Ocular involvement in a patient with Sweet syndrome: report of a case and review of the literature. / Afectación oftalmológica en el contexto de un síndrome de Sweet: comunicación de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

The case presented is a 66-year-old woman who attended the emergency department due to skin lesions on the limbs, facial oedema, and eye redness accompanied by haemorrhagic conjunctivitis. The symptoms resolved after one week of systemic steroid treatment. Skin biopsy confirmed Sweet syndrome. Sweet syndrome is rare disorder and unknown by most ophthalmologists despite its frequent ophthalmological manifestations. Ocular involvement is present in one third of patients, with episcleritis and conjunctivitis being the most repeated. Pathology findings confirm the diagnosis which is also characterised by a rapid response to systemic corticosteroids.

[Amniotic membrane transplantation with fibrin glue as treatment of refractory conjunctivochalasis]. / Injerto de membrana amniótica con adhesivo tisular en el tratamiento de la conjuntivocalasia refractiva.

CASE REPORT: A 63-year-old man with bilateral conjunctivochalasis presented with tearing, irritation, foreign body sensation and a delayed fluorescein clearance test. After no symptomatic improvement with topical treatment, surgery was carried out, with amniotic membrane transplantation and fibrin sealant. DISCUSSION: Conjunctivochalasis is a frequent disorder that shares symptoms with dry eye syndrome. When there is no response to topical treatment, surgical treatment is needed. The surgical technique described by Tseng, and based on amniotic membrane transplantation without suture, resulted in a very useful response, due to less inflammation and a rapid resolution and improvement of symptoms.

Optical coherence tomography to monitor photodynamic therapy in pathological myopia.

AIM: To evaluate the role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in determining choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) activity before and after photodynamic therapy (PDT) in patients with pathological myopia. METHODS: 33 patients (33 eyes) with pathological myopia and being treated with PDT were included. Every 3 months all patients were evaluated and presence or absence of leakage on fluorescein angiography, presence of intraretinal or subretinal fluid on OCT, and macular and choroidal neovascular complex thickness on OCT, were determined at each examination. RESULTS: The macular thickness decreased significantly after PDT at 6 months (p = 0.001) and at 12 months follow up (p = 0.01). However, no significant changes in CNV thickness were measured after PDT at 6 months of follow up (p = 0.418) and at 12 months of follow up (p = 0.521). Once the diagnosis of CNV associated with pathological myopia was established, before treatment, OCT had a sensitivity of 96.96% for detecting CNV activity. After treatment, OCT had a good sensitivity (95.23%) and a moderate specificity (69,69%) in determining CNV activity, which resulted in a diagnostic efficiency (proportion of correct results) of 79.62%. CONCLUSIONS: OCT appears to be useful for indicating CNV activity. Therefore, it may serve as a complementary technique for deciding the need for PDT and re-treatment in patients with pathological myopia.

[Silicone oil hypotonic maculopathy treatment]. / Aceite de silicona para el tratamiento de la maculopatía hipotónica.

CASE REPORT: We report a case of a man who developed hypotonic maculopathy after vitreoretinal surgery for anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy. After an injection of intravitreal triamcinolone, the ocular pressure did not increase, therefore silicone oil was injected. After this, the visual acuity increased and the choroidal and retinal folds regressed. DISCUSSION: Hypotonic maculopathy is a frustrating problem, often resulting in poor visual acuity. There are not many effective treatments. The injection of silicone oil could be an alternative to increase the intraocular pressure and re-establish the normal anatomy of the eye, improving the visual acuity in some patients.

[Central serous chorioretinopathy as a complication of epitheliopathy under treatment with glucocorticoids]. / Coroidopatía serosa central como complicación de epitelitis en tratamiento con corticoides.

CASE REPORT: We present cases of two patients who were examined in our department with the diagnosis of epitheliopathy following treatment with oral and topical glucocorticoids. They were referred because of loss of visual acuity. The ophthalmic examination established the diagnosis of central serous chorioretinopathy and it was decided to stop treatment with glucocorticoids. DISCUSSION: The pathogenesis of the central serous chorioretinopathy is still imprecisely known, but it has been related to several situations characterized by exposure to high levels of endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids. Both of these cases provide more evidence of the potential association between corticosteroids and the acute manifestations of central serous chorioretinopathy.

[Prevalence and risk factors of pseudoexfoliation syndrome in institutionalized geriatric patients in Navarra]. / Prevalencia y factores de riesgo del síndrome pseudoexfoliativo en una población institucionalizada en Navarra.

