The impact of oophorectomy on survival from breast cancer in patients with CHEK2 mutations.

BACKGROUND: To estimate the impact of oophorectomy and other treatments on the survival of breast cancer patients with a CHEK2 mutation. METHODS: Women with Stage I-III breast cancer who were treated at 17 hospitals in Poland were tested for four founder mutations in the CHEK2 gene. 974 women (10%) were positive for a CHEK2 mutation. Control patients without a CHEK2 mutation were selected from a database of patients treated over the same time period. Information on treatments received and distant recurrences were retrieved from medical records. Treatments included chemotherapy, hormonal therapy (tamoxifen) and radiation therapy. Oophorectomies were performed for the treatment of breast cancer or for benign conditions. Dates of death were obtained from the Polish Vital Statistics Registry. Causes of death were determined by medical record review. Predictors of survival were determined using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: In all, 839 patients with a CHEK2 mutation were matched to 839 patients without a mutation. The mean follow-up was 12.0 years. The 15-year survival for CHEK2 carriers was 76.6% and the 15-year survival for non-carrier control patients was 78.8% (adjusted HR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.84-1.34; P = 0.61). Among CHEK2 carriers, the 15-year survival for women who had an oophorectomy was 86.3% and for women who did not have an oophorectomy was 72.1% (adjusted HR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.38-0.90; P = 0.02). Among controls, the 15-year survival for patients who had an oophorectomy was 84.5% and for women who did not have an oophorectomy was 77.6% (adjusted HR = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.66-1.61; P = 0.90). CONCLUSION: Among women with breast cancer and a CHEK2 mutation, oophorectomy is associated with a reduced risk of death from breast cancer.

Molecular type and maximal metastasis diameter influence risk of axillary recurrence in breast cancer patients after positive sentinel lymph node biopsy.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer patients with positive sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) may be spared axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in favour of irradiation. The aim of the study was to estimate local control probability in the axilla (axLCP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 1832 invasive breast cancer patients who had undergone SLNB at our centre. We measured maximal metastasis diameter (SLDmax) in the sentinel lymph nodes and lymph node metastasis volume (VALN) from ALND in 246 patients with one or two positive SLNs. We calculated axLCP after irradiation and systemic treatment for different molecular types. RESULTS: VALN values are higher for high grade tumours and larger metastases in SLNs (> 5 mm). It is smaller in luminal A tumours. axLCP is high, nearly 100%, in all molecular types in radiation sensitive tumours (SF2 Gy = 0.45), except luminal B. Expected axLCP is relatively low (67%) in luminal B radiation sensitive tumours with no chemotherapy and nearly 100% with chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: VALN values differ among molecular tumour types. They depend on SLNDmax and tumour grade. New prognostic factors are needed for selected luminal B breast cancer patients (i.e. high grade tumours, large metastases in SLNs) after positive SLNB intended to be spared ALND and chemotherapy.

Evaluation of the rectal V30 parameter in patients diagnosed with postoperative endometrial cancer.

BACKGROUND: The present paper reports on analysis of 184 patients who were diagnosed with endometrial cancer. The main objective of this study was to address parameter Vrec(30Gy) which determines a volume of the rectum irradiated with a dose of 30 Gy during radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients were irradiated with an IMRT technique on linear accelerators. The planning target volume (PTV) contour was determined by a radiation oncologist. The clinical target volume (CTV) was drawn on CT images obtained in a prone position. For statistical analysis, appropriate tests (e.g. the Shapiro-Wilk, Wilcoxon) were used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The performed analysis showed that the recommended condition for Vrec(30Gy) is met only in 3% of patients and the observed median value exceeds 90%. The obtained results were compared with the studies in which the Vrec(30Gy) values were related to various radiotherapy techniques. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis showed that the condition for Vrec(30Gy) is satisfied in the case of only 3% of patients. Due to the difficulty with meeting the condition, it should be reconsidered based on real results.

Blood arsenic levels and the risk of familial breast cancer in Poland.

