Relationships between leadership, structural empowerment, and engagement in nurses.

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse the relationships among structural empowerment, the leadership style of managers, and the engagement of nurses in a health organization of Spain. BACKGROUND: Transformational leadership has an impact on patient security and satisfaction as well as the well-being and engagement of healthcare workers. Empowerment is a management practice that is fundamental for professional growth and positively affects the quality of patient care. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. METHODS: Randomized sample of 131 nurses recruited from 11 health centres with different levels of care was surveyed to assess managers' leadership style, nurse empowerment, and work engagement. The data were analysed by descriptive and correlational statistics and hierarchical mediated regression. RESULTS: The transformational leadership of the nurse manager directly and positively influences the structural empowerment of nurses. The structural empowerment of nurses directly and positively influences engagement. The transformational leadership of managers positively influences nurse engagement through the mediating effect of structural empowerment. CONCLUSION: The structural empowerment of nurses acts as a mediator between the transformational leadership of nurse managers and nurse engagement. PRACTICAL IMPLICATION: The transformational leadership of nurse managers at the unit level has a double impact on staff nurses: first, increasing empowerment and second, increasing the engagement of the nurse staff.

Flow in Nurses: A Study of Its Relationship With Health and Burnout in a Hospital Work Context.

How does the experience of flow among nurses influences their health? This question is addressed on the basis of a model of flow, stress, burnout, and coping. The results indicate that promoting flow can be a way to enhance the health of ward nurses in a hospital work context.

Relationship between job demand and burnout in nurses: does it depend on work engagement?

AIM: The present study aimed to deepen the understanding of the relationships among job demands, control, social support, burnout and engagement in nurses. BACKGROUND: Burnout is a prevalent phenomenon among nurses because of the interaction between high demands and low resources, according to the job demands-resources model. METHODS: A descriptive, correlational design was used in a stratified random sample of 100 nurses recruited from two Spanish hospitals. Job demand, social support, control, engagement, and burnout were measured. Data were analysed by hierarchical regression analysis. RESULTS: Social support is a significant predictor of nurses' engagement and demands is a predictor of nurses' burnout. Work engagement moderates the relationship between job demands and burnout. CONCLUSIONS: The process that leads to burnout and the process that leads to engagement are not isolated processes; engagement acts as a moderator of burnout. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: The prevailing paradigm in combating burnout in nursing can be changed and could be based on the enhancement of nurses' strengths through increasing engagement.

Work engagement in nursing: an integrative review of the literature.

AIM: To critically review empirical research about work engagement in nursing and to synthesise the findings to better understand this construct. BACKGROUND: Empirical research shows that engagement is positively related to work performance, workers' health and client loyalty in different professions. It is, therefore, necessary to increase our understanding about engagement in nursing. EVALUATION: An integrative literature search was conducted to identify articles and studies on work engagement in nursing that were published between January 1990 and December 2013 in the following databases: PsycINFO, MEDLINE and CINAHL. KEY ISSUES: The factors that influence engagement were divided into four areas of analysis: organisational antecedents; individual antecedents; and factors related to managers' leadership and outcomes of engagement. CONCLUSION: There is clear evidence that the quality of care by nurses improves through engagement. However, this depends on contextual factors such as structural empowerment and social support and on dispositional factors such as efficacy and optimism. It is also evident that nurse managers are key to promoting engagement. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Nursing managers and leaders may promote improvements in leadership behaviours and a context of optimism and self-efficacy as a way of increasing work engagement.

Mindfulness-based interventions for improving mental health of frontline healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) appear to be effective for improving the mental health of healthcare professionals (HCPs). However, the effectiveness of MBIs on extreme psychological trauma caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is largely unknown. The aim of this paper was to systematically review empirical studies of MBIs for HCPs carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic, to evaluate them and their effectiveness in different areas of mental health. METHODS: The electronic databases searched were Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and PsycINFO. The date when each database was last searched was September 15, 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomized controlled trials (NRCTs), and non-randomized non-controlled trials (NRNCTs) focused on MBIs for health care staff who were working in healthcare centers during the COVID-19 pandemic were included. All of them employed standardized measures of mental health. The review followed the best practices and reported using PRISMA guidelines. A data collection form, adapted from the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, was used to extract and synthesize the results. The methods used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies were the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the ROBINS-I Tool. RESULTS: Twenty-eight studies were included in the systematic review. Overall, the methodological quality of the studies was moderate. The results showed the effectiveness of MBIs in improving levels of stress, mindfulness, and mental well-being. However, no conclusive results were found regarding the effectiveness of MBIs in improving the levels of burnout, anxiety, depression, sleep quality, and resilience of HCPs. CONCLUSIONS: The MBIs for HCPs carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic have mainly contributed to improving stress, mindfulness, and mental well-being at a time of serious health emergency. However, more robust studies at a methodological level would have been desirable. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42021267621.

