCLUSION: The data demonstrated that severe OSA patients have structural changes in the corpus callosum and deformities may vary as the severity of disease changes.

Does vitamin D level have an effect on COVID-19 positivity and COVID-19 related mortality? A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the possible relationship between vitamin D and coronavirus disease-2019 in an urban population known to have relatively low vitamin D levels. METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted in Bursa, Turkey, and comprised data of 30 family health centers from March 1 to December 15, 2020, related to diagnosed inpatients of coronovairus disease-2019. The diagnosis was based on polymerase chain reaction test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. Vitamin D levels of these patients were obtained from previous records and compared with those without polymerase chain reaction positivity. Vitamin D levels of positive patients who survived were compared with those who died of coronavirus disease-2019. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. RESULTS: Of the 2,105 patients whose data was retrieved, 212(10%) were positive for coronavirus disease-2019, while 1,893(90%) were negative. Among the positive patients, 89(42%) were men and 123(58%) were women. The overall median age was 45 years (Q1-Q3(Q1: first quartile, Q3: third quartile): 35-56 years). Vitamin D level was not significantly different between the positive and negative patients (p>0.05). Among the positive patients, 2(0.9%) patients did not have new admissions to the designated centers and their data was excluded, 206(97.2%) survived and 4(1.9%) died. There was no significant difference in vitamin D levels between those who survived and those who died (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant relationship found between vitamin D levels and coronavirus disease-2019 infection and related deaths.

Seasonal influenza vaccine awareness and factors affecting vaccination in Turkish Society.

Objective: Influenza vaccine reduces the burden of seasonal influenza and related complications. Potential vaccination barriers need to be identified to raise awareness and increase acceptance. We aimed to investigate the rates of seasonal influenza vaccination and the knowledge, opinions, and behaviours prevalent in Turkish society. Methods: The study among seven regions in Turkey was conducted from October-November 2018 in 28 family health centres, using a cross-sectional, descriptive design. The knowledge, opinions, and behaviours of participants regarding the influenza vaccine were obtained by family physicians through face-to-face interviews with participants. Results: A total of 3,492 people aged 10-97 years age range (median: 50 years) were included in the study. Over half of the participants (59.9%, n = 2093) were female. It was found that the percentage of participants who never received the influenza vaccine was 78.4%; only 13.4% were occasionally vaccinated, and 8.1% received regular annual vaccination. Influenza vaccination rates were higher in married people (p < 0.001), women (p = 0.005), patients with chronic lung and cardiovascular disease (p < 0.001), those over 65 years /nursing home residents (p < 0.001). Awareness of the vaccine's benefit was higher in the group at high risk of influenza (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The rate of regular vaccination against influenza every year was insufficient, at 8.1%. Individuals' insensitivity, insufficient knowledge, and attitudes toward influenza vaccination is a serious health problem for Turkish society. Barriers to influenza vaccination can be reduced by good communication between family physicians and their patients.

Effect of High Fructose Corn Sirup on Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Induced by Dimethyl Benzantracene (DMBA) in Rats.

Increased risk of pancreatic cancer may be associated with consumption of sugar containing foods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of peach nectar containing high fructose corn sirup (HFCS) consumption in a pancreatic carcinogenesis rat model induced by 7,12-Dimethyl benzanthracene (DMBA). Fifty-day-old male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with peach nectar containing HFCS + chow, peach nectar containing sucrose + chow and only chow. After 8 mo, feeding period, each group was divided into two subgroups, in which the rats were implanted with DMBA and no DMBA (sham). Histologic specimens were evaluated according to the routine tissue processing protocol. The animals with ad libitum access to pn-HFCS, pn-sucrose and chow (only) showed significant differences in chow consumption and glucose level. Necropsy and histopathologic findings showed tumor formation in the entire group treated with DMBA. Excluding one rat in chow group, which was classified as poorly differentiated type, the others were classified as moderately differentiated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This study demonstrated that daily intake of HFCS did not increase body weight and there was no effect of peach nectar consumption on the development of PDAC induced by DMBA in rats.