Arsenic is recognized as a potent carcinogen at high concentrations, but the relationship between environmental arsenic and breast cancer risk has not well been studied. Most research has focused on the effect of arsenic in populations with high endemic exposure, and not in populations with arsenic levels within normal limits. We sought to determine if blood arsenic levels predict the risk of breast and other cancers risk among women in northern Poland. The cohort consisted of 1,702 healthy women, aged 40 and above, identified between 2010 and 2017. Blood arsenic level was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. After an average of 4.5 years of follow-up (range 0.7-7.3 years), there were 110 incident cases of cancer diagnosed in the cohort, including 68 cases of breast cancer. Women in the highest quartile of arsenic had a highly significant 13-fold increased risk of developing breast cancer, compared to women in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio [HR] = 13.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.02-43.0). Results were similar for arsenic and all incident cancers (HR quartile 4 vs. quartile 1 = 13.3; 95% CI 4.78-37.0). If confirmed, our study suggests that the blood arsenic level may be a useful predictive marker of cancer risk in women.

Locoregional relapse is a strong prognostic indicator of distant metastatic progression in breast cancer patients after negative sentinel lymph node biopsy.

PURPOSE: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is routinely used in breast cancer patients with clinically negative axillary lymph nodes. Locoregional relapses after negative sentinel lymph node biopsy are infrequent, occurring in up to 3% of patients. METHODS: Six thousand and eight patients underwent breast cancer surgery in our center between 2006 and 2015. We analyzed 1466 patients with negative sentinel lymph node biopsy and no prior systemic treatment. Mastectomy without irradiation was used in 25.4% of these patients and breast-conserving surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy in 74.6%. Forty-seven (3.21%) locoregional relapses were identified within a median of 51 months (10-138 months). The molecular type was analyzed as a risk factor for locoregional relapses and distant metastases. The locoregional relapse location was then analyzed as a risk factor for distant metastases. RESULTS: Triple-negative breast cancer (P = .003), age <40 year (P = .007), multifocality (P = .011), and mastectomy (P < .0001) were risk factors for locoregional relapses. Patients who developed locoregional relapses more frequently developed distant metastases (P < .0001). The distribution of molecular types did not differ significantly in patients with locoregional relapses and distant metastases, concentrating in triple-negative and Luminal B tumor cases with distant metastases in almost 58% of cases, while not occurring in Luminal A patients. The locoregional-to-distant metastasis interval was shorter in cases of chest wall and lymph nodes relapse compared with breast-only relapse locations(P = .028). CONCLUSION: Molecular type, especially triple-negative, young age, mastectomy without adjuvant irradiation, and multifocality are risk factors for locoregional relapse in sentinel lymph node biopsy negative breast cancer patients. Locoregional relapse is an important risk factor for developing distant metastasis, except in Luminal A breast cancer patients and those who suffer from breast-only relapse.

Analysis of breast cosmetic effects 3 years after breast-conserving surgery and intraoperative radiotherapy with and without adjuvant whole breast irradiation.

INTRODUCTION: Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) based on low-kV photons may be an option for early breast cancer patients. Following Targit trial results some of those patients should undergo whole breast irradiation (WBRT) additionally. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Since April 2010, IORT has been applied to early breast cancer patients. One hundred and fifty patients were prospectively followed up and examined to evaluate the side effects (pain, fibrosis, breast edema, telangiectasias). We present the results 3 years post-treatment. WBRT was given to 82 (54.7%) patients. RESULTS: Tumor cavity fibrosis grade II and more was observed in 18 (12%) patients, as grade III only in 2 (1.33%) patients. Breast tissue fibrosis outside tumor cavity grade II was observed only in 2 (1.33%) patients. Breast edema was present in 10 (6.66%) patients. WBRT administration led to increased frequency of higher grade tumor cavity fibrosis (P < .0001), breast fibrosis (P < .0001), breast edema (P = .003), and occurrence of telangiectasias (P = .03), with no influence on pain reported by patients. In case of WBRT, tumor location (P = .026) and size of the irradiated breast (P = .015) were independent risk factors for higher degree of breast fibrosis, as seroma evacuation 6 months post-WBRT (P = .036) was the only independent risk factor for higher level of tumor cavity fibrosis in multiple regression. CONCLUSIONS: The cosmetic result after IORT is good and comparable to other accelerated partial breast irradiation techniques. Administration of WBRT post-IORT in breast cancer patients increases the level of fibrotic changes, breast edema and telangiectasias 3 years post-treatment, but with no influence on pain.

Frequency of whole breast irradiation (WBRT) after intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is strongly influenced by institutional protocol qualification criteria.

