Risky consumption habits and safety of fluid milk available in retail sales outlets in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

This study aimed to assess raw milk consumption habits in the urban population of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and the microbiological safety and quality of the fluid milk available in retail sales outlets in the same region. A simplified questionnaire regarding raw milk consumption was applied to the persons responsible for food acquisition in 411 residences. The regular consumption of raw milk was observed by 18.5% of the interviewers, and lack of knowledge of possible risks related to this food product. Microbiological safety and quality were assessed for raw (n=69), pasteurized (n=80), and ultra-high-temperature (UHT)-treated milk (n=80) by analyzing the counts of mesophilic aerobes, coliforms, and Escherichia coli, and detection of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp.; raw milk samples were also subjected to enumeration of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus. Concerning raw milk, 59.4% of the samples were considered as produced in inadequate hygienic conditions, 5.8% of the samples presented counts of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus lower than 100 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL, and no samples presented with positive results for L. monocytogenes or Salmonella spp. All pasteurized and UHT milk samples presented with low counts of mesophilic aerobes and coliforms, while L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were absent. The data demonstrated that raw milk was consumed by the population studied. Despite the absence of potential hazards, raw milk was of poor hygienic quality, in contrast with the processed fluid milk available in retail sales outlets that was safe and of good hygienic quality, highlighting the suitability of pasteurized and UHT milk for human consumption.

The use of system dynamics for energy and environmental education.

The use of system dynamics as a learning tool for developing sustainable energy strategies and environmental education has advanced in recent years with the availability of new modelling software and webtools. Among the existing models, we highlight the online 2050 Calculators, which aim at simulating scenarios for greenhouse gas emissions, energy planning, sustainable land use, and food consumption. The objective of this study is to assess the available calculators and their contribution to an interdisciplinary education via systems thinking. We carried out a review of the existing models worldwide and ran some of the tools with students from three different postgraduate programmes at master's level at Imperial College London (United Kingdom) and IFP School (France), whilst also assessing their individual views afterwards. The assessments were conducted once a year during three subsequent years: 2019, 2020, and 2021. The results are discussed under the epistemology of critical pedagogy, showing that the use of webtools, such as the 2050 Calculators, can significantly contribute to the students' environmental awareness and political engagement, providing important lessons about the use of system dynamics for policy and science education.

Myopic surgery: five years of radial keratotomy

Em 1970, o Prof. Fyodorov estabeleceu os princípios da Ceratotomia Radial, que foi introduzida em 1978 por Leo Bores nos Estados Unidos. Apesar das controvérsias sobre esta cirurgia, acreditamos na mesma e a introduzimos no Brasil em 1981. A finalidade da Ceratotomia Radial é o achatamento da parte central da cornea. Esta cirurgia é realizada por incisöes corneanas radiais iniciadas numa zona óptica pré-determinada. Nas primeiras cirurgias usávamos o nomograma de Fyodorov baseado em cálculos matemáticos, pacômetro óptico e fragmento de lâmina de barbear Sputinik. Atualmente estamos utilizando micrômetro de diamante, pacômetro ultrassônico e nomogramas baseados em fórmulas de regressäo linear. É importante fazer um estudo psicológico do paciente e esclarecê-lo sobre possíveis complicaçöes que possam ocorrer. Resultados satisfatórios nos levaram a melhorar o principal problema desta técnica: previsibilidade

Cirurgia extra-capsular com implante intra-ocular / Extracapsular surgery with intra-ocular implant

A finalidade dos autores neste artigo é mostrar como eles resolveram aprender a fazer a cirurgia extra-capsular da catarata com aparelho de faco-emulsificaçäo e implantes intra-oculares, bem como desenvolveram seu conhecimento visitando colegas especialistas de outros países e descrevem em detalhes o equipamento e sua técnica pessoal. A segurança, eficácia e os bons resultados deste procedimento cirúrgico näo necessitam mais ser provados com estudos e observaçäo demoradas pois já o foram em milhares de casos

Implantes de cristalino artificial na facectomia extra-capsular sem equipamento de faco-emulsificaçao ou aspiraçäo / Artificial lens implants in extracapsular phacectomy without phaco-emulsification or aspiration equipment

Os autores deste artigo procuram descrever como encontraram uma alternativa à técnica de aspiraçäo-irrigaçäo, normalmente usada por eles com o Faco Emulsificador de Kelman. Descrevem também a técnica de Worst, acrescentando algumas modificaçöes introduzidas por eles. Essas modificaçöes säo descritas para o implante de lentes de câmara posterior