Statistical shape analysis of hand and wrist in paediatric population on radiographs

Background/aim: The goal of this study was to compare differences in hand and wrist shapes and to evaluate these according to growth and allometry in children on radiographs related to bone age. Materials and methods: The study included 263 males and 189 females. A total of 452 left hand and wrist radiographs were retrospectively collected. Standard anatomical landmarks marked on radiographs. Results: There were seen to be significant differences in comparisons of hand and wrist shapes according to sex (P = 0.009). The most suitable model in the growth models was seen as the Gompertz growth model for both females and males (model P < 0.001). For the relationship between shape and size to evaluate allometry, significant models were obtained in females (model P = 0.017, MSE = 0.0002) and in males (model P < 0.001, MSE = 0.0002). In our study, the difference between the sexes was found mostly in the radiocarpal region. It was observed that the deformation of the carpal bones started in the distal row carpal bones. Conclusion: Significant differences were found in hand and wrist shapes according to sex. Models for growth and allometry of hand and wrist shapes were found to be significant in children.

General and abdominal obesity prevelances and their relations with metabolic syndrome components.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of obesity and its relation of metabolic syndrome. METHODS: The data from the records of the consecutive adult residents of Bursa province in Turkey who were admitted to the family health centers from the 1st January to the 31st December 2016 were evaluated retrospectively. The population size was 2901396 (N) and the sample size was at least n=17729. A total of 17812 participants (10939 females, 6873 males) were included in this retrospective observational study. Sociodemographic characteristics, diseases, used medication and smoking, height, weight, waist and hip circumferences (WaC and HC) were recorded from the files. RESULTS: The mean age of all subjects was 46.1 years, the mean BMI was 28.1 kg/m2 with a mean WaC of 91.3 cm, HC of 104.7 cm, WHR of 0.87. The prevalence of obesity in Bursa was found to be 32.2% (37.8% in females and 23.3% in males) according to BMI, 63.2% (69.7% in females, 52.9% in males) according to waist and hip circumferences. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive measures should be taken by health authorities to prevent the rapid increase in general and abdominal obesity that may lead to serious comorbidities.

Periorbital Soft Tissue Anthropometric Analysis of Young Adults.

The authors aim to determine the periorbital soft tissue anthropometric norms for Turkish young adults for right and left eyes using a noninvasive two-dimensional photogrammetric analysis. Anthropometric measurements of the periorbital soft tissue were taken from 172 female and 56 male Turkish adults aged between 18 and 24 years. The periorbital soft tissue profiles (ocular and palpebral) for males and females were digitally analyzed using linear measurements made with standardized photographic records, taken in a natural head position. Statistically significant differences were found for ocular soft tissue measurements according to gender except inner intercanthal distance (P = 0.125) and right horizontal palpebral aperture (P = 0.240). Statistically significant differences were found for palpebral soft tissue measurements according to gender except right pretarsal skin height (P = 0.112) and left pretarsal skin height (P = 0.056). Results were compared with other ethnic groups. Normal periorbital soft tissue measurements are fundamental anatomical parameters utilized in ophthalmology, optometry, ophthalmic industry, oculoplastic surgery, clinical genetics, dermatocosmetology. Further, normal anthropometric measurements generate reference data for studies in craniofacial dysmorphology, oculoplastic surgery, dermatocosmetology, and comparative physical anthropology.

The relationship of anthropometric measurements with psychological criteria in female athletes.

Sports and exercise settings as well as other socio-cultural environments emphasize a thin and physically fit female body. However, there is a clear need for a better understanding of the physical and psychological correlates of social physique anxiety and body image dissatisfaction in female athletes. This study aimed to examine the association of the social physique anxiety, body image satisfaction, and personality with the anthropometric measurements in female college athletes according to their sport type using the Co-Plot technique. The sample included 63 female athletes ranging in age from 18 to 26. Results of the Co-Plot analysis revealed a significant association among social physique anxiety, personality and anthropometric measurements. This means that certain physical measurements may lead to greater social physique anxiety and body image dissatisfaction in female athletes. It was found that females having higher levels of social physique anxiety and thus, lower levels of body image satisfaction may be less emotionally stable and more negatively perfectionist. In conclusion, the results of the present study provided evidence to the claim that both physical self-perception and anthropometric measurements may be closely associated with psychological criteria in female athletes.

