The baryon density of the Universe from an improved rate of deuterium burning.

Light elements were produced in the first few minutes of the Universe through a sequence of nuclear reactions known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN)1,2. Among the light elements produced during BBN1,2, deuterium is an excellent indicator of cosmological parameters because its abundance is highly sensitive to the primordial baryon density and also depends on the number of neutrino species permeating the early Universe. Although astronomical observations of primordial deuterium abundance have reached percent accuracy3, theoretical predictions4-6 based on BBN are hampered by large uncertainties on the cross-section of the deuterium burning D(p,γ)3He reaction. Here we show that our improved cross-sections of this reaction lead to BBN estimates of the baryon density at the 1.6 percent level, in excellent agreement with a recent analysis of the cosmic microwave background7. Improved cross-section data were obtained by exploiting the negligible cosmic-ray background deep underground at the Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics (LUNA) of the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (Italy)8,9. We bombarded a high-purity deuterium gas target10 with an intense proton beam from the LUNA 400-kilovolt accelerator11 and detected the γ-rays from the nuclear reaction under study with a high-purity germanium detector. Our experimental results settle the most uncertain nuclear physics input to BBN calculations and substantially improve the reliability of using primordial abundances to probe the physics of the early Universe.

Thyroid autoimmunity in different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome: a single-center experience.

PURPOSE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and 4 phenotypes have been described in this syndrome. The aim of this work was to investigate the frequency of anti-thyroid antibodies (TAb) and thyroid function in the 4 phenotypes of PCOS. PATIENTS: This study included 448 patients with PCOS: 260 (58.0%) with phenotype A, 119 (26.6%) with phenotype B, 38 (8.5%) with phenotype C and 31 (6.9%) with phenotype D. RESULTS: TAb positivity was detected in 90/448 patients (20.1%) and was statistically significant higher (p = 0.03) in the grouped phenotypes A-B (83/379, 21.9%) than in phenotypes C-D (7/69, 10.1%). Positive anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) were detected in 74/448 (16.5%) patients and positive anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOAb) in 66/448 (14.7%) patients. Both TgAb and TPOAb positivity was higher but not statistically significant in phenotype A-B than phenotype C-D. High titer TgAb (> 100 UI/ml) frequency was significantly higher (p = 0.005) in grouped phenotypes A-B (39/379, 10.3%) than in phenotypes C-D (0/69, 0.0%), while no significant difference was observed for low titer TgAb (≤ 100 UI/ml). According to a binary logistic regression analysis hypothyroidism was significantly associated with TAb positivity (OR 4.19; CI 2.25-7.79; p < 0.01) but not with PCOS phenotype. Androgen profile was not associated with TAb positivity. CONCLUSION: A higher frequency of positive TAb and of high titer TgAb and TPOAb have been detected in PCOS women with phenotypes A and B, probably in relation to the greater imbalances between estrogen and progesterone levels present in these phenotypes.

Serum metabolome differences associated with subclinical intramammary infection caused by Streptococcus agalactiae and Prototheca spp. in multiparous dairy cows.

