Effects of a 12-Week Exercise Training Program on Physical Function in Institutionalized Frail Elderly.

With the increase in life expectancy, the Brazilian elderly population has risen considerably. However, longevity is usually accompanied by problems such as the loss of functional capacity, cognitive decline, frailty syndrome, and deterioration in anthropometric parameters, particularly among those living in long-term care facilities. This randomized controlled trial aimed to verify the effects of exercise training on biochemical, inflammatory, and anthropometric indices and functional performance in institutionalized frail elderly. The sample consisted of 37 elderly people of both genders, aged 76.1 ± 7.7 years, who were randomly allocated into 2 groups: 13 individuals in the exercise group (EG) and 24 in the control group (CG). Anthropometrics, clinical history, functional tests, and biochemical evaluation were measured before and after the completion of a physical exercise program, which lasted for 12 weeks. The 12-week exercise program for frail elderly residents in a long-term care facility was efficient in improving muscle strength, speed, agility, and biochemical variables, with reversal of the frailty condition in a considerable number. However, no effects in anthropometric and inflammatory parameters were noted.

The effect of aerobic exercise intensity on attenuation of postprandial lipemia is dependent on apolipoprotein E genotype.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of aerobic exercise intensity on postprandial lipemia according to allelic variants of the apolipoprotein E gene. METHODS: Three groups of 10 healthy men each were formed based genotyping of the APOE gene, rested or performed 500 Kcal tests in a random sequence separated by a minimum 48 h interval, as follows: (a) no exercise (control), (b) intense intermittent exercise, (c) moderate continuous exercise. Each test series was completed 30-min before ingestion of a high-fat meal (1 g fat/kg). Venous blood was collected before and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after the high-fat meal. Postprandial lipemia was assessed using the area under the curve approach as well as the kinetic profile of mean lipid variables. Statistical significance was adopted at P ≤ 0.05 level. RESULTS: The main results show that, in the moderate continuous exercise, total postprandial cholesterolemia was higher in ɛ4 than in ɛ2 carriers, whereas under intense intermittent exercise, total and LDL cholesterolemia were higher in ɛ4 than in ɛ2 and ɛ3 carriers. There was no difference in the lipemic profile of the subjects across APOE genotypes at baseline. CONCLUSION: Moderate and intense exercise were effective in attenuating PPL in both ɛ2 and ɛ3 subjects, with ɛ2 subjects being more susceptible to the lipid lowering effect of moderate training than ɛ3 subjects. Carriers of the ɛ4 allele, however, showed no attenuation of postprandial lipemia.

The influence of intense intermittent versus moderate continuous exercise on postprandial lipemia.

INTRODUCTION: Postprandial lipemia is characterized by an increased concentration of circulating lipids after fat intake and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Exercise is known to reduce postprandial lipemia and its negative clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of intense intermittent versus moderate continuous exercise using the same energy expenditure in postprandial lipemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty healthy men (aged 21.5 ± 3.5 years) performed a random sequence of either rest or 500 Kcal tests separated by a minimum 48 h interval as follows: (a) no exercise (control), (b) intense intermittent exercise, or (c) moderate continuous exercise. Each test series was completed 30 min before ingestion of a high-fat meal (1 g fat/kg). Venous blood was collected before and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after the high-fat meal. Postprandial lipemia was assessed using the area under the curve approach as well as a kinetic profile of mean lipid variables. Statistical significance was tested at the p<0.05 level. RESULTS: With both statistical approaches, intense intermittent and moderate continuous exercises were both effective in reducing postprandial triglycerides; however, only intense intermittent exercise reduced the levels of postprandial very low density lipoprotein. Intense intermittent and continuous exercise produced lower levels of insulinemia using the area under the curve analysis only. CONCLUSION: Intense intermittent or continuous exercise with an energy expenditure of 500 kcal completed 30 min before ingestion of high-fat meal reduced postprandial lipid levels to different levels in physically active men. Understanding these relevant differences will enable clinicians to provide the best exercise prescription for patients.