PURPOSE: To establish the prevalence of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PSX) in an institutionalized geriatric population in Navarra. To study the risk factors for the development of this disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 268 nursing home residents were studied, with a mean age of 81 years. The presence of PSX material in the anterior segment was best appreciated by slit lamp after pupillary dilation. We assessed its association with 13 ocular factors and 14 systemic factors. RESULTS: We found 10.1% (27) of subjects with PSX, 19 cases were unilateral and 8 bilateral. The frequency detected in subjects from Navarra was 7.9% versus 21.2% in subjects from other regions (p=0.02), although the significance was lost after multivariant logistic regression. The PSX was 3.5 times more frequent in patients suffering heart failure (p=0.01). The PSX was associated with anti-glaucomatous treatment, which multiplies the risk by 3.2 times (p=0.02); patients affected with age-related geographic macular atrophy had a 2.6 fold increased frequency (p=0.03), both after adjusting for age remained significant. We did not find any association between the PSX and other systemic factors (systemic hypertension and diabetes mellitus) or ocular factors (senile arc and cataract). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of PSX syndrome seems to be lower in an institutionalized population in Navarra than in other Spanish regions. The correlation with heart failure and age-related geographic macular atrophy suggests the possibility of a vascular role. The epidemiological association with increased IOP is confirmed.

Afectación oftalmológica en el contexto de un síndrome de Sweet: comunicación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Ocular involvement in a patient with Sweet syndrome: report of a case and review of the literatura

Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer de 66 años que acudió a urgencias por lesiones cutáneas en miembros tanto superiores como inferiores, edema facial y enrojecimiento ocular, acompañados de conjuntivitis hemorrágica. Tras pautar corticoides sistémicos el cuadro se resolvió en una semana. La biopsia cutánea confirmó que se trataba de un síndrome de Sweet. El síndrome de Sweet es una enfermedad infrecuente y desconocida para la mayor parte de los oftalmólogos a pesar de cursar con manifestaciones oftalmológicas. La afectación ocular está presente en un tercio de los pacientes, siendo los más usuales la epiescleritis y la conjuntivitis. El diagnóstico de confirmación es histopatológico y se caracteriza por una rápida respuesta a los corticoides sistémicos

The case presented is a 66-year-old woman who attended the emergency department due to skin lesions on the limbs, facial oedema, and eye redness accompanied by haemorrhagic conjunctivitis. The symptoms resolved after one week of systemic steroid treatment. Skin biopsy confirmed Sweet syndrome. Sweet syndrome is rare disorder and unknown by most ophthalmologists despite its frequent ophthalmological manifestations. Ocular involvement is present in one third of patients, with episcleritis and conjunctivitis being the most repeated. Pathology findings confirm the diagnosis which is also characterised by a rapid response to systemic corticosteroids

Injerto de membrana amniótica con adhesivo tisular en el tratamiento de la conjuntivocalasia refractiva / Amniotic membrane transplantation with fibrin glue as treatment of refractory conjunctivochalasis

Caso clínico: Paciente de 63 años que presenta una conjuntivocalasia bilateral con lagrimeo, picor, escozor y retraso en el aclaramiento de fluoresceína. Al no observarse mejoría sintomática con el tratamiento tópico, se interviene quirúrgicamente con implante de membrana amniótica sin sutura. Discusión: La conjuntivocalasia es una patología frecuente con síntomas comunes a la sequedad ocular. Cuando no hay respuesta al tratamiento médico se recurre al tratamiento quirúrgico. La técnica descrita por Tseng basada en el implante de membrana amniótica sin sutura resulta muy eficaz en estos casos debido a la poca inflamación que produce permitiendo una rápida recuperación y mejoría sintomática

Case report: A 63-year-old man with bilateral conjunctivochalasis presented with tearing, irritation, foreign body sensation and a delayed fluorescein clearance test. After no symptomatic improvement with topical treatment, surgery was carried out, with amniotic membrane transplantation and fibrin sealant. Discussion: Conjunctivochalasis is a frequent disorder that shares symptoms with dry eye syndrome. When there is no response to topical treatment, surgical treatment is needed. The surgical technique described by Tseng, and based on amniotic membrane transplantation without suture, resulted in a very useful response, due to less inflammation and a rapid resolution and improvement of symptoms

Aceite de silicona para el tratamiento de la maculopatía hipotónica / Silicone oil hypotonic maculopathy treatment

Caso clínico: Paciente con maculopatía hipotónica secundaria a vitrectomía posterior con liberación de proliferación vitreo-retiniana por desprendimiento de retina. Ante la falta de mejoría tensional a la inyección Triamcinolona intravítrea se inyectó aceite de silicona tras lo cual mejoró la agudeza visual y los pliegues coriorretinianos desaparecieron.Discusión: La maculopatía hipotónica es un proceso de mal pronóstico con deterioro visual profundo. Las opciones terapéuticas son limitadas. Creemos que la inyección de aceite de silicona es una opción terapéutica para restablecer la PIO y la anatomía normal del ojo, pudiendo mejorar, en algunos casos, la AV

