Prehospital Blood Transfusion in Helicopter Emergency Medical Services: An Italian Survey.

OBJECTIVE: Hemorrhage remains the most common cause of preventable death after trauma. Prehospital blood product (PHBP) administration may improve outcomes. No data are available about PHBP use in Italian helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS). The primary aim of this survey was to establish the degree of PHBP used throughout Italy. The secondary aims were to evaluate the main indications for their use, the opinions about PHBPs, and users' experience. METHODS: The study group performed a telephone/e-mail survey of all 56 Italian HEMS bases. The questions concerned whether PHBPs were used in their HEMS bases, the frequency of transfusions, the PHBP used, and the perceived benefits. RESULTS: Four of 56 HEMS bases use PHBPs. Overall, 7% have prehospital access to packed red cells and only 1 to fresh plasma. In addition to blood product administration, 4 of 4 use tranexamic acid, and 3 of 4 also use fibrinogen. Seventy-five percent use PHBPs once a month and 25% once a week. The users' experience was that PHBPs are beneficial and lifesaving. CONCLUSION: Only 4 of 56 HEMS in Italy use PHBPs. There is an absolute consensus among providers on the benefit of PHBPs despite the lack of evidence on PHBP use.

The use of automated external defibrillators and public access defibrillators in the mountains: official guidelines of the international commission for mountain emergency medicine ICAR-MEDCOM.

In this article we propose guidelines for rational use of automated external defibrillators and public access defibrillators in the mountains. In cases of ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia, early defibrillation is the most effective therapy. Easy access to mountainous areas permits visitation by persons with high risks for sudden cardiac death, and medical trials show the benefit of exercising in moderate altitude. The introduction of public access defibrillators in popular areas in the mountains may lead to a reduction of fatal outcome of cardiac arrest. Public access defibrillators should be placed with priority in popular ski areas, in busy mountain huts and restaurants, at mass-participation events, and in remote but often-visited locations that do not have medical coverage. Automated external defibrillators should be available to first-responder groups and mountain-rescue teams. It is important that people know how to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation and how to use public access defibrillators and automated external defibrillators.