Mastitis is one of the most significant diseases in dairy cows and causes several economic losses. Somatic cell count (SCC) is often used as an indirect diagnostic tool for mastitis, especially for subclinical mastitis (SCM) where no symptoms or signs can be detected. Streptococcus agalactiae is one of the main causes of contagious mastitis, and Prototheca spp. is an alga-inducing environmental mastitis that is not always correlated with increased milk SCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the metabolomic profile of blood in relation to subclinical intramammary infection (IMI) in dairy cows. In addition, differences resulting from the etiologic agent causing mastitis were also considered. Forty Holstein-Friesian dairy cows in mid and late lactation were enrolled in this cross-sectional design study. Based on the bacteriological examination of milk, the animals were divided into 3 groups: group CTR (control group; n = 16), group A (affected by SCM with IMI caused by Strep. agalactiae; n = 17), and group P (affected by SCM with IMI caused by Prototheca spp.; n = 7). Blood samples from the jugular vein were collected in tubes containing clot activator; the serum aliquot was stored until metabolomic analysis by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Statistical analysis was conducted by fitting a linear model with the group as the fixed effect and SCC as the covariate. Forty-two metabolites were identified, and among them 10 were significantly different among groups. Groups A and P showed greater levels of His and lactose and lower levels of acetate, Asn, and dimethylamine compared with group CTR. Group A showed high levels of Val, and group P showed high levels of Cit and methylguanidine, as well as lower levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetone, allantoin, carnitine, citrate, and ethanol. These metabolites were related to ruminal fermentations, energy metabolism, urea synthesis and metabolism, immune and inflammatory response, and mammary gland permeability. These results suggest systemic involvement with subclinical IMI and that the metabolic profile of animals with SCM undergoes changes related to the etiological agent of mastitis.

Serum metabolomics assessment of etiological processes predisposing ketosis in water buffalo during early lactation.

Metabolic disorders as ketosis are manifestations of the animal's inability to manage the increase in energy requirement during early lactation. Generally, buffaloes show a different response to higher metabolic demands than other ruminants with a lower incidence of metabolic problems, although ketosis is one of the major diseases that may decrease the productivity in buffaloes. The aim of this study was to characterize the metabolic profile of Mediterranean buffaloes (MB) associated with 2 different levels of ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Sixty-two MB within 50 days in milk (DIM) were enrolled and divided into 2 groups according to serum BHB concentration: healthy group (37 MB; BHB <0.70 mmol/L; body condition score: 5.00; parity: 3.78; and DIM: 30.70) and group at risk of hyperketonemia (25 MB; BHB ≥0.70 mmol/L; body condition score: 4.50; parity: 3.76; and DIM: 33.20). The statistical analysis was conducted by one-way ANOVA and unpaired 2-sample Wilcoxon tests. Fifty-seven metabolites were identified and among them, 12 were significant or tended to be significant. These metabolites were related to different metabolic changes such as mobilization of body resources, ruminal fermentations, urea cycle, thyroid hormone synthesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress status. These findings are suggestive of metabolic changes related to subclinical ketosis status that should be further investigated to better characterize this disease in the MB.

Associations between ultrasound hepatic measurements, body measures, and milk production traits in Holstein cows.

Ultrasound (US) imaging has been proposed as a noninvasive tool for monitoring liver dysfunction in dairy cows. This study, carried out on 306 clinically healthy Holstein cows in the first 120 d of lactation kept in 2 herds in northern Italy, aimed at investigating the association between US imaging-derived traits, namely predicted liver triacylglycerol content (pTAG, mg/g), liver depth (LD, mm), portal vein depth (PVD, mm) and area (PVA, mm2), and body size measurements, body condition score (BCS), and milk productivity indicators. Transcutaneous US examination, milk sampling, body size measurements (withers height and heart girth), and BCS were collected once from all cows in 10 sampling batches. The body weights (BW) of a subsample of 73 cows were recorded and used together with an existing data set of BW and measures of Holstein Friesian cows (n = 399) to develop a regression equation to predict BW, which was then used to compute productivity indicators by scaling the milk production traits to predicted BW. Body size measures, BCS, milk traits, and productivity indicators were classified (low, medium, and high) in 0.75 units of standard deviation of the residuals generated from a linear model that included the effects of parity, days in milk, and sampling batch. Liver pTAG, PVA, PVD, and LD were analyzed with a sequence of linear mixed models that included the fixed effects of days in milk and parity and the random effect of sampling batch as common terms, whereas the classes of body and milk traits and the productivity indicators were included one by one. The US-related traits were found to be associated with body size measurements and BCS. Specifically, pTAG was inversely related to BCS, whereas PVD and LD increased with increasing heart girth, BCS, and predicted BW. Generally, no relevant associations were observed between the US parameters and milk production traits, including when expressed in terms of productivity. In conclusion, this study suggests that US measures of liver dimensions of clinically healthy cows are related to their size, whereas pTAG concentrations reflect body condition status, with no particular implications for milk production and productivity. Moreover, healthy cows seemed able to counteract the metabolic stress of the first 120 d of the lactation period without straining liver functionality. Finally, US imaging proved to be a promising technique to assess liver metabolic conditions. However, further studies are needed to confirm its potential as a noninvasive tool for monitoring liver conditions in healthy cows.