Case report: We report a case of a man who developed hypotonic maculopathy after vitreoretinal surgery for anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy. After an injection of intravitreal triamcinolone, the ocular pressure did not increase, therefore silicone oil was injected. After this, the visual acuity increased and the choroidal and retinal folds regressed. Discussion: Hypotonic maculopathy is a frustrating problem, often resulting in poor visual acuity. There are not many effective treatments. The injection of silicone oil could be an alternative to increase the intraocular pressure and re-establish the normal anatomy of the eye, improving the visual acuity in some patients

Coroidopatía serosa central como complicación de epitelitis en tratamiento con corticoides / Central serous chorioretinopathy as a complication of epitheliopathy under treatment with glucocorticoids

Caso clínico: Se presentan 2 pacientes que acuden a la consulta con el diagnóstico de epitelitis multifocal en tratamiento con corticoides vía oral y vía tópica. Como sintomatología refieren disminución de agudeza visual. A la exploración se diagnostica una coriorretinopatía serosa central y se suspende el tratamiento con corticoides.Discusión: La etiopatogenia de la coriorretinopatía serosa central permanece aún desconocida aunque se ha relacionado con diversas situaciones caracterizadas por la exposición a niveles elevados de glucocorticoides (CTC) endógenos o exógenos. Los dos casos que presentamos constituyen una evidencia más de que el tratamiento con corticoides puede precipitar o agravar esta patología

Case report: We present cases of two patients who were examined in our department with the diagnosis of epitheliopathy following treatment with oral and topical glucocorticoids. They were referred because of loss of visual acuity. The ophthalmic examination established the diagnosis of central serous chorioretinopathy and it was decided to stop treatment with glucocorticoids.Discussion: The pathogenesis of the central serous chorioretinopathy is still imprecisely known, but it has been related to several situations characterized by exposure to high levels of endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids. Both of these cases provide more evidence of the potential association between corticosteroids and the acute manifestations of central serous chorioretinopathy

Prevalencia y factores de riesgo del síndrome pseudoexfoliativo en una población institucionalizada en Navarra / Prevalence and risk factors of pseudoexfoliation syndrome in institutionalized geriatric patients in Navarra

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia del síndrome pseudoexfoliativo (PSX) en una población geriátrica institucionalizada en Navarra. Conocer los factores de riesgo de desarrollar esta enfermedad. Material y métodos: Fueron estudiadas 268 personas de una residencia geriátrica, con una edad media de 81 años. Se investigó la presencia de material PSX en el segmento anterior mediante biomicroscopia bajo midriasis farmacológica. Se analizó su asociación con 13 factores oculares y 14 sistémicos. Resultados: El 10,1 por ciento (27) de las personas presentaba pseudoexfoliación, en 19 casos unilateral y en 8 bilateral. La frecuencia detectada entre los nacidos en Navarra fue del 7,9 por ciento frente al 21,2 por ciento de los no navarros (p=0,02), aunque dejó de ser significativa en el análisis logístico multivariante. La PSX fue 3,5 veces más frecuente entre los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (p=0,01). Se asoció con el tratamiento anti-glaucomatoso, que aumentaba el riesgo por 3,2 veces (p=0,02), y con la atrofia geográfica macular asociada a la edad que multiplicaba su frecuencia por 2,6 veces (p=0,03), ambas incluso tras estratificar por edad. No se asoció la PSX con otros factores sistémicos (HTA, diabetes mellitus, etc.) y oculares (gerontoxon, catarata, etc.). Conclusiones: La prevalencia del síndrome PSX en una población institucionalizada en Navarra parece ser inferior a otras zonas de España. La relación con la insuficiencia cardíaca y la atrofia geográfica macular sugiere un posible componente vascular. Se confirma su asociación epidemiológica con la medicación antiglaucomatosa (AU)

Purpose: To establish the prevalence of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PSX) in an institutionalized geriatric population in Navarra. To study the risk factors for the development of this disease. Material and methods: 268 nursing home residents were studied, with a mean age of 81 years. The presence of PSX material in the anterior segment was best appreciated by slit lamp after pupillary dilation. We assessed its association with 13 ocular factors and 14 systemic factors. Results: We found 10.1% (27) of subjects with PSX, 19 cases were unilateral and 8 bilateral. The frequency detected in subjects from Navarra was 7.9% versus 21.2% in subjects from other regions (p=0.02), although the significance was lost after multivariant logistic regression. The PSX was 3.5 times more frequent in patients suffering heart failure (p=0.01). The PSX was associated with anti-glaucomatous treatment, which multiplies the risk by 3.2 times (p=0.02); patients affected with age-related geographic macular atrophy had a 2.6 fold increased frequency (p=0.03), both after adjusting for age remained significant. We did not find any association between the PSX and other systemic factors (systemic hypertension and diabetes mellitus) or ocular factors (senile arc and cataract). Conclusions: The prevalence of PSX syndrome seems to be lower in an institutionalized population in Navarra than in other Spanish regions. The correlation with heart failure and age-related geographic macular atrophy suggests the possibility of a vascular role. The epidemiological association with increased IOP is confirmed (AU)