BACKGROUND: Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) is a promising method of adjuvant radiotherapy for select patients. Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is a form of APBI, and appropriate patient selection is important. AIM: The aim of our study was to analyse the influence of our protocol on the frequency of WBRT after IORT and our protocol's correlation with the reported use of WBRT according to TARGIT guidelines. We also aimed to verify how changes in our protocol influenced the frequency of WBRT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between April 20, 2010 and May 10, 2017, we identified 207 patients irradiated with IORT for APBI. RESULTS: Ninety-one patients (44%) met the criteria for APBI only, while 116 (56%) should have been offered additional WBRT. Retrospective analysis showed that WBRT was applied statistically significantly less frequently compared with strict protocol indications: 99 patients (47.8%) received APBI only and 108 (51.2%) underwent adjuvant WBRT (p < 0.0001). Applying the TARGIT trial guidelines, 69 patients (33.4%) should have been offered WBRT (p < 0.0001), which is twice the number of patients treated with WBRT in our study. Changing the protocol to less restrictive criteria would have statistically significantly decreased the number of patients (95, 46%) offered WBRT (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Following international guidelines, 46% of patients should receive WBRT after IORT, which is 1.5-2 times more than for the TARGIT criteria. In our analysis, a high percentage of patients (19%) did not receive WBRT after IORT despite the protocol recommendations. The chosen protocol strongly influences the frequency of adjuvant WBRT.

Utilization of a 3D printer to fabricate boluses used for electron therapy of skin lesions of the eye canthi.

This work describes the use of 3D printing technology to create individualized boluses for patients treated with electron beam therapy for skin lesions of the eye canthi. It aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of 3D-printed over manually fabricated paraffin boluses. The study involved 11 patients for whom the construction of individual boluses were required. CT scans of the fabricated 3D-printed boluses and paraffin boluses were acquired and superimposed onto patient CT scans to compare their fitting, bolus homogeneity, and underlying dose distribution. To quantify the level of matching, multiple metrics were utilized. Matching Level Index (ML) values ranged from 0 to 100%, where 100% indicated a perfect fit between the reference bolus (planned in treatment planning system) and 3D-printed and paraffin bolus. The average ML (± 1 SD) of the 3D-printed boluses was 95.1 ± 2.1%, compared to 46.0 ± 10.1% for the manually fabricated paraffin bolus. Correspondingly, mean doses were closer to the prescribed doses, and dose spreads were less for the dose distributions from the 3D-printed boluses, as compared to those for the manually fabricated paraffin boluses. It was concluded that 3D-printing technology is a viable method for fabricating boluses for small eye lesions and provides boluses superior to our boluses manually fabricated from paraffin sheets.

[The role of biochemical markers with special regard to troponin, CK-MB, NT-proBNP as early biomarkers of cardiotoxicity among women after chemotherapy due to breast cancer].

Introduction: Cardiotoxicity of drugs in oncology is a growing problem which cardiologists and oncologists have to struggle with. So far, researchers have been looking for biochemical markers which could help to extract a group more prone to developing complications after chemotherapy. Authors' reports are inconsistent in this topic. Aim: This study assesses the role of troponin I, CK-MB and NT-proBNP as early predictive markers for later cardiotoxicity among patients with breast cancer treated with chemotherapy. Methods: One hundred five patients with breast cancer, without either heart failure or more than moderate severity of valvular heart diseases were qualified to the study. Results: NT-proBNP concentration significantly increased just after the first cycle of chemotherapy, either in a subgroup which developed cardiotoxicity or without this end point (p<0.001, p=0.004). CK-MB did not change significantly during observation. Troponin I did not change in any of the patients. During observation HDL-cholesterol concentration significantly decreased. A transient increase of the concentration of LDL-cholesterol had been noted, but later it decreased below baseline level. Conclusion: Troponin I has too low sensitivity to be used as a prognostic marker for further cardiotoxicity after chemotherapy. No prognostic values have been noted of NT-proBNP and CK-MB due to the lack of differences in both a subgroup with and without cardiotoxicity.