Quarter-level analyses of the associations among subclinical intramammary infection and milk quality, udder health, and cheesemaking traits in Holstein cows.

In this study, we investigated associations among subclinical intra-mammary infection (IMI) and quarter-level milk composition, udder health indicators, and cheesemaking traits. The dataset included records from 450 Holstein cows belonging to three dairy herds. After an initial screening (T0) to identify animals infected by Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Prototheca spp., 613 quarter milk samples for 2 different sampling times (T1 and T2, 1 mo after T1) were used for analysis. Milk traits were analyzed using a hierarchical linear mixed model including the effects of days in milk, parity and herd, and bacteriological and inflammatory category [culture negative with somatic cell count (SCC) <200,000 cells/mL; culture negative with SCC ≥200,000 cells/mL; or culture positive]. All udder health indicators were associated with increased SCC and IMI at both sampling times. The largest effects were detected at T2 for milk lactose (-7% and -5%) and milk conductivity (+9% and +8%). In contrast, the increase in differential SCC (DSCC) in samples with elevated SCC was larger at T1 (+17%). Culture-negative samples with SCC ≥200,000 cells/mL had the highest SCC and greatest numbers of polymorphonuclear-neutrophils-lymphocytes and macrophages at both T1 and T2. Regarding milk cheesemaking ability, samples with elevated SCC showed the worst pattern of curd firmness at T1 and T2. At T2, increased SCC and IMI induced large decreases in recoveries of nutrients into the curd, in particular recovered protein (-14% and -16%) and recovered fat (-12% and -14%). Different behaviors were observed between Strep. agalactiae and Prototheca spp., especially at T2. In particular, samples that were positive for Strep. agalactiae had higher proportions of DSCC (+19%) compared with negative samples with low SCC, whereas samples that were positive for Prototheca spp. had lower DSCC (-11%). Intramammary infection with Prototheca spp. increased milk pH compared with culture-negative samples (+3%) and negative samples that had increased SCC (+2%). The greatest impairment in curd firmness at 30 min from rennet addition was observed for samples that were positive for Prototheca spp. (-99% compared with negative samples, and -98% compared with negative samples with high SCC). These results suggest that IMI caused by Prototheca spp. have detrimental effects on milk technological traits that deserve further investigation of the mechanisms underlying animals' responses to infection.

Direct Measurement of the

One of the main neutron sources for the astrophysical s process is the reaction ^{13}C(α,n)^{16}O, taking place in thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch stars at temperatures around 90 MK. To model the nucleosynthesis during this process the reaction cross section needs to be known in the 150-230 keV energy window (Gamow peak). At these sub-Coulomb energies, cross section direct measurements are severely affected by the low event rate, making us rely on input from indirect methods and extrapolations from higher-energy direct data. This leads to an uncertainty in the cross section at the relevant energies too high to reliably constrain the nuclear physics input to s-process calculations. We present the results from a new deep-underground measurement of ^{13}C(α,n)^{16}O, covering the energy range 230-300 keV, with drastically reduced uncertainties over previous measurements and for the first time providing data directly inside the s-process Gamow peak. Selected stellar models have been computed to estimate the impact of our revised reaction rate. For stars of nearly solar composition, we find sizeable variations of some isotopes, whose production is influenced by the activation of close-by branching points that are sensitive to the neutron density, in particular, the two radioactive nuclei ^{60}Fe and ^{205}Pb, as well as ^{152}Gd.