Leadership to improve nurse engagement and empowerment: evidences to improve the training of nurses.

AIM: The objective of this study was to identify the key dimensions of transformational leadership that influence the promotion of engagement and structural empowerment in a population of nurses from different care settings. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey study asking about engagement, leadership style and structural empowerment was used. Descriptive and correlational statistics were applied followed by hierarchical regression. 131 nurses were recruited from a Spanish health organisation using random sampling. RESULTS: Individualised consideration and intellectual stimulation were predictors of structural empowerment in a hierarchical regression of transformational leadership dimensions controlled by demographic variables (R2=0.467). In addition, intellectual stimulation was a predictor of engagement (R2=0.176). CONCLUSION: The results are the starting point for the design of an organisationwide educational intervention to increase the engagement of nurses and staff development.

Psychological stress is associated with high levels of IL-6 in HIV-1 infected individuals on effective combined antiretroviral treatment.

This study explores the role of psychological stress in the circulating levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in a group of HIV-1 infected individuals on effective cART. We developed a cross-sectional study with 50 individuals with confirmed diagnosis of HIV-1 infection ≥1 and ≤8 years, on continuous cART for >1 and <8 years and with plasma viral load <50 copies/mL for at least 1 year. Clinical, behavioral and psychological variables were collected to control their possible indirect contribution in the relationship between psychological stress and IL-6. Pearson correlation and univariate/multivariate logistic regressions were performed. Eighty-eight percent of the subjects were male: median (IQR) age: 39.0 (32.7-42.2), years since HIV-1 infection: 3.4 (2.1-7.0), years on cART: 2.5 (1.6-5.7), CD4 cell count: 709.0 (573.5-881.0) cell/mm(3), plasma levels of IL-6: 7.0 (0-12.2) pg/ml. A strong correlation between IL-6 and psychological stress was found (r=.81). Psychological stress (coef: 0.49; SD: 0.05), anxiety/depression (0.37; 0.08) and unhealthy diet (2.94; 1.38) were associated with higher levels of IL-6. In the multivariate model psychological stress remained strongly associated with IL-6 (R(2): 59%). In conclusion, individuals with psychological stress presented high levels of IL-6 and psychological stress was the only variable which remained strongly associated with IL-6. This strong relationship suggests evidence for a mechanism through which psychological stress might contribute to the health's impairment of HIV-infected individuals on effective cART.

How the Lagged and Accumulated Effects of Stress, Coping, and Tasks Affect Mood and Fatigue during Nurses' Shifts.

Nurses experience significant stress and emotional exhaustion, leading to burnout and fatigue. This study assessed how the nurses' mood and fatigue evolves during their shifts, and the temporal factors that influence these phenomena. Performing a two-level design with repeated measures with moments nested into a person level, a random sample of 96 nurses was recruited. The ecological momentary assessment of demand, control, effort, reward, coping, and nursing tasks were measured in order to predict mood and fatigue, studying their current, lagged, and accumulated effects. The results show that: (1) Mood appeared to be explained by effort, by the negative lagged effect of reward, and by the accumulated effort, each following a quadratic trend, and it was influenced by previously executing a direct care task. By contrast, fatigue was explained by the current and lagged effect of effort, by the lagged effect of reward, and by the accumulated effort, again following quadratic trends. (2) Mood was also explained by problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies, indicative of negative mood, and by support-seeking and refusal coping strategies. (3) Fatigue was also associated with direct care and the prior effect of documentation and communication tasks. We can conclude that mood and fatigue do not depend on a single factor, such as workload, but rather on the evolution and distribution of the nursing tasks, as well as on the stress during a shift and how it is handled. The evening and night shifts seem to provoke more fatigue than the other work shifts when approaching the last third of the shift. These data show the need to plan the tasks within a shift to avoid unfinished or delayed care during the shift, and to minimize accumulated negative effects.

