Recreational screen time behaviour among ambulatory children and adolescents diagnosed with cerebral palsy: A cross-sectional analysis.

AIM: To describe the recreational screen time behaviour of 8-16-year-olds diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP) and explore associations between health-related quality of life, sleep duration and physical activity behaviour versus screen time. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used proxy-reported questionnaire data of 381 ambulatory (with or without assistance) 8-16-year-olds diagnosed with CP corresponding to Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I-III. Descriptive statistics were used to report age, sex and the GMFCS level. The potential associations of health-related quality of life, physical activity behaviour and sleep duration (dependent variables) versus screen time (independent variable) were determined using multiple linear regression. Health-related quality of life was evaluated using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, including seven dimensions: Daily Activities; School Activities; Movement and Balance; Pain and Hurt; Fatigue; Eating Activities; and Speech and Communication. RESULTS: The participants spent a median screen time of 3.9 h daily. The boys spent a longer screen time during weekends than the girls (p = 0.003). Boys spent more time on games (p < 0.001), whereas girls spent more time on social media and video calls (p < 0.001). Increasing age (p < 0.001) was associated with increased screen time but did not differ between the GMFCS levels. Sleep duration, perceived fatigue and perceived movement and balance correlated negatively with screen time. CONCLUSION: This study sheds light on the recreational screen time habits of ambulatory children and adolescents diagnosed with CP. Further investigation into the observed associations is warranted to investigate potential causation and relationships between sleep behaviour, quality of life and screen time behaviour.

Predictors of Physical Activity Levels in Ambulant/Semiambulant Children and Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy: A Clinical Cohort Study.

Children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) show a reduced physical activity (PA) level compared with their typically developed peers. This study aimed to identify potential predictors of objectively evaluated habitual PA using data from a national clinical registry-the Cerebral Palsy Follow-Up Program (CPFP)-and proxy-reported questionnaires. Data from the CPFP database showed that female sex was associated with a lower PA level. Additional questionnaire data revealed age, popliteal angle limitation, Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument-Sports and Physical Functioning Scale score, screen time, Functional Mobility Scale score at 50 m, and fatigue as predictors. The proposed models can be used for the prediction and early detection of the PA level and consequently for the potential improvement among ambulant/semiambulant individuals with CP. Further research should investigate the predictive impact of personal, social, and environmental factors on the PA level and the gap in PA levels between girls and boys.

Effectiveness of instrumented gait analysis in interdisciplinary interventions on parents' perception of family-centered service and on gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Children with cerebral palsy often exhibit an altered gait pattern; however, it is uncertain whether the use of an instrumented gait analysis in interdisciplinary interventions affects the perceived experience of family-centered service (FCS) and/or gross motor function. The aim of this study is to investigate whether individually tailored interdisciplinary interventions, based on an instrumented gait analysis report, has a superior effectiveness on perceived FCS and gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy, compared to 'care as usual' without the use of instrumented gait analysis. Furthermore, to investigate potential associations between perceived FCS and gross motor function improvement with the goal of improving future therapy on gross motor function. METHOD: This is a sequel analysis on tertiary outcome measures from a prospective, single blind, randomized, parallel group study including two groups of 30 children aged 5-8 years with spastic cerebral palsy at Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I-II (n = 60). The intervention group underwent a three-dimensional gait analysis, from which a clinical report was written with recommendations on interdisciplinary interventions, such as physical therapy, orthopedic surgery, orthotics or spasticity management. To assess effectiveness on perceived FCS and gross motor function, at baseline, 26 weeks and 52 weeks, the five domains in the Measure of Processes of Care (MPOC-20) (Enabling and partnership, Providing general information, Providing specific information about the child, Respectful and supportive service, and Coordinated and comprehensive care) and the Gross Motor Function Measurement (GMFM-66) were used as outcome measures. RESULTS: No significant differences in between-group change scores in any of the five MPOC-20 domains were observed (p = 0.40-0.97). In favor of the intervention group a significantly higher between-group change score in GMFM-66 (mean difference: 3.05 [95%CI: 1.12-4.98], p = 0.003) after 52 weeks was observed. CONCLUSION: The addition of an instrumented gait analysis report to 'care as usual' did not improve the parents' perceptions of FCS in treatment of children with cerebral palsy. However, superior improvement in the GMFM-66 was observed in the intervention group, suggesting meaningful gross motor function improvement. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials, NCT02160457 . Registered June 10th 2014.

Limited associations between passive range of motion and gross motor function in ambulant/semi-ambulant children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common childhood motor disability, and the Cerebral Palsy Follow-Up Program (CPUP) in Nordic countries uses a traffic light system for passive range of motion (ROM) assessment to aid interpretation and guide decisions regarding interventions. However, the arbitrary chosen ROM threshold values and their potential clinical impact are uncertain. We investigated whether lower extremity ROM values were positively associated with gross motor function and whether gross motor function scores differ between the CPUP ROM thresholds. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of CPUP data for 841 ambulatory children and adolescents with CP, at a mean (SD) age of 9 (3). Regression analyses were employed to explore the relationship between gross motor capacity and performance (using the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) and the Functional Mobility Scale (FMS) 5/50/500 m, respectively) and lower extremity ROM, measured with a goniometer. ROM was assessed both as continuous and categorical variables. RESULTS: We found that two out of ten continuous ROM measures were positively associated with gross motor function. Limited differences in gross motor function between the ROM thresholds were seen for seven out of ten ROM measures. The CPUP traffic light thresholds primarily differentiated gross motor function between the red and green categories, predominantly for the subgroup of participants with bilateral spastic CP. CONCLUSION: Limited associations between passive ROM and gross motor function in children and adolescents with CP were observed, indicating that there is more to consider than ROM when identifying whether interventions are needed.

Predictors of physical activity levels in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: clinical cohort study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Children and adolescents with cerebral palsy may be trapped in a vicious circle of low physical fitness, resulting in deconditioning that causes a further decrease in physical activity (PA), a lower quality of life and an increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases. Therefore, establishing a healthy and active lifestyle during childhood is even more important for individuals with a disability. However, the factors that influence habitual PA in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy remain unknown.The present protocol outlines a prospective cohort study with the aim of investigating potential predictors of habitual PA in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy in order to provide evidence for optimising PA levels and associated overall health. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This prospective cohort study will enrol participants with cerebral palsy between the ages of 8 and 15 years at Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I-III. Using a modified version of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health model as a conceptual analytical framework, the analysis will be divided into six components and will provide predictors for habitual PA measured by accelerometry. The potential predictive variables are registry data on physical function (Danish Cerebral Palsy Follow-Up Programme); validated proxy-reported questionnaires on quality of life (Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory), overall health, pain and participation in daily activities (Paediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument) and supplementary questions regarding sleep, screen time and socioeconomic status. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The project is approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency (19/16396) and has been declared not notifiable by the Regional Committee on Health Research Ethics, cf. Committee Act Art. 14, paragraph 1 (S-20192000-23). The study results will be published in international peer-reviewed journals, presented at international conferences, and published in a PhD dissertation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04614207.