Effect of aging on clinical features and metabolic complications of women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

PURPOSE: To assess the distribution of clinical features and metabolic abnormalities of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women according to their age. METHODS: Retrospective study on 602 women (mean age 23.9 ± 6.2 years), diagnosed according to International PCOS Network Guidelines criteria as having PCOS in a University-based Hospital. Anthropometric features, hormonal and metabolic parameters were measured and compared between the different age groups (group A ≤ 20 years; group B 21-30 years; group C > 30 years). RESULTS: Patients in group A were more often hyperandrogenic, while in group C hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, impaired fasting glucose, and insulin resistance (IR) were more prevalent. After adjusting for BMI, age correlated positively with sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), IR, total- and LDL-cholesterol, and negatively with DHEAS, insulin, and free androgen index (FAI). SHBG was significantly associated with IR and atherogenic dyslipidemia, while FAI levels were linked to hypertension, independently of other factors considered. Furthermore, the regression analysis showed a stronger relationship between BMI and metabolic outcomes, regardless of age. CONCLUSION: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) phenotype changes with age. Clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism are a major concern in young PCOS women, while metabolic burden tends to increase with aging. Some of the cardiovascular risk factors are dependent on FAI and SHBG levels, whereas BMI confirms its key role in the genesis of most of the metabolic sequelae in PCOS, independently of age.

Direct Capture Cross Section and the E_{p}=71 and 105 keV Resonances in the

The ^{22}Ne(p,γ)^{23}Na reaction, part of the neon-sodium cycle of hydrogen burning, may explain the observed anticorrelation between sodium and oxygen abundances in globular cluster stars. Its rate is controlled by a number of low-energy resonances and a slowly varying nonresonant component. Three new resonances at E_{p}=156.2, 189.5, and 259.7 keV have recently been observed and confirmed. However, significant uncertainty on the reaction rate remains due to the nonresonant process and to two suggested resonances at E_{p}=71 and 105 keV. Here, new ^{22}Ne(p,γ)^{23}Na data with high statistics and low background are reported. Stringent upper limits of 6×10^{-11} and 7×10^{-11} eV (90% confidence level), respectively, are placed on the two suggested resonances. In addition, the off-resonant S factor has been measured at unprecedented low energy, constraining the contributions from a subthreshold resonance and the direct capture process. As a result, at a temperature of 0.1 GK the error bar of the ^{22}Ne(p,γ)^{23}Na rate is now reduced by 3 orders of magnitude.

Infrared thermography as a rapid and non-invasive diagnostic tool to detect inflammatory foot diseases in dairy cows.

In this study the potential usefulness of infrared thermography (IRT) as a non-invasive tool to rapidly screen the most common non-infectious foot lesions in dairy cows was evaluated. Thirty-eight healthy cows and 38 cows affected by foot diseases were enrolled. Diseased cows showed the following disorders at lateral and medial claw in the hind foot: white line lesion, sole ulcer, sole haemorrhage, horizontal fissure, axial fissure. Thermography images of hind foot were collected for each animal using a digital infrared camera. Foot temperature was measured in four regions: central area of the hind foot (A1), interdigital area of the hind foot (A2), lateral (A3) and medial (A4) claw in the hind foot. Higher temperature values in the regions A1 and A2 compared to A3 and A4 were found in both healthy and diseased cows (p0.001). Cows affected by foot diseases showed higher foot temperature values compared to healthy cows (p0.05) in all considered regions. This study highlights the potential application of IRT as a reliable, practical tool for detection of hoof lesions in dairy cows. Multiple scanning images and comparisons between affected and healthy anatomical structures could be useful in defining the consistency of abnormality.

Growth Plate Lesions of Fattening Bulls.