When and how do hospital nurses cope with daily stressors? A multilevel study.

BACKGROUND: During their workday, nurses face a variety of stressors that are dealt with using different coping strategies. One criticism of the contextual models of work stress is that they fail to focus on individual responses like coping with stress. Neverthless, little is know about the momentary determinants of coping in nurses. OBJECTIVES: To identify the momentary predictors of problem-focused approaching coping and emotion-focused approaching coping, as well as those for seeking social support and refusal coping strategies, during the working day in nurses. DESIGN: This study uses descriptive, correlational, two-level design with repeated measures. SETTINGS: Wards of two University hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: A random cohort of 113 nurses was studied. METHODS: An ecological momentary assessment was made of demand, control, effort, reward, nursing task, coping, mood and fatigue, and of coping style by questionnaire. Multilevel two-level statistical analyses were performed in order to identify both within person and between person relationships. RESULTS: Different momentary types of coping were associated with different tasks. The problem-focused coping could be explained by the direct care and medication tasks, demand, planning coping style, mood, and negatively by acceptation coping style. Emotion-focused coping could be explained by documentation and medication tasks (negatively), mood, demand, distraction, and disengagement coping styles. Seeking social support coping could be explained by the task of communication, mood, fatigue (negatively), and seeking emotional support as a coping style. Refusal coping could be explained by mood, and the coping style of focusing and venting emotions. Refusal coping is not specific to any task. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of the coping strategy depends on the task, of their appraisal and on the different styles of coping.

Perceived control and psychological distress in women with breast cancer: a longitudinal study.

The relationship between perceived control and psychological distress in cancer patients has been widely studied, but longitudinal designs are scarce. The aim of this study was to examine whether perceived control could predict changes in the evolution of psychological distress in breast cancer patients at stages I or II. One hundred and one women were assessed on five occasions: one week after surgery, and again 1, 3, 6 and 12 months later, using the Mental Adjustment to Cancer (MAC) Scale, a Self-Efficacy Scale, the Personal Competence Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Profile of Mood Sates (POMS), and the EORTC questionnaire of quality of life. Latent growth curve (LGC) model analysis was used to test the relationship between perceived control and psychological distress in a longitudinal, 1-year study. The results showed that perceived control increases linearly and that distress also decreases linearly. Moreover, the evolution of distress can be predicted from the initial value and the rate of change of perceived control. This close relationship between perceived control and psychological distress was found to be independent of the evolution of the physical state. These findings suggest that perceived control could be used as an early predictor of psychological adjustment to illness.

[Caregiver's health: adaption and validation in a Spanish population of the Experience of Caregiving Inventory (ECI)]. / Salud del cuidador: adaptación y validación del cuestionario Experience of Caregiving Inventory (ECI) en población española.

OBJECTIVE: To adapt and to validate the Experience of Caregiving Inventory (ECI) in a Spanish population, providing empirical evidence of its internal consistency, internal structure and validity. METHOD: Psychometric validation of the adapted version of the ECI. One hundred and seventy-two caregivers (69.2% women), mean age 57.51 years (range: 21-89) participated. Demographic and clinical data, standardized measures (ECI, suffering scale of SCL-90-R, Zarit burden scale) were used. The two scales of negative evaluation of the ECI most related to serious mental disorders (disruptive behaviours [DB] and negative symptoms [NS]) and the two scales of positive appreciation (positive personal experiences [PPE], and good aspects of the relationship [GAR]) were analyzed. Exploratory structural equation modelling was used to analyze the internal structure. The relationship between the ECI scales and the SCL-90-R and Zarit scores was also studied. RESULTS: The four-factor model presented a good fit. Cronbach's alpha (DB: 0.873; NS: 0.825; PPE: 0.720; GAR: 0.578) showed a higher homogeneity in the negative scales. The SCL-90-R scores correlated with the negative ECI scales, and none of the ECI scales correlated with the Zarit scale. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the ECI can be considered a valid, reliable, understandable and feasible self-report measure for its administration in the health and community context.

Engagement of nurses in their profession. Qualitative study on engagement. / Implicación de las enfermeras en su profesión. Un estudio cualitativo sobre el engagement.