Risk of glycemic disorder in elderly women adjusted by anthropometric parameters and cytokine genotypes.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to examine the association of glucose intolerance and type-2 diabetes mellitus with the -174 G > C and -308 G > A allelic variations of IL-6 and TNF-α, respectively, through anthropometric measurements and age strata. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study using data from 285 community dwelling elderly women who underwent physical, biochemical, and genetic examinations. RESULT: Genotype-unadjusted analysis revealed that the risk of glucose intolerance and diabetes in elderly women with elevated BMI was 1.71 and 2.82 times higher, respectively, whereas age and conicity index did not show predictive value. Prevalence ratios for glucose intolerance and diabetes across allelic variants of IL-6 and TNF-α did not associate IL-6 with unbalanced glucose levels, despite adjustment for BMI, age, and conicity index. Conversely, carriers of the TNF-α A allele were 2.06 and 5.58 times more likely to exhibit glucose intolerance and diabetes, respectively, compared to GG homozygotes. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that bearing the A allele of the -308 G > A polymorphism of TNF-α predisposes to anthropometric measure-sensitive impaired glucose metabolism in older women.

Prediction of metabolic syndrome in children through anthropometric indicators.

BACKGROUND: Because of the need to measure anthropometric, biochemical and hemodynamic variables for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, we realize how difficult it is to analyze large populations, especially children, due to the poor accessibility and the invasive character. There is an urgent need to develop easy-to-use, accurate and low-cost diagnostic tools in order to predict metabolic syndrome at early ages. OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children and to test predictive anthropometric indicators. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted among 109 children aged 7 to 11 years. The age-adjusted National Cholesterol Education Program definition was used for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The following parameters were tested as possible predictors: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), conicity index (C index), and body fat percentage. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 13.3% and 36% for boys and girls, respectively. The main anthropometric indicators were: BMI = 0.81 (0.69 - 0.94), WC = 0.79 (0.64 - 0.94), body fat = 0.79 (0.66 - 0.92) and WHR = 0.37 (0.21 - 0.54). CONCLUSION: WC higher than 78 cm, body fat higher than 41%, and BMI higher than 24.5 kg/m² were considered predictors of metabolic syndrome. The C index and WHR were not considered predictors.

Utilização de indicadores antropométricos e metabólicos na predição da síndrome metabólica em crianças / Use anthropometric and metabolic indicators in predicting of metabolic syndrome in children

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar os indicadores antropométricos e metabólicos preditores da síndrome metabólica em crianças. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado em 109 crianças de 7 a 11 anos. Utilizou-se o critério National Cholesterol Education Program para o diagnóstico da síndrome metabólica, adaptado à idade. Como possíveis preditores foram testadas variáveis antropométricas e metabólicas. Os dados foram analisados a partir da técnica das curvas ROC (receiver operating characteristic), determinando assim os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade. Os principais indicadores antropométricos e metabólicos com capacidade de predição da síndrome metabólica foram o percentual de gordura = 0,89, a circunferência da cintura = 0,89, o índice de massa corporal = 0,92, a insulina = 0,93, o índice do HOMA = 0,93 e a pressão arterial sistólica = 0,84. Verificou-se por meio dos valores de sensibilidade e especificidade que a síndrome metabólica pode ser predita por indicadores antropométricos e metabólicos.

The objective of this study was to verify the anthropometric and metabolic indicators predictors the metabolic syndrome in children. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in 109 children from 7 to 11 years. We used the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, adapted to the age. As possible predictors were tested anthropometric and metabolic variables. Data were analyzed using the technique of the ROC curves (receiver operating characteristic), determining the sensitivity and specificity values. The main anthropometric and metabolic indicators capable of predicting the metabolic syndrome were the body fat = 0.89, waist circumference = 0.89, BMI = 0.92, insulin = 0.93, HOMA index = 0.93 and systolic blood pressure = 0.84. It was found through the sensitivity and specificity values than the metabolic syndrome can be predicted by anthropometric and metabolic indicators.