Lameness related to growth plate lesions is an important problem in the beef industry. This article describes the macroscopic and microscopic lesions in the distal metatarsal physis of bulls from an association of farmers in northeastern Italy. The metatarsal bones of 62 bulls (12 with severe lameness and 50 without lameness), average age 16.44 ± 1.72 months, were examined at the abattoir. The animals came from the same geographic area and shared intensive husbandry practices and a diet based on maize starch. A total of 124 metatarsal bones were sectioned, and the distal metaphyseal growth plate was grossly examined. Twenty-three cases, including 12 lame and 9 nonlame animals with visible lesions on macroscopic examination, and 2 controls (a total of 46 physes) were examined microscopically. Eight of 12 bulls with severe lameness had a chronic purulent physitis in at least 1 limb. Segmental thickening of the hypertrophic zone, consistent with osteochondrosis (OC), was present contralaterally ( n = 3 cases) and bilaterally ( n = 3 cases) in 6 of these animals. In the group of nonlame bulls, 19 of 50 (38%) had similar segmental thickening of the physis consistent with OC. In the remaining bulls, minor findings included partial closure of the physis and a variable degree of metaphyseal hyperemia. A high incidence of OC was found in both lame and nonlame fattening bulls. It is likely that lame animals were clinically more severe due to secondary hematogenous implantation of bacteria, resulting in a purulent physitis and severe lameness that required emergency slaughter in some cases.

Short communication: Association between udder health status and blood serum proteins in dairy cows.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between udder health (UH) status and blood serum proteins (i.e., total protein, albumin, globulin, and albumin-to-globulin ratio) in dairy cows. Blood and milk samples were collected from 1,508 cows of 6 different breeds (Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss, Jersey, Simmental, Rendena, and Alpine Grey) that were housed in 41 multibreed herds. Bacteriological analysis was performed on milk samples with somatic cell count (SCC) >100,000 cells/mL and bacteria identification was confirmed by multiplex-PCR assays. Milk samples were grouped into 7 clusters of UH status: healthy (cows with milk SCC <100,000 cells/mL and not cultured); culture-negative samples with low, medium, or high SCC; and culture-positive samples with contagious, environmental, and opportunistic intramammary infections. Data of blood serum proteins were analyzed using a linear mixed model that included the fixed effects of stage of lactation, parity, breed, herd productivity (high or low production) and UH status, and the random effect of herd-date within herd productivity. Culture-negative samples with high milk SCC, which were most likely undergoing a strong inflammatory response and whose pathogens could not be isolated because they were engulfed by macrophages or because they had already cleared, and milk samples infected by contagious and environmental bacteria were associated with greater globulin concentrations (and lower albumin-to-globulin ratio) in blood. Variation in blood serum proteins seems to be associated with inflammatory status rather than infection, as serum globulin significantly increased in UH status groups with the highest milk SCC and no differences were observed among intramammary infections pathogens. Blood serum proteins can be a mammary gland inflammation indicator, but cannot be used to differentiate among different UH status groups.

Associations between pathogen-specific cases of subclinical mastitis and milk yield, quality, protein composition, and cheese-making traits in dairy cows.