OBJECTIVE: To identify common issues of nurses with high engagement to enable us to develop the construct as it applies to nursing in more depth. METHOD: Based on the constructivist paradigm and with a phenomenological approach, a qualitative content analysis was conducted using an inductive approach. Participants were nurses working in direct care in different healthcare areas. The sample size was determined by data saturation and 15 participants were interviewed. RESULTS: The units of meaning were grouped into 11 subcategories, and then into 7 categories termed vigour, dedication, reward, autonomy, social support, conciliation and attributes of nurses. Then these categories were grouped into 3 major themes: job characteristics, characteristics of organizations, and individual characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Having high engagement does not mean ignoring the negative aspects of work and organizations. Nurses who maintain high engagement are also affected by the negative aspects, however the assessment of positive aspects such as enjoying the work, the meaning of being a nurse, reward and autonomy enable the process of depletion of engagement to be overcome. In view of the findings, we propose reconceptualising the construct, taking the features of nursing into account.

How primary and secondary appraisals of daily stressful eventsinfluence negative and positive affect / ¿Cómo la evaluación primaria y secundaria de los eventos estresantes cotidianos influyen en el afecto negativo y positivo?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of primary and secondary appraisal, and of coping strategies, on daily stress, taking in-to account any possible effect of the big five personality traits. Over 10 days, a cohort of 122 people filled out an on-line diary in which they rec-orded the most important stressful event each day, their primary and sec-ondary appraisal of this, and how they coped with it. The results indicate that negative affect is influenced by a high degree of primary appraisal, lim-ited secondary appraisal and a high rate of refusal, with no significant in-fluence of personality traits. Positive affect ismainly influenced by a lower extent of primary appraisal, more secondary appraisal, and by a low rate of refusal and of social support seeking. Moreover, a low level of neuroticism was a predictor of greater positive affect. These data are discussed, high-lighting the importance of a situational assessment of stressful episodes at each moment to not only understand the effects of stress on health but al-so, to develop effective interventions.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de la evaluación primaria, secundaria y de las estrategias de afrontamiento sobre el estrés diario, teniendo en cuenta cualquier posible efecto de los cinco grandes rasgos de personalidad. Durante 10 días, una cohorte de 122 personas llenó un diario en línea en el que registraron el evento estresante más importante de cada día, su evaluación primaria y secundaria y cómo lo afrontaron. Los resultados indican que el afecto negativo está influido por una evaluación primaria alta, una evaluación secundaria limitada y una alta tasa de rechazo, sin influencia significativa de los rasgos de personalidad. El afecto positivo está influido principalmente por un menor grado de valoración primaria, una evaluación secundaria alta, por una baja tasa de rechazo y de búsqueda de apoyo social. Además, un nivel bajo de neuroticismo fue el mejor predictor del afecto positivo. Se discuten estos datos, destacando la importancia de una evaluación situacional de episodios estresantes en cada momento para no sólo comprender los efectos del estrés en la salud sino también, para desarrollar intervenciones efectivas.(AU)

How does emotional exhaustion influence work stress? Relationships between stressor appraisals, hedonic tone, and fatigue in nurses' daily tasks: A longitudinal cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Work-related stress is a prevalent condition in the nursing profession, and its influence may vary according to changeable individual and situational factors. It is, therefore, important to investigate the real-time momentary changes in these factors and their relationship to emotional exhaustion experienced by nurses. OBJECTIVES: We aim to analyse how their perceptions of demand, control, effort and reward change according to the task performed through real-time assessment and interact with the emotional exhaustion level of ward nurses. DESIGN: The research design was longitudinal. METHOD: A three-level hierarchical model with a repeated measures design was used to assess the momentary self-reports of 96 hospital ward nurses, completed using a smartphone programmed with random alarms. RESULTS: Findings show that demand, effort, and control appraisals depend on the task performed. The task appraised as most demanding, effortful, and controllable was direct care. Reward appraisal depends on the task performed and personal variables, i.e. emotional exhaustion. The situations perceived as more rewarding were rest and direct care. Momentary hedonic tone can be explained by the task performed, demand, reward, emotional exhaustion and by the interaction between emotional exhaustion and demand appraisal. Momentary fatigue can be explained by the task performed, demand, reward, and the emotional exhaustion. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of using momentary measures to understand complex and changeable inter-relationships. While also clarifying the targets of intervention programmes aimed at preventing burnout within the nursing profession.