Efeito de diferentes intensidades de exercício aeróbio na resposta pressórica de 24 horas em mulheres normotensas / Effect of different intensities of aerobic exercise on blood pressure response 24 hours in normotensive women

Objetivo - Verificar o efeito de diferentes intensidades de exercício aeróbio na resposta pressórica de 24 horas em mulheres normotensas. Métodos - A amostra foi composta por 24 mulheres normotensas classificadas como sedentárias ou insuficientemente ativas. Foram testadas duas sessões de exercícios aeróbios a 50 e 70% da frequência cardíaca de reserva (FCR), além do dia controle em ordem randomizada. Foi solicitado que não realizassem exercícios vigorosos 24 h antes dos experimentos. A pressão arterial (PA) e a frequência cardíaca (FC) foram mensuradas durante a primeira hora no laboratório e 3, 7 e 24 h pós-exercício no local de trabalho. Foi usado o método auscultatório para a mensuração da PA e o frequencímetro para a FC. Foi usado o teste de variância para medidas repetidas com post hoc de Tukey.O valor do p<0,05 foi adotado e os dados foram analisados pelo programa SPSS, 11,5. Resultados - A PA sistólica foi menor em ambas as sessões de exercícios a partir dos 45 minutos persistindo até 24 h. Na PA diastólica houve redução a partir dos 30 minutos até 7 h na sessão de exercício a 50% da FCR e até 24 h na sessão a 70% da FCR. Conclusão - O exercício aeróbio realizado a 50 e 70% da FCR foi eficiente na atenuação da PA sistólica e diastólica em mulheres normotensas verificados durante o transcorrer de 24 horas durante as atividades normais da vida diária.

Objective - To determine the effect of different intensities of aerobic exercise on blood pressure response 24 hours in normotensive women. Methods - The sample consisted of 24 normotensive women classified as sedentary or insufficiently active. We tested two sessions of aerobic exercise at 50 and 70% heart rate reserve (HRR), and the control day in random order. Volunteers were instructed not to undertake vigorous exercise 24 h before experiments blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured during the first hours in the lab and 3, 7 and 24 h post-exercise in the workplace. Auscultatory method was used for measurement of BP and heart-rate monitor for CF. We used the Test of Variance for Repeated Measures and post hoc Tukey. The value of P<0.05 was adopted and data were analyzed using SPSS, 11.5. Results - Systolic BP was lower in two exercise sessions from 45 minutes until 24 h. In diastolic BP was reduced from 30 minutes until 7 h in exercise session at 50% HRR and 24 h in session to 70% of HRR. Conclusion - The aerobic exercise performed at 50 and 70% of HRR was effective in the reduction of systolic and diastolic BP in normotensive women verify during the course of 24 hours during normal activities of daily living.

Predição da síndrome metabólica em crianças por indicadores antropométricos / Prediction of metabolic syndrome in children through anthropometric indicators / Predicción del síndrome metabólico en niños por indicadores antropométricos

FUNDAMENTO: Devido à necessidade de mensurar as variáveis antropométricas, bioquímicas e hemodinâmicas para o diagnóstico da síndrome metabólica, percebe-se a dificuldade da avaliação de grandes populações, principalmente em crianças, provocada pelo difícil acesso e pelo caráter invasivo. É premente a necessidade de desenvolverem-se formas diagnósticas de fácil aplicação, boa precisão e baixo custo, com a finalidade de predizer a síndrome metabólica já nas idades iniciais. OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência da síndrome metabólica em crianças e testar os indicadores antropométricos com capacidade preditiva. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 109 crianças, de 7 a 11 anos. Utilizou-se o critério National Cholesterol Education Program para o diagnóstico da síndrome metabólica, adaptado à idade. Como possíveis preditores, foram testados: índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC), relação cintura/quadril (RCQ), índice de conicidade (índice C) e o percentual de gordura corporal. RESULTADOS: A prevalência da síndrome metabólica foi de 13,3 por cento e 36 por cento para meninos e meninas, respectivamente. Os principais indicadores antropométricos foram: IMC = 0,81 (0,69 - 0,94), CC = 0,79 (0,64 - 0,94), gordura corporal = 0,79 (0,66 - 0,92) e RCQ = 0,37 (0,21 - 0,54). CONCLUSÃO: Foram considerados fatores preditores da síndrome metabólica a CC superior a 78 cm, a gordura corporal superior a 41 por cento e o IMC superior a 24,5 kg/m². O índice C e a RCQ não foram considerados preditores.