Risk factors for seroma evacuation in breast cancer patients treated with intraoperative radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Novel techniques in oncology provide new treatment opportunities but also introduce different patterns of side effects. Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) allows a shortened overall treatment time for early breast cancer either combined with whole breast radiotherapy (WBRT), or alone. Although the early side effects of IORT are well known, data on clinically important late side effects, which require medical intervention, are scarce. AIM: In this study, we analyze risk factors for seroma evacuation more than 6 months after IORT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 120 patients with a mean follow-up of 27.8 months (range: 7-52 months). Fifty-one patients received IORT only and 69 were additionally treated with WBRT. RESULTS: Seroma evacuation was performed 6-38 months after IORT. Two (3.9%) events were observed in the IORT group and 14 (20%) in the IORT + WBRT group. Univariate (Kaplan-Meier) analysis showed that addition of WBRT to IORT increased the risk of seroma evacuation [hazard ratio = 5.5, 95% confidence interval: 2.0-14.7, P = 0.011]. In a multivariate analysis (Cox proportional hazards regression), WBRT and axillary lymph node dissection were significant risk factors for seroma evacuation (model P value = 0.0025). CONCLUSIONS: WBRT applied after IORT is associated with increased risk of seroma evacuation, which might be considered as a late side effect.

Serum Levels of Copper and Zinc and Survival in Breast Cancer Patients.

There is emerging interest in the relationship between several serum micronutrients and the prognosis of patients with breast cancer. The relationship between serum zinc and copper levels and breast cancer prognosis is unclear. In our study, we included 583 patients with breast cancer diagnosed between 2008 and 2015 in the region of Szczecin, Poland. In a blood sample obtained before treatment, serum zinc and copper levels were quantified by mass spectroscopy. Each patient was assigned to one of four categories (quartiles) based on the distribution of the elements in the entire cohort. Patients were followed from diagnosis to death over a mean of 10.0 years. The 10-year overall survival was 58.3% for women in the highest and 82.1% for those in the lowest quartile of serum copper/zinc ratio (p < 0.001). The multivariate hazard ratio (HR) for breast cancer death was 2.07 (95% CI 1.17-3.63; p = 0.01) for patients in the highest quartile of serum copper/zinc ratio compared to those in the lowest. There is evidence that the serum zinc level and copper/zinc ratio provide an independent predictive value for overall survival and breast cancer-specific survival after breast cancer diagnosis.

Radiotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer: To Whom, When, and How?

The diagnosis rate of pancreatic cancer is steadily increasing. The average age of onset is close to 70 years. In most cases, the disease is diagnosed at an advanced stage. The indications for and techniques of radiotherapy are changing over time. The aim of this thesis is to present the role and possibilities of radiotherapy from the perspective of radiation oncologist. The most common cause of treatment failure in pancreatic cancer remains generalisation. The implementation of new systemic treatment regimens contributes to improved treatment outcomes regardless of the stage of the disease. With improved treatment outcomes in terms of the incidence of distant metastases, the impact of local curability on the length and quality of life of patients increases. Modern radiotherapy offers the opportunity to achieve high local cure rates. Postoperative radiotherapy in combination with chemotherapy seems justified in the group of postoperative pancreatic cancer patients with pT3 and pN+ features. In the group of patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer, the impact of radiotherapy in combination with the latest chemotherapy regimens is difficult to define clearly. In the setting of a diagnosis of advanced pancreatic cancer, radiotherapy, especially stereotactic radiotherapy, in combination with chemotherapy, contributes to improved local curability and allows to achieve a significantly reduced level of pain.

Combined Modality Bladder-Sparing Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: How (Should) We Do It? A Narrative Review.

Organ-sparing combined-modality treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer remains underutilized despite high-quality evidence regarding its efficacy, safety, and preservation of quality of life. It may be offered to patients unwilling to undergo radical cystectomy, as well as those unfit for neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery. The treatment plan should be tailored to each patient's characteristics, with more intensive protocols offered to patients who are fit for surgery but opt for organ-sparing. After a thorough, debulking transurethral resection of the tumor and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the response evaluation should trigger further management with either chemoradiation or early cystectomy in non-responders. A hypofractionated, continuous radiotherapy regimen of 55 Gy in 20 fractions with concurrent radiosensitizing chemotherapy with gemcitabine, cisplatin, or 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C is currently preferred based on clinical trials. The response should be evaluated with repeated transurethral resections of the tumor bed and abdominopelvic-computed tomography after chemoradiation, with quarterly assessments during the first year. Salvage cystectomy should be offered to patients fit for surgery who failed to respond to treatment or developed a muscle-invasive recurrence. Non-muscle-invasive bladder recurrences and upper tract tumors should be treated in line with guidelines for respective primary tumors. Multiparametric magnetic resonance can be used for tumor staging and response monitoring, as it may distinguish disease recurrence from treatment-induced inflammation and fibrosis.

Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation with Intraoperative Radiotherapy Is Effective in Luminal Breast Cancer Patients Aged 60 Years and Older.

Adjuvant whole breast irradiation (AWBI) improves local control and survival in breast cancer patients after breast-conserving surgery. Between 2010 and 2017, 823 patients ≥ 60 years with ER-positive, Her-2 negative, clinically N0 breast cancer underwent breast-conserving surgery (BCS) at the West Pomeranian Oncology Center. Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) with kV photons was applied to 199 (24.2%) patients according to the IORT protocol, and AWBI only was applied to 624 (75.8%). IORT patients in cases with lymph node metastasis, lobular type presence, extensive in situ components, lymphatic vessel invasion, or resection margin < 2 mm, additionally underwent AWBI. Median follow-up was 74 months. There were two (1%) breast relapses in the IORT protocol group and one (0.2%) in the AWBI-only group. In each group, one axillary lymph node relapse was diagnosed (0.5% and 0.2%, respectively). There were two local relapses in the IORT-only group, and they were treated further with BCS and AWBI. Although locoregional relapse-free survival differed between the AWBI-only and IORT protocol groups (98.5% vs. 99.7%, p = 0.048), the local control, distant metastasis-free survival, and breast cancer-specific survival were similar. IORT is a reasonable option to avoid AWBI in ER-positive, Her-2 negative, cN0 women with breast cancer aged ≥ 60 years.

Risk of Second Primary Thyroid Cancer in Women with Breast Cancer.

The goal of this study was to estimate the risk of thyroid cancer following breast cancer and to identify therapeutic and genetic risk factors for the development of thyroid cancer after breast cancer. We followed 10,832 breast cancer patients for a mean of 14 years for new cases of thyroid cancer. All women were genotyped for three Polish founder mutations in BRCA1 (C61G, 4153delA, 5382insC) and four mutations in CHEK2 (1100delC, IVS2 + 1G/A, del5395, I157T). Information was collected on chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapies, and oophorectomy. Of the 10,832 women, 53 (0.49%) developed a second primary thyroid cancer. Based on Polish population statistics, the expected number was 12.4 (SIR = 4.3). The ten-year risk of developing thyroid cancer was higher in women who carried a CHEK2 mutation (1.5%) than in women who carried no mutation (0.9%). The age-adjusted hazard ratio for developing thyroid cancer was 1.89 (0.46-7.79; p = 0.38) for those with a CHEK2 protein-truncating mutation and 2.75 (1.29-5.85; p = 0.009) for those with a CHEK2 missense mutation.

Deep inspiration breath hold reduces the mean heart dose in left breast cancer radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Patients with left breast cancer who undergo radiotherapy have a non-negligible risk of developing radiation-induced cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cardioprotection can be achieved through better treatment planning protocols and through respiratory gating techniques, including deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH). Several dosimetric studies have shown that DIBH reduces the cardiac dose, but clinical data confirming this effect is limited. The aim of the study was to compare the mean heart dose (MHD) in patients with left breast cancer who underwent radiotherapy at our institution as we transitioned from non-gated free-breathing (FB) radiotherapy to gated radiotherapy (FB-GRT), and finally to DIBH. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study involving 2022 breast cancer patients who underwent radiotherapy at West Pomeranian Oncology Center in Szczecin from January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2017. We compared the MHD in these patients according to year of treatment and technique. RESULTS: Overall, the MHD for patients with left breast cancer in our cohort was 3.37 Gy. MHD values in the patients treated with DIBH were significantly lower than in patients treated with non-gated FB (2.1 vs. 3.48 Gy, p < 0.0001) and gated FB (3.28 Gy, p < 0.0001). The lowest MHD values over the four-year period were observed in 2017, when nearly 85% of left breast cancer patients were treated with DIBH. The proportion of patients exposed to high (> 4 Gy) MHD values decreased every year, from 40% in 2014 to 7.9% in 2017, while the percentage of patients receiving DIBH increased. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to free-breathing techniques (both gated and non-gated), DIBH reduces the mean radiation dose to the heart in patients with left breast cancer. These findings support the use of DIBH in patients with left breast cancer treated with radiotherapy.

Serum Selenium Level Predicts 10-Year Survival after Breast Cancer.