The aim of this study was to investigate associations between pathogen-specific cases of subclinical mastitis and milk yield, quality, protein composition, and cheese-making traits. Forty-one multibreed herds were selected for the study, and composite milk samples were collected from 1,508 cows belonging to 3 specialized dairy breeds (Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss, and Jersey) and 3 dual-purpose breeds of Alpine origin (Simmental, Rendena, and Grey Alpine). Milk composition [i.e., fat, protein, casein, lactose, pH, urea, and somatic cell count (SCC)] was analyzed, and separation of protein fractions was performed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Eleven coagulation traits were measured: 5 traditional milk coagulation properties [time from rennet addition to milk gelation (RCT, min), curd-firming rate as the time to a curd firmness (CF) of 20 mm (k20, min), and CF at 30, 45, and 60 min from rennet addition (a30, a45, and a60, mm)], and 6 new curd firming and syneresis traits [potential asymptotical CF at an infinite time (CFP, mm), curd-firming instant rate constant (kCF, % × min-1), curd syneresis instant rate constant (kSR, % × min-1), modeled RCT (RCTeq, min), maximum CF value (CFmax, mm), and time at CFmax (tmax, min)]. We also measured 3 cheese yield traits, expressing the weights of total fresh curd (%CYCURD), dry matter (%CYSOLIDS), and water (%CYWATER) in the curd as percentages of the weight of the processed milk, and 4 nutrient recovery traits (RECPROTEIN, RECFAT, RECSOLIDS, and RECENERGY), representing the percentage ratio between each nutrient in the curd and milk. Milk samples with SCC > 100,000 cells/mL were subjected to bacteriological examination. All samples were divided into 7 clusters of udder health (UH) status: healthy (cows with milk SCC < 100,000 cells/mL and uncultured); culture-negative samples with low, medium, or high SCC; and culture-positive samples divided into contagious, environmental, and opportunistic intramammary infection (IMI). Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model. Significant variations in the casein to protein ratio and lactose content were observed in all culture-positive samples and in culture-negative samples with medium to high SCC compared to normal milk. No differences were observed among contagious, environmental, and opportunistic pathogens, suggesting an effect of inflammation rather than infection. The greatest impairment in milk quantity and composition, clotting ability, and cheese production was observed in the 2 UH status groups with the highest milk SCC (i.e., contagious IMI and culture-negative samples with high SCC), revealing a discrepancy between the bacteriological results and inflammatory status, and thus confirming the importance of SCC as an indicator of udder health and milk quality.

Evaluation of venous blood gas levels, blood chemistry and haemocytometric parameters in milk fed veal calves at different periods of livestock cycle.

An evaluation of blood chemistry profile in relation to specific stages of livestock cycle can help better understand variations in physiological conditions in order to adjust management systems to animal needs. In addition to basal hematological investigation, the acid-base balance and blood gases are essential tools in evaluating metabolism in calves. The relationship between blood gas parameters, diet and growth should be further investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in acid-base status, blood gases, serum chemistry and hematological parameters in veal calves at different periods of livestock cycle. One hundred twenty-eight healthy cross breeding calves were enrolled in a farm in North-East Italy. Blood samplings were carried out from the jugular vein on day 1 (t1), 60 (t2) and 150 (t3) after arrival. Blood gas analysis was performed and hematological parameters were evaluated. One-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test were performed to assess differences between blood parameter values at the different periods. The main differences in blood gas parameter levels during the livestock cycle concerned pH, Base Excess and HCO3 with higher values recorded in t3. Urea, creatinine, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and bilirubin mean values were significantly higher in t1 than in t2 and t3. Aspartate aminotransferase increased from t1 to t2 and t3. Alkaline Phosphatase was higher in t2. Fe levels severely dropped in t2 and in t3, and the decrease led to a restrained but significant reduction in haemoglobin values. A correspondent decrease in the other haemocytometric parameters was found.

SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) knockdown protects mice from acute liver injury by reducing vascular endothelial cell damage.

Secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is involved in many biological process including liver fibrogenesis, but its role in acute liver damage is unknown. To examine the role of SPARC in acute liver injury, we used SPARC knock-out (SPARC(-/-)) mice. Two models of acute liver damage were used: concanavalin A (Con A) and the agonistic anti-CD95 antibody Jo2. SPARC expression levels were analyzed in liver samples from patients with acute-on-chronic alcoholic hepatitis (AH). SPARC expression is increased on acute-on-chronic AH patients. Knockdown of SPARC decreased hepatic damage in the two models of liver injury. SPARC(-/-) mice showed a marked reduction in Con A-induced necroinflammation. Infiltration by CD4+ T cells, expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 and apoptosis were attenuated in SPARC(-/-) mice. Sinusoidal endothelial cell monolayer was preserved and was less activated in Con A-treated SPARC(-/-) mice. SPARC knockdown reduced Con A-induced autophagy of cultured human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). Hepatic transcriptome analysis revealed several gene networks that may have a role in the attenuated liver damaged found in Con A-treated SPARC(-/-) mice. SPARC has a significant role in the development of Con A-induced severe liver injury. These results suggest that SPARC could represent a therapeutic target in acute liver injury.