BACKGROUND: Because of the need to measure anthropometric, biochemical and hemodynamic variables for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, we realize how difficult it is to analyze large populations, especially children, due to the poor accessibility and the invasive character. There is an urgent need to develop easy-to-use, accurate and low-cost diagnostic tools in order to predict metabolic syndrome at early ages. OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children and to test predictive anthropometric indicators. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted among 109 children aged 7 to 11 years. The age-adjusted National Cholesterol Education Program definition was used for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The following parameters were tested as possible predictors: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), conicity index (C index), and body fat percentage. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 13.3 percent and 36 percent for boys and girls, respectively. The main anthropometric indicators were: BMI = 0.81 (0.69 - 0.94), WC = 0.79 (0.64 - 0.94), body fat = 0.79 (0.66 - 0.92) and WHR = 0.37 (0.21 - 0.54). CONCLUSION: WC higher than 78 cm, body fat higher than 41 percent, and BMI higher than 24.5 kg/m² were considered predictors of metabolic syndrome. The C index and WHR were not considered predictors.

FUNDAMENTO: Debido a la necesidad de medir las variables antropométricas, bioquímicas y hemodinámicas para el diagnóstico del síndrome metabólico, se percibe la dificultad de la evaluación de grandes poblaciones, principalmente en niños, provocada por el difícil acceso y por el carácter invasivo. Es urgente la necesidad de desarrollar formas diagnósticas de fácil aplicación, buena precisión y bajo costo, con la finalidad de predecir el síndrome metabólico ya en las edades iniciales. OBJETIVO: Verificar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en niños y probar los indicadores antropométricos con capacidad predictiva. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado con 109 niños, de 7 a 11 años. Se utilizó el criterio National Cholesterol Education Program para el diagnóstico del síndrome metabólico, adaptado a la edad. Como posibles predictores, fueron probados: índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de la cintura (CC), relación cintura/cadera (RCC), índice de conicidad (índice C) y el porcentual de grasa corporal. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia del síndrome metabólico fue de 13,3 por ciento y 36 por ciento para niños y niñas, respectivamente. Los principales indicadores antropométricos fueron: IMC = 0,81 (0,69 - 0,94), CC = 0,79 (0,64 - 0,94), grasa corporal = 0,79 (0,66 - 0,92) y RCC = 0,37 (0,21 - 0,54). CONCLUSIÓN: Fueron considerados factores predictores del síndrome metabólico la CC superior a 78 cm, la grasa corporal superior a 41 por ciento y el IMC superior a 24,5 kg/m². El índice C y la RCC no fueron considerados predictores.