Statistical shape analysis of temporal lobe in mesial temporal sclerosis patients.

BACKGROUND: Surgery is regarded as a common treatment option for patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis but sometimes deciding this diagnosis can be very difficult. We aim to investigate the shape differences in the temporal lobe of mesial temporal sclerosis epilepsy patients compared with healthy controls, investigating the side difference and, if present, assessing the clinical application of this situation. METHOD: The MRI scans of mesial TLE patients and controls were retrospectively reviewed. Temporal lobe data were collected from the two-dimensional digital images. Standard anthropometric landmarks were selected and marked on each digital image using TPSDIG 2.04 software. Eight anatomic landmarks were marked on images. A generalized Procrustes analysis was used to evaluate the shape difference. The shape deformation of the temporal lobe from control to patient was evaluated using the TPS method. RESULTS: There were statistically significant TL shape differences between groups. High level deformations for the left and right side from the control to patient group were seen in the TPS graphic. The highest deformation was determined at the inferior lateral temporal midpoint of the middle temporal gyri and superior temporal landmark points of both the right and left sides. CONCLUSION: Our study for the first time demonstrated temporal shape differences in TLE patients using a landmark-based geometrical morphometric method by taking into consideration the topographic distribution of TL.

Application of Rasch analysis to Turkish version of ECOS-16 questionnaire.

The aim of this study is to reevaluate validity of Turkish version of the ECOS-16 questionnaire by using Rasch analysis in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis. ECOS-16 (Assessment of health related quality of life in osteoporosis) is a quality of life questionnaire, which is convenient for measuring the quality of life of post-menopausal women with osteoporosis. 132 post-menopausal women with osteoporosis who attended Uludag Universtity, Atatürk Rehabilitation and Research Center between January 2010 and March 2011 were included in this study. The subjects filled out Turkish version of ECOS-16 questionnaire by themselves. The Rasch model was used for assessing construct validity of ECOS-16 data. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The mean infit and outfit mean square (z std) were found as 1.08 (0.1) and 1.02 (-0.1), respectively. The separation indices for the item and person were found as 7.72 and 3.13; the separation reliabilities were 0.98 and 0.91, respectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was found as 0.90. The construct validity of ECOS-16 questionnaire was assessed by Rasch analysis.

Evaluation of the risk of thyroid cancer following hysterectomy through meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Thyroid cancer is observed more frequently in women than men, possibly due to the influence of hormonal factors. This study aims to conduct a meta-analysis encompassing both prospective and retrospective observational studies to examine the risk of thyroid cancer in women who have undergone hysterectomy surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The literature search identified 356 articles by May 2022, and eight reported hazard ratios for thyroid cancer in women who underwent hysterectomy surgery. After the eliminations, we performed three different meta-analyses with studies that included patients who underwent only total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH), total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH and BSO), and underwent hysterectomy with or without BSO. The reporting of this study has been conducted in accordance with the guidelines of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and AMSTAR (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews). RESULTS: Our study showcases a comprehensive meta-analysis that includes eight observational studies, both retrospective and prospective, exploring the link between hysterectomy and the likelihood of developing thyroid cancer. This analysis is based on data from more than 12 million individuals, encompassing over 24,000 cases. Women who had undergone TAH (HR = 1.586, 95% CI: 1.382-1.819, p < 0.001), women who had undergone TAH and BSO (HR = 1.420, 95% CI: 1.205-1.675, p < 0.001), and women who had undergone hysterectomy with or without BSO had an increased risk (HR = 1.623, 95% CI: 1.387-1.899, p < 0.001) of developing thyroid cancer later in life. CONCLUSIONS: We found that hysterectomy had a statistically significant risk effect on the development of thyroid cancer. The limited number of previous studies, the low amount of information, the lack of homogeneous distribution of the patients in the studies, and the unknown characteristics of thyroid cancer developing after hysterectomy were the limitations of this study. Nevertheless, our findings can positively affect public health because of the potential to enlighten the etiological mechanisms leading to thyroid cancer. Future researches should first aim to explain the underlying mechanisms of developing thyroid cancer after hysterectomy.