Perceived emotional intelligence and its relation to tobacco and cannabis use among university students.

The aim of this work has been to analyse the role of Perceived Emotional Intelligence (PEI) in the use of tobacco and cannabis in 133 psychology undergraduates (114 women and 19 men), all aged between 18 and 27, with a mean age of 21.52 yr. (SD= 5.42). PEI was assessed using an abbreviated version of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS), developed by Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey and Palfai (1995) and adapted into Spanish by Fernández-Berrocal, Extremera, and Ramos (2004). The TMMS assesses an individual's ability to perceive, understand and manage emotion. The principal results obtained point to the fact that the students who consume tobacco or cannabis present lower levels of the Repair component of the TMMS and are those who started consuming tobacco or cannabis at an earlier age. On the other hand, Emotional Clarity appears to be related to the occasional consumption of cannabis, in that the students attaining high scores were those who consumed less. The Emotional Attention component of the TMMS is not involved in the consumption of these substances. These preliminary findings indicate the existing relationship between some components of the TMMS and the consumption of tobacco or cannabis. Nevertheless, we need to further investigate the differing implications of each one of the PEI components in the use of these substances.

Estrés cotidiano en supervivientes de cáncer / Daily stress in cancer survivors

Introducción: El número de supervivientes de cáncer ha aumentado considerablemente en los últimos años. Estas personas presentan necesidades asistenciales específicas, y se sienten vulnerables ante cualquier tipo de problema de salud, por lo que, contrariamente a lo que sería esperable, la finalización del tratamiento parece dar inicio a una etapa extremadamente estresante para los supervivientes. Objetivo: Describir las características del malestar cotidiano durante situaciones consideradas estresantes para los supervivientes de cáncer. Metodología: Se ha usado una Evaluación Ecológica Momentánea para recoger información sobre las actividades cotidianas de los supervivientes de cáncer al final del día. Muestra: Sesenta supervivientes de varios tipos de cáncer, que han contestado a un cuestionario online durante 15 días consecutivos. Resultados: Los supervivientes han experimentado un evento estresante un 55,12% de los días registrados, de los cuales el 45,41% de ellos fue atribuido al hecho de ser superviviente y generó niveles de malestar más elevados. El evento estresante más frecuente, cuando se atribuye a la supervivencia, ha sido el problema físico (87,60%). Conclusiones: El problema físico es claramente un evento estresante relacionado con la fase de supervivencia y, es un problema que no parece resolverse con el tiempo. En general, los eventos estresantes atribuidos a la supervivencia generan más malestar.Palabras clave: Cáncer, supervivientes, estrés cotidiano, fatiga, bienestar psicológico (AU)

Introduction: The number of cancer survivors has dramatically increased in recent years. These people have specific healthcare needs, and feel vulnerable to any type of health problems. Contrary to what would be expected, when cancer treatment is finished an extremely stressful stage for survivors begins. Objectives: To describe the characteristics of daily distress during everyday situations considered stressful by cancer survivors. Methodology: Using Ecological Momentary Assessment, information about daily activities of cancer survivors was recorded at the end of the day. Sample: Sixty survivors of various types of cancer, who answered an online survey for a total of 15 consecutive days. Results: Survivors experienced a stressful event at 55,12% of the days recorded, and 45,41% of these days the event was related to the fact of being a survivor and generated higher levels of discomfort. Physical problem was the most frequent stressful event attributed to survival (87.60% of them). Conclusions: the physical problem related to the survival stage is clearly a stressful factor that does not seem to resolve itself over time. To a great extent, stressful events linked to the survival experience, give rise to more distress (AU)

Perceived stress and well-being: The role of social support as a protective factor among Peruvian immigrants in Spain / Estrés percibido y bienestar: el papel del apoyo social como factor protector en inmigrantes peruanos en España