The influence of intense intermittent versus moderate continuous exercise on postprandial lipemia

INTRODUCTION: Postprandial lipemia is characterized by an increased concentration of circulating lipids after fat intake and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Exercise is known to reduce postprandial lipemia and its negative clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of intense intermittent versus moderate continuous exercise using the same energy expenditure in postprandial lipemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty healthy men (aged 21.5 + 3.5 years) performed a random sequence of either rest or 500 Kcal tests separated by a minimum 48 h interval as follows: (a) no exercise (control), (b) intense intermittent exercise, or (c) moderate continuous exercise. Each test series was completed 30 min before ingestion of a high-fat meal (1 g fat/kg). Venous blood was collected before and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after the high-fat meal. Postprandial lipemia was assessed using the area under the curve approach as well as a kinetic profile of mean lipid variables. Statistical significance was tested at the p<0.05 level. RESULTS: With both statistical approaches, intense intermittent and moderate continuous exercises were both effective in reducing postprandial triglycerides; however, only intense intermittent exercise reduced the levels of postprandial very low density lipoprotein. Intense intermittent and continuous exercise produced lower levels of insulinemia using the area under the curve analysis only. CONCLUSION: Intense intermittent or continuous exercise with an energy expenditure of 500 kcal completed 30 min before ingestion of high-fat meal reduced postprandial lipid levels to different levels in physically active men. Understanding these relevant differences will enable clinicians to provide the best exercise prescription for patients.

Risco de distúrbio glicêmico em mulheres idosas ajustado por antropometria e genótipos de citocinas / Risk of glycemic disorder in elderly women adjusted by anthropometric parameters and cytokine genotypes

OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação da intolerância à glicose e do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 com as variações alélicas -174 G > C e -308 G > A de IL-6 e TNF-α, respectivamente, à luz de indicadores antropométricos e faixa etária. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com dados obtidos de 285 mulheres idosas da comunidade, submetidas a exames físicos, bioquímicos e genéticos. RESULTADOS: Análise não ajustada para genótipos revelou que idosas com IMC elevado apresentaram risco 1,71 e 2,82 vezes maior para intolerância à glicose e diabetes, respectivamente, enquanto faixa etária e índice de conicidade não apresentaram qualquer valor preditivo. Razões de prevalência para intolerância à glicose e diabetes conforme variantes alélicas de IL-6 e TNF-α não associam genótipos de IL-6 com desregulação glicêmica, a despeito de ajustes para IMC, idade e índice de conicidade. Por outro lado, portadores do alelo A de TNF-α apresentaram 2,06 e 5,58 vezes mais chance de intolerância à glicose e diabetes, respectivamente, comparadas a homozigotas GG no estrato com IMC < 27 kg/m². CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que o alelo A do polimorfismo -308 G > A de TNF-α predispõe a distúrbios do metabolismo glicêmico em mulheres idosas de um modo sensível a medidas antropométricas.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to examine the association of glucose intolerance and type-2 diabetes mellitus with the -174 G > C and -308 G > A allelic variations of IL-6 and TNF-α, respectively, through anthropometric measurements and age strata. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study using data from 285 community dwelling elderly women who underwent physical, biochemical, and genetic examinations. RESULT: Genotype-unadjusted analysis revealed that the risk of glucose intolerance and diabetes in elderly women with elevated BMI was 1.71 and 2.82 times higher, respectively, whereas age and conicity index did not show predictive value. Prevalence ratios for glucose intolerance and diabetes across allelic variants of IL-6 and TNF-α did not associate IL-6 with unbalanced glucose levels, despite adjustment for BMI, age, and conicity index. Conversely, carriers of the TNF-α A allele were 2.06 and 5.58 times more likely to exhibit glucose intolerance and diabetes, respectively, compared to GG homozygotes. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that bearing the A allele of the -308 G > A polymorphism of TNF-α predisposes to anthropometric measure-sensitive impaired glucose metabolism in older women.

