Astroglial expression of the P-glycoprotein is controlled by intracellular CNTF.

BACKGROUND: The P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP binding cassette transmembrane transporter, is expressed by astrocytes in the adult brain, and is positively modulated during astrogliosis. In a search for factors involved in this modulation, P-gp overexpression was studied in long-term in vitro astroglial cultures. RESULTS: Surprisingly, most factors that are known to induce astroglial activation in astroglial cultures failed to increase P-gp expression. The only effective proteins were IFNgamma and those belonging to the IL-6 family of cytokines (IL-6, LIF, CT-1 and CNTF). As well as P-gp expression, the IL-6 type cytokines (but not IFNgamma) stimulated the expression of endogenous CNTF in astrocytes. In order to see whether an increased intracellular level of CNTF was necessary for induction of P-gp overexpression by IL-6 type cytokines, by the same cytokines analysis was carried out on astrocytes obtained from CNTF knockout mice. In these conditions, IFNgamma produced increased P-gp expression, but no overexpression of P-gp was observed with either IL-6, LIF or CT-1, pointing to a role of CNTF in the intracellular signalling pathway leading to P-gp overexpression. In agreement with this suggestion, application of exogenous CNTF (which is internalised with its receptor) produced an overexpression of P-gp in CNTF-deficient astrocytes. CONCLUSION: These results reveal two different pathways regulating P-gp expression and activity in reactive astrocytes, one of which depends upon the intracellular concentration of CNTF. This regulation of P-gp may be one of the long searched for physiological roles of CNTF.

Astroglial permissivity for neuritic outgrowth in neuron-astrocyte cocultures depends on regulation of laminin bioavailability.

The molecular determinants underlying the failure of axons to regenerate in the CNS after injury were studied in an in vitro model of astrogliosis and neuronal coculture. Mechanically lesioned neuron-astrocyte mouse cortical cocultures were treated with antisense glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-mRNA in order to inhibit the formation of gliofilaments that occurs in response to injury. This inhibition relieves the blockage of neuron migration and neuritic outgrowth observed after lesion, and migrating neurons reappeared, supported by a laminin-labeled extracellular network (permissive conditions). We then questioned the relationship between this permissivity and laminin production. Follow-up studies on the concentration of laminin indicated that, after antisense treatment, the laminin level was increased in the cocultures and was under the control of astrocyte-neuron interactions. The addition of exogenous laminin favored neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth, whereas neutralizing laminin bioavailability with antibodies recognizing the astroglial laminin resulted in an inhibition of both neuronal access to the lesion site and neurite outgrowth, suggesting an active role for laminin in the permissive process. This permissive process could be associated with modulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecule degradation by proteinases. Among the latter, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the breakdown of the ECM component. Our investigation showed a net decrease of the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 expression and activity and an increase of its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-2 expression. Both proteins associated with permissivity should be involved in the laminin stabilization and cell-matrix interactions. High levels of laminin and laminin bioavailability, consequent to a reduction in astrogliosis, may be important permissive elements for neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth postlesion.

Efeitos in vitro do ácido retinóico em células de glioblastoma / Effects in vitro of the retinoic acid in glioblastoma cells

Os gliomas malignos são tumores muito infiltrantes, cujas células proliferam rapidamente, e apresentam um prognóstico muito reservado. Neste estudo, investigamos o efeito em potencial do ácido retinóico (AR) sobre a linhagem de células de glioblastoma multiforme humano GL-15. A exposição a uma única dose de AR (1-10 mM) inibiu a proliferação celular, induziu uma diferenciação transitória e, finalmente, conduziu estas células à apoptose. Observamos que as células GL-15 expressam os isotipos dos RARs a, b e g, e que as isoformas RARa1/2, RARb2 e RARg2 são induzidas pelo AR. Estes resultados sugerem que a relação entre a expressão das diferentes isoformas de RARs pode ser um elemento fundamental para a indução seja de uma diferenciação completa, seja de apoptose das células de glioblastoma, e que o uso de ligantes específicos a cada isotipo de receptor pode vir a ser um elemento importante para terapias futuras de gliomas.