In a recent prospective study, we reported an association between a low serum selenium level and five-year survival among breast cancer patients. We now have updated the cohort to include 10-year survival rates. A blood sample was obtained from 538 women diagnosed with first primary invasive breast cancer between 2008 and 2015 in the region of Szczecin, Poland. Blood was collected before initiation of treatment. Serum selenium levels were quantified by mass spectroscopy. Each patient was assigned to one of four quartiles based on the distribution of serum selenium levels in the whole cohort. Patients were followed from diagnosis until death or last known alive (mean follow-up 7.9 years). The 10-year actuarial cumulative survival was 65.1% for women in the lowest quartile of serum selenium, compared to 86.7% for women in the highest quartile (p < 0.001 for difference). Further studies are needed to confirm the protective effect of selenium on breast cancer survival. If confirmed this may lead to an investigation of selenium supplementation on survival of breast cancer patients.

Blood Arsenic Levels as a Marker of Breast Cancer Risk among BRCA1 Carriers.

An important group of breast cancers is those associated with inherited susceptibility. In women, several predisposing mutations in genes involved in DNA repair have been discovered. Women with a germline pathogenic variant in BRCA1 have a lifetime cancer risk of 70%. As part of a larger prospective study on heavy metals, our aim was to investigate if blood arsenic levels are associated with breast cancer risk among women with inherited BRCA1 mutations. A total of 1084 participants with pathogenic variants in BRCA1 were enrolled in this study. Subjects were followed from 2011 to 2020 (mean follow-up time: 3.75 years). During that time, 90 cancers were diagnosed, including 67 breast and 10 ovarian cancers. The group was stratified into two categories (lower and higher blood As levels), divided at the median (<0.85 µg/L and ≥0.85 µg/L) As level among all unaffected participants. Cox proportional hazards models were used to model the association between As levels and cancer incidence. A high blood As level (≥0.85 µg/L) was associated with a significantly increased risk of developing breast cancer (HR = 2.05; 95%CI: 1.18-3.56; p = 0.01) and of any cancer (HR = 1.73; 95%CI: 1.09-2.74; p = 0.02). These findings suggest a possible role of environmental arsenic in the development of cancers among women with germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1.

The diameter of metastasis in positive sentinel lymph node biopsy affects axillary tumor load in early breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Omission of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) after positive sentinel lymph biopsy (SLNB) has become a standard procedure for breast cancer patients with one or two metastatic lymph nodes. Here the aim was model development for selection for ALND. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 323 positive SLNB breast cancer patients, who afterwards underwent ALND. In 126 (39%), there were positive additional axillary lymph nodes. Specimens of resected lymph nodes were scanned and the volumes of tumors (expressed as diameter in mm) were calculated. The maximal diameter of metastasis in the sentinel lymph nodes (SLNDmax ) and axillary lymph nodes (ALNDsum ) indicated tumor load in the resected lymph nodes. ALNDsum higher or equal to 5 mm was defined as high and present in 62 patients (21%). RESULTS: Risk factors for high ALNDsum were primary tumor diameter (P = 0.0092), histopathological type (P = 0.0173), number of positive SLNs (P = 0.0012), type of metastasis (P = 0.0025), molecular type (P = 0.0037), SLNDmax (P = 0.0001), and Her-2 status (P = 0.0093). Independent variables for high ALNDsum were SLNDmax (P < 0.0001), number of positive SLNs (P = 0.0237) and primary tumor diameter (P = 0.0296). CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-one percent patients with positive SLNB are at risk of high ALNDsum . SLNDmax is the strong predictive factor for high ALNDsum after positive ALND.

[An analysis of factor influencing the outcome of patients with locally advanced larynx cancer]. / Analiza czynników rokowniczych u chorych z miejscowo zaawansowanym rakiem krtani.

PURPOSE: Results of treatment of locally advanced larynx cancer T3-4No-4 are unsatisfied. The aim of study is analysis of risk factors. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 112 patiens with larynx cancer after radical surgical treatment had postoperative radiotherapy (conventional or accelarated). RESULTS: The 3-year overall survival (OS) was 58%. Margin status and numer of risk factors had impast on OS. The 3-year locoregional control (LRC) was 80%. Number of risk factors, level of hemoglobin, overall tratment time and dose were significantly associated with LRC. Incidence of distant metastases was asssociated with G3 suamous cell carcinoma and index of nalignancy H. Glanz.