Síndrome metabólica e fatores de risco cardiovascular associado à gordura corporal em crianças / Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factor associated body fat in children

Objetivo: verificar a presença da síndrome metabólica e dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares em crianças, bem como verificar sua associação com o excesso de gordura corporal. Métodos: Foi estudado 109 crianças (55 obesas, 23 sobrepesadas e 31 eutróficas). O estado nutricional das crianças foi definido baseado nas tabelas de IMC/idade do CDC. Os fatores de riscos cardiovasculares foram definidos da seguinte forma: obesidade (IMC > Percentil 95), hipertensão (sistólica ou diastólica ≥ Percentil 95 ajustado para a estatura, idade e sexo), triglicerídeos ≥ 110 mg/dl, HDL ≤ 38 mg/dl, glicemia ≥ 100 mg/dl. Resultados: A prevalência da síndrome metabólica foi maior nas meninas. As crianças obesas apresentaram maiores valores antropométricas e fisiológicos comparados com as crianças sobrepesadas e com peso normal. A circunferência da cintura apresentou altas associações com a insulina plasmática, resistência à insulina e a pressão arterial. Conclusão: O presente estudo mostrou que o excesso de gordura corporal tem um significante papel no desenvolvimento dos fatores de riscos cardiovasculares e na síndrome metabólica nas crianças.

Objective: To verify the presence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors in children, and to verify its association with excess body fat. 3Methods: We studied 109 children (55 obese, 23 overweight and 31 control). The nutritional status of each child was defined based on BMI/age following growth charts from the CDC. Cardiovascular risk factors were defined: obesity (BMI above the 95th percentile), hypertension (systolic or diastolic pressure ≥ 95th percentile adjusted for height, age and gender), triglycerides ≥ 110 mg/dl, HDL ≤ 38 mg/dl, fasting plasma glucose ≥ 100 mg/dl. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in female sex. Obese Children exhibited high anthropometric and physiologic value compared with overweight and normal weight. Waist circumference exhibited high association with insulin plasmatic, insulin resistance and blood pressure. Conclusion: The present study shows that excess body fat has a significant role in the development of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in children.

Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em escolares de Taguatinga - DF / Overweight and obesity prevalence in schoolchildren from Taguatinga - DF

Introdução - O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em crianças das escolas públicas e particulares de Taguatinga - DF. Material e Métodos - Realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal, randomizado, sendo avaliadas 592 crianças de escolas particulares e 958 de escolas públicas, correspondendo a 9,11% do total de crianças matriculadas nos dois segmentos de ensino. O IMC foi utilizado para classificar as crianças como sobrepesadas entre os percentis 85-95 e obesas acima do percentil 95, referentes à tabela do CDC. Resultados - A média de idade foi de 9,15 ± 1,15 anos. A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de12,6% e obesidade 8% (p = 0,003). A prevalência de sobrepeso foi maior que a obesidade tanto nos meninos 12,74% x 10,17%, quanto nas meninas 12,40% x 5,8% (p = 0,003). O sobrepeso e a obesidade também foram maiores nas escolas particulares (15,7% e 8,4%) do que nas escolas públicas (10,6% e 7,7%) (p = 0,39). Conclusão - A prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade encontrada foi semelhante a outros estudos de abrangência nacional e internacional, sendo mais prevalentes nas escolas particulares do que nas escolas públicas.

Introduction - This study aimed to describe overweight and obesity in children from 7 to 11 years old male and female from publics and privates schools of Taguatinga - DF. Material and Methods - Cross-sectional study was made in the sample composed of 592 schoolchildren from privates and 958 schoolchildren from public schools, subjects were randomly selected, correspondingto 9,11% of the total school base (public and private). Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated [weight (Kg)/height (m)2], being classified as overweight children that were among the 85-95th percentil and obese children when they were above the 95th percentil, referring to the table of Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classification. Results - The mean of age was of 9,15 ± 1,15 years. The overweight prevalence was of 12,6% and obesity 8% (p = 0,003).The overweight prevalence was higher than the obesity so much in the boys 12,74% x 10,17%, as in the girls 12,40% x 5,8% (p = 0,003). The overweight and obesity were larger in the private schools (15,7% and 8,4%) than in the public schools (10,6% and 7,7%) (p = 0,39). Conclusion - The overweight prevalence and obesity found in the schoolchildren from Taguatinga - DF, was similar the other national and international studies, and the values found at the private schools was higher than of the schools public, the overweight and obesity was smaller in girls than in boys.