Identification success rates in the post-Spanish Civil War mass graves located in the cemetery of Paterna, Spain: Meta-research on 15 mass graves with 933 subjects.

Spain suffered a Civil War between 1936 and 1939 that ended with the victory of the National Forces led by General Franco. Once the Spanish Civil War ended, 2238 subjects were executed and buried in several mass graves in the Cemetery of Paterna, one of Spain's largest mass grave sites. Efforts to locate and identify all the victims of the mass graves of the Paterna cemetery are ongoing, but the actual data of the percentage of DNA identifications remains uncertain. Following this, we conducted a meta-research study including 15 mass graves and 933 subjects to determine the DNA identification rates in the mass graves of the Paterna cemetery. We found that the total proportion of identified subjects in the mass graves was 15.9 % (95 % CI: 10.0-22.9). Moreover, we found that the model between the identification success rate (ISR) and the number of relatives that donated DNA (NRTDD) in the mass graves of the cemetery of Paterna was ISR = NRTDD-0.424. Results obtained about the proportion of identified subjects and the model between the ISR and the NRTDD imply the need for a scientific reflection between all the research groups involved in the identification tasks to modify deficiencies and update identification protocols to obtain better future results.

Morphometric Shape Analysis of Corpus Callosum in Children With Down Syndrome.

Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by varying degrees of mental retardation and delay in neurocognitive functions. Herein, we analyzed the morphometric shape of the corpus callosum (CC) in children with DS. Twenty-three DS cases underwent magnetic resonance imaging and have grossly normal CC, and 23 control group cases were included in this retrospective study (2012-2020). The CC was obtained from T2-weighted mid-sagittal images, and certain anatomical points were marked on the CC. Statistical geometric shapes and deformations of CC were evaluated for both groups. The age range of patients with DS and control group was 6 to 42 months. A statistically significant difference was found in the shape of CC between the groups (P < .001). Deformation was most evident in the splenium in the DS group.

Disturbed dental development of permanent teeth in children with solid tumors and lymphomas.

BACKGROUND: Deficient dental root development has been reported after conventional pediatric anticancer therapy but less information is available on children with solid tumors and lymphomas. PROCEDURE: We examined dental development from panoramic radiographs (PRGs) of 37 childhood cancer survivors (CCS) treated under the age of 10 years with multimodal chemotherapy (CT) and/or head and neck radiotherapy (RT). A novel defect index (DeI) was used to describe the total damage to permanent dentition. The DeI was also tested in matched controls. RESULTS: All CCS had dental disturbances including abnormal root development (86.4%), microdontia (13.5%) and tooth agenesis (16.2%). Testing the controls gave the mean DeI value 1.9 ± 2.7 (range, 0-12), while the index scores in the study group varied from 0 to 49 (mean 10.8 ± 11.2) (P < 0.01). The statistical differences in the mean DeI values were insignificant between CT and CT and RT groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Children treated for solid tumors and lymphomas are at considerable risk of some disturbances in developing dental structures. RT increased the severity of disturbances induced by CT. Studies should further elucidate dose-, age and time-related effects of anticancer treatment on dental development.

Evaluation of the predictive role of anterior uterocervical angle in preterm labor in twin gestation through meta-analysis: anterior uterocervical angle and preterm labor in twin gestation.

Multiple gestations are high-risk pregnancies with increased obstetric and perinatal risks. Preterm labor occurs in about half of twin pregnancies. Thus, prediction of the time of delivery and prevention of premature birth are very important in multiple gestations. Anterior uterocervical angle is a successful tool that has been used in the prediction of preterm labor in recent years. However there is only limited data about this issue for twin pregnancies in the literature. Here, we aimed to demonstrate the relationship between uterocervical angle and preterm labor in twin pregnancies more clearly and reliably with this meta-analysis. In this context, "twin gestation, uterocervical angle, cervical angle, angle, cervix, cervical, preterm and preterm labor" keywords were used and PubMed, Medline, ClinicalKey, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar database were searched between 1 January 2010 and 27 December 2020. Finally, a total of three studies were included in the analysis. Here, we found that uterocervical angle was associated with a higher risk of preterm delivery in the overall effect.