Evaluation of the udder health status in subclinical mastitis affected dairy cows through bacteriological culture, somatic cell count and thermographic imaging.

Subclinical mastitis in dairy cows is a big economic loss for farmers. The monitoring of subclinical mastitis is usually performed through Somatic Cell Count (SCC) in farm but there is the need of new diagnostic systems able to quickly identify cows affected by subclinical infections of the udder. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential application of thermographic imaging compared to SCC and bacteriological culture for infection detection in cow affected by subclinical mastitis and possibly to discriminate between different pathogens. In this study we evaluated the udder health status of 98 Holstein Friesian dairy cows with high SCC in 4 farms. From each cow a sample of milk was collected from all the functional quarters and submitted to bacteriological culture, SCC and Mycoplasma spp. culture. A thermographic image was taken from each functional udder quarter and nipple. Pearson's correlations and Analysis of Variance were performed in order to evaluate the different diagnostic techniques. The most frequent pathogen isolated was Staphylococcus aureus followed by Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS), Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae and others. The Somatic Cell Score (SCS) was able to discriminate (p<0.05) cows positive for a pathogen from cows negative at the bacteriological culture except for cows with infection caused by CNS. Infrared thermography was correlated to SCS (p<0.05) but was not able to discriminate between positive and negative cows. Thermographic imaging seems to be promising in evaluating the inflammation status of cows affected by subclinical mastitis but seems to have a poor diagnostic value.

Does thyroid peroxidase provide an antigenic link between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer?

Women with breast cancer (BC) and antithyroid peroxidase (TPO) autoantibodies (TPOAb) have a better prognosis than women lacking TPOAb. Sera from women with TPOAb displayed immunoreactivity to BC tissue by immunofluorescence that was not apparent in women without TPOAb. We hypothesize a BC/thyroid shared antigen that provides a target for humoral or cell-mediated immune activity; candidates include the sodium/iodide symporter (expressed in thyroid and BC), cross-reacting epitopes in TPO and lactoperoxidase (LPO) or TPO itself. As the association is with TPOAb, we investigated TPO expression in BC, breast peritumoral tissue (PT), other tissues (tumoral and not) and thyroid as positive control. Transcripts for known and novel TPO isoforms were detected in BC (n = 8) and PT (n = 8) but at approximately 10(4) -fold lower than in thyroid while in non-BC tumors (n = 5) they were at the limit of detection. TPO was expressed also in adipose tissue (n = 17), 10(3) -fold lower than in thyroid. Full length TPO (Mr 105-110 kDa) was detected in Western blots in the majority of examined tissues; preabsorption of the TPO antibody with recombinant TPO (but not LPO) reduced the signal, indicating specificity. The same occurred with some lower molecular weight bands, which could correspond to smaller TPO transcript isoforms, present in all samples. In conclusion, TPO is weakly expressed in BC and other tissues; this could partly explain the high frequency and protective role of TPOAb in BC patients. Further studies will investigate tissue specificity, function and immunogenicity of the novel TPO variants (some BC-specific) identified.

Thyroglobulin autoantibodies switch to immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 and IgG3 subclasses and preserve their restricted epitope pattern after 131I treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism: the activity of autoimmune disease influences subclass distribution but not epitope pattern of autoantibodies.