BACKGROUND: Migration is a potentially stressful process due to the sociocultural changes and the adaptation processes that go along with it. However, social support can mitigate the impact of stress, ease the adaptation process and contribute to migrants' overall well-being. The aim of this study was to explore to what extent social support buffers the effects of stress and ethnic prejudice on subjective well-being and physical symptoms in a Peruvian immigrant community in Spain. METHOD: One hundred and thirty seven people participated in the study, 67.2% of them women and 32.8% men, with an age range between 19 and 64 years, who responded to self-report instruments through an online survey. The statistical analysis consisted of obtaining a structural equation model (SEM) in order to estimate the direct, indirect and total effects involved in the relationships between the study variables. RESULTS: Social support was shown to have a significant direct effect (beta = .174, p = .017) on the participants' degree of subjective well-being, as well as an indirect effect mediated by both stress and ethnic prejudice (beta = .170, p < .001). No significant direct relationship was found between the degree of social support and the severity of participants' physical symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The level of social support contributes to subjective well-being and acts as a protective factor against the effects of high levels of stress and ethnic prejudice, thus fostering immigrants' process of adaptation to their new socio-cultural context

ANTECEDENTES: La migración es un proceso potencialmente estresante debido a los cambios socioculturales y de adaptación que supone. No obstante, el apoyo social puede moderar el impacto del estrés, favorecer la adaptación y contribuir con el bienestar de las personas. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar el papel amortiguador del apoyo social sobre el estrés y el prejuicio étnico en el nivel de bienestar subjetivo y en la severidad de síntomas físicos en inmigrantes peruanos residentes en España. MÉTODO: Participaron 137 personas, 67.2% mujeres y 32.8% varones, con un rango de edad entre 19 y 64 años, quienes respondieron instrumentos de autoinforme a través de una encuesta online. El análisis estadístico consistió en obtener un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) para estimar los efectos directos, indirectos y totales en la relación entre las variables de estudio. RESULTADOS: El apoyo social obtuvo un efecto directo significativo (Beta =.174, p=.017) sobre el grado de bienestar subjetivo y también un efecto indirecto mediado por el nivel de estrés y el prejuicio étnico (Beta =.170, p<.001). No se encontró ningún efecto directo significativo entre el grado de apoyo social y la severidad de los síntomas físicos. CONCLUSIONES: El grado de apoyo social contribuye con el bienestar subjetivo y ejerce un papel de protección sobre los niveles de estrés y prejuicio étnico, lo cual favorece la adaptación de los inmigrantes a nuevos contextos socioculturales

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Passion Scale.

BACKGROUND: Passion has been shown to be involved in psychological processes that emerge in diverse human activities like physical activity and sports, work, leisure, videogaming, pathological gambling, and interpersonal relationships. We aimed to present evidence of validity and internal consistency of the Passion Scale in Spanish based on the Dualistic Model of Passion, comprising harmonious and obsessive dimensions. METHOD: The sample comprised 1,007 participants (350 females and 657 males), aged 16-65 (Md= 30.0 years). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM), measurement invariance and Multiple-Cause-Multiple-Indicator models (MIMIC) were used. RESULTS: Fit for the ESEM 2-factor solution was acceptable. Near full or partial measurement invariance across sex, type of activity, and age was supported. Relationships between both harmonious and obsessive dimensions and the external variables considered (age, sex, and criterion items) reasonably replicated those found in previous studies. Both scale scores showed adequate internal consistency (α = .81). CONCLUSIONS: Empirical evidence for the validity and internal consistency of the Spanish version of the Passion Scale is satisfactory and reveals that the scale is comparable to the English and French versions. Therefore, the Passion Scale can be used in research conducted in Spanish.

Emotional intelligence and recovering from induced negative emotional state.

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and recovering from negative emotions induction, using a performance test to measure EI. Sixty seven undergraduates participated in the procedure, which lasted 75 min and was divided into three stages. At Time 1, subjects answered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)-S, Profile of Mood States (POMS)-A, and EI was assessed by Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). At Time 2, negative emotions were induced by nine pictures taken from the International Affective Picture System and participants were asked to complete a second STAI-S and POMS-B questionnaires. At Time 3 participants were allowed to rest doing a distracting task and participants were asked to complete a third STAI-S and POMS-A questionnaires. Results showed that the branches of the MSCEIT emotional facilitation and emotional understanding are related to previous mood states and mood recovery, but not to mood reactivity. This finding contrasts nicely with studies on which emotional recovery was assessed in relation to EI self-reported measures, highlighting the perception and emotional regulation.