Clustering upper airway physicals, otitis media with effusion and auditory functions in children.

OBJECTIVE: Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) has been identified as a cause of otitis media with effusion (OME), which is the most common cause of childhood hearing loss. Indeed, there may be other upper airway-related predisposing factors such as, location of the adenoid, accompanying tonsillar hypertrophy (TH) and nasal septal deviation (NSD) for the development of OME. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the associations between the upper airway physicals and OME with auditory functions. METHODS: Eighty-six ears of 43 children, aged 3-11 years were included in this prospective clinical study. Findings of otolaryngologic examinations were noted. Data of pure tone audiometry (PTA), traditional tympanometry (TT) and wideband tympanometry (WBT) parameters were collected. Cluster analysis was performed to the following variables: age, sex; the adenoid choana percentage (ACP), the presences of adenoid around torus tubarius (AATT), TH, NSD and OME; peak pressure (PP) values on TT, resonance frequencies (RF) on WBT, ambient pressure absorbance ratios (APAR) and PTA hearing thresholds. RESULTS: Two groups of ears revealed by clustering; cluster-1 (n = 46) and cluster-2 (n = 40), at the similarity level of 0.662. The presences of AH, AATT, OME and the medians of ACP, PP, RF, WBT APARs at all frequencies except 5656 Hz and 8000 Hz, all PTA thresholds were significantly different between two clusters (p < 0.05). The lower WBT APARs and higher PTA thresholds were associated with higher levels of ACP and higher frequencies of the presence of AATT and OME in cluster-1. CONCLUSION: There are associations between AH, AATT and OME together with decline in hearing and SEA. Whereas, TH and NSD are not related to the formation of clusters and they are insignificant factors.

Corpus callosum in schizophrenia with deficit and non-deficit syndrome: a statistical shape analysis.

BACKGROUND: The corpus callosum (CC) is the most targeted region in the cerebrum that integrates cognitive data between homologous areas in the right and left hemispheres. AIMS: Our study used statistical analysis to determine whether there was a correlation between shape changes in the CC in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) (deficit syndrome (DS) and non-deficit syndrome (NDS)) and healthy control (HC) subjects. METHODS: This study consisted of 27 HC subjects and 50 schizophrenic patients (20 with DS and 30 with NDS). 3 patients with DS and 4 patients with NDS were excluded. Three-dimensional, sagittal, T1-spoiled, gradient-echo imaging was used. Standard anatomical landmarks were selected and marked on each image using specific software. RESULTS: As to comparing the Procrustes mean shapes of the CC, statistically significant differences were observed between HC and SZ (DS+NDS) (p=0.017, James's Fj=73.732), HC and DS (p<0.001, James's Fj=140.843), HC and NDS (p=0.006, James's Fj=89.178) and also DS and NDS (p<0.001, James's Fj=152.967). Shape variability in the form of CC was 0.131, 0.085, 0.082 and 0.086 in the HC, SZ (DS+NDS), DS and NDS groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals callosal shape variations in patients with SZ and their DS and NDS subgroups that take into account the CC's topographic distribution.

Statistical shape analysis of putamen in early-onset Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the shape differences in the putamen of early-onset Parkinson's patients compared with healthy controls and to assess and to assess sub-regional brain abnormalities. METHODS: This study was conducted using the 3-T MRI scans of 23 early-onset Parkinson's patients and age and gender matched control subjects. Landmark coordinate data obtained and Procrustes analysis was used to compare mean shapes. The relationships between the centroid sizes of the left and right putamen, and the durations of disease examined using growth curve models. RESULTS: While there was a significant difference between the right putamen shape of control and patient groups, there was not found a significant difference in terms of left putamen. Sub-regional analyses showed that for the right putamen, the most prominent deformations were localized in the middle-posterior putamen and minimal deformations were seen in the anterior putamen. CONCLUSION: Although they were not as pronounced as those in the right putamen, the deformations in the left putamen mimic the deformations in the right putamen which are found mainly in the middle-posterior putamen and at a lesser extend in the anterior putamen.