The subclass distribution of thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb) is debated, whereas their epitope pattern is restricted. Radioidine ((131)I) treatment for Graves' disease (GD) induces a rise in TgAb levels, but it is unknown whether it modifies subclass distribution and epitope pattern of TgAb as well. We collected sera from GD patients before (131) I treatment and 3 and 6 months thereafter. We measured total TgAb, TgAb light chains and TgAb subclasses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 25 patients. We characterized the TgAb epitope pattern in 30 patients by inhibiting their binding to (125-) (I) Tg by a pool of four TgAb-Fab (recognizing Tg epitope regions A, B, C and D) and to Tg in ELISA by each TgAb-Fab. Total TgAb immunoglobulin (Ig)G rose significantly (P = 0.024). TgAb κ chains did not change (P = 0.052), whereas TgAb λ chains increased significantly (P = 0.001) and persistently. We observed a significant rise in IgG1 and IgG3 levels after (131)I (P = 0.008 and P = 0.006, respectively), while IgG2 and IgG4 levels did not change. The rise of IgG1 was persistent, that of IgG3 transient. The levels of inhibition of TgAb binding to Tg by the TgAb-Fab pool were comparable. A slight, non-significant reduction of the inhibition by the immune-dominant TgAb-Fab A was observed 3 and 6 months after (131)I. We conclude that (131)I treatment for GD increases the levels of the complement-activating IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses and does not influence significantly the epitope pattern of TgAb. In autoimmune thyroid disease subclass distribution of autoantibodies is dynamic in spite of a stable epitope pattern.

Is the risk of primary hyperparathyroidism increased in patients with untreated breast cancer?

BACKGROUND: An increased frequency of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) has been reported in patients with treated breast cancer (BC). PHP has been found in about 7% of BC patients after surgery and radio-, chemio- or hormonal therapy. AIM: To evaluate the frequency of PHP in untreated BC patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We evaluated 186 women with BC and 233 women with thyroid cancer (TC, no.=122) or benign thyroid diseases (BTD, no.=111). In all patients, serum calcium, albumin, PTH, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH vitD) were measured before any treatment. RESULTS: Serum calcium concentrations were significantly higher in BC than in TC and BTD groups (median values 9.5 mg/dl, 9.3 mg/dl and 9.3 mg/dl, respectively) but, according to a logistic regression model, calcium was not significantly different between the 3 groups when age was taken into account. In all patients, serum calcium was in the normal range, indicating that no case of overt PHP was present. Five patients (1 in BC, 2 in TC, and 2 in BDT groups) had serum calcium close to the upper limit of normal range, high PTH and low 25-OH vitD, indicating a possible PHP with hypercalcemia masked by concomitant 25-OH vitD deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: In untreated BC group, no patient had overt PHP and 1/186 (0.5%) presented a possible PHP masked by 25-OH vitD deficiency, a PHP frequency much lower than that observed in treated BC patients. These data suggest that the treatments of BC may be responsible for the increased frequency of PHP reported in previous studies.

In vivo assessment about the effects of a diet containing iodine-enriched foodstuffs. A pilot study in 30 volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Iodine deficiency (ID) still now represents one of the major worldwide health problems. ID is the result of insufficient dietary iodine intake. Iodine is an essential micronutrient but scarcely present in nature. The main strategy for the correction of ID is the fortification of table salt with iodide/iodine but Italy is far from reaching an iodized salt use higher 90% of population. Also because of the evidence for the risk on blood pressure, it is recommended to decrease the daily salt intake to less than 5 g/d. An opportunity to increase the iodine intake is the possibility to introduce iodine fortification in the industrial processing of foods. AIM: The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a diet containing iodized foods enriched during industry processing with protected iodized salt (Presal®). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The evaluation of increasing of iodine intake was assessed by measuring the urinary iodine excretion (UIE) in 30 healthy volunteers who added to their alimentary habits a basket of iodine-enriched foodstuffs. RESULTS: Median UIE at baseline was 105 µg/l, 156 µg/l during the enriched diet and 90.5 µg/l a week after withdrawal of enriched diet. CONCLUSIONS: Stable iodized salt (Presal®) represents a good way to introduce iodine with the normal diet without increasing the normal consumption of salt for the healthy problems related to the blood pressure. The availability of stable iodized salt (Presal®) allows the preservation of iodine after cooking.