Nontargeted Plasma Proteomic Analysis of Renal Disease and Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by red blood cell sickling, vaso-occlusion, hemolytic anemia, damage to multiple organ systems, and, as a result, shortened life expectancy. Sickle cell disease nephropathy (SCDN) and pulmonary hypertension (pHTN) are common and frequently co-occurring complications of SCD; both are associated with markedly accelerated mortality. To identify candidate circulating biomarkers of SCDN and pHTN, we used mass spectrometry to quantify the relative abundance of >1000 proteins in plasma samples from 189 adults with SCD from the Outcome Modifying Genes in SCD (OMG-SCD) cohort (ProteomeXchange identifier PXD048716). Forty-four proteins were differentially abundant in SCDN, most significantly cystatin-C and collagen α-1(XVIII) chain (COIA1), and 55 proteins were dysregulated in patients with SCDN and pHTN, most significantly insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6 (IBP6). Network analysis identified a module of 133 coregulated proteins significantly associated with SCDN, that was enriched for extracellular matrix proteins, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, cell adhesion proteins, EGF-like calcium binding proteins, and several cadherin family members. Collectively, these data provide a comprehensive understanding of plasma protein changes in SCDN and pHTN which validate numerous studies of chronic kidney disease and suggest shared profiles of protein disruption in kidney dysfunction and pHTN among SCD patients.

Cancer-related cognitive impairment in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia treated with hypomethylating agents and venetoclax chemotherapy: a longitudinal descriptive study.

PURPOSE: To explore cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) receiving venetoclax in combination with hypomethylating agents or low-dose cytarabine chemotherapy. METHODS: This study is a longitudinal, qualitative descriptive study. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among 11 older adults with AML at cycle 2, cycle 4, and cycle 7 of chemotherapy. An early end-of-study interview was conducted for those who changed treatment plans during the study follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 22 transcripts were included for thematic analysis. Four themes emerged: (1) CRCI experiences, (2) impact of CRCI, (3) CRCI coping strategies, and (4) perceived CRCI-related factors. Older adults with AML experienced challenges in memory, language, and attention both intermittently and daily. These cognitive changes impacted their emotion, daily activities, social connection, and their caregivers' responsibilities. Hence, these older adults with AML developed problem-solving and emotional coping strategies to cope with CRCI. Older adults with AML also identified demographic, physiology/clinical, psychological, and other factors that might contribute to CRCI. CONCLUSION: This study offers important insight for clinicians to understand how older adults with AML experience CRCI and how it impacts their daily routines. It indicates that clinicians should ask patients about their experience with cognitive changes at each encounter to provide support or coping strategies as needed to prevent CRCI from further hindering their quality of life.

The urinary proteome infers dysregulation of mitochondrial, lysosomal, and protein reabsorption processes in chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu).

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) of uncertain etiology (CKDu) is a global health concern affecting tropical farming communities. CKDu is not associated with typical risk factors (e.g., diabetes) and strongly correlates with environmental drivers. To gain potential insights into disease etiology and diagnosis, here we report the first urinary proteome comparing patients with CKDu and non-CKDu controls from Sri Lanka. We found 944 differentially abundant proteins. In silico analyses identified 636 proteins of likely kidney and urogenital origin. As expected, renal tubular injury in patients with CKDu was evinced by increases in albumin, cystatin C, and ß2-microglobulin. However, several proteins typically elevated under CKD, including osteopontin and α-N-acetylglucosaminidase, were decreased in patients with CKDu. Furthermore, urinary excretion of aquaporins found higher in CKD was lower in CKDu. Comparisons with previous CKD urinary proteome datasets revealed a unique proteome for CKDu. Notably, the CKDu urinary proteome was relatively similar to that of patients with mitochondrial diseases. Furthermore, we report a decrease in endocytic receptor proteins responsible for protein reabsorption (megalin and cubilin) that correlated with an increase in abundance of 15 of their cognate ligands. Functional pathway analyses identified kidney-specific differentially abundant proteins in patients with CKDu denoted significant changes in the complement cascade and coagulation systems, cell death, lysosomal function, and metabolic pathways. Overall, our findings provide potential early detection markers to diagnose and distinguish CKDu and warrant further analyses on the role of lysosomal, mitochondrial, and protein reabsorption processes and their link to the complement system and lipid metabolism in CKDu onset and progression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY CKDu is a global health concern debilitating a number of tropical rural farming communities. In the absence of typical risk factors like diabetes and hypertension and the lack of molecular markers, it is crucial to identify potential early disease markers. Here, we detail the first urinary proteome profile to distinguish CKDu from CKD. Our data and in silico pathway analyses infer the roles of mitochondrial, lysosomal, and protein reabsorption processes in disease onset and progression.

Entospletinib with decitabine in acute myeloid leukemia with mutant TP53 or complex karyotype: A phase 2 substudy of the Beat AML Master Trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who have tumor protein p53 (TP53) mutations or a complex karyotype have a poor prognosis, and hypomethylating agents are often used. The authors evaluated the efficacy of entospletinib, an oral inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase, combined with decitabine in this patient population. METHODS: This was a multicenter, open-label, phase 2 substudy of the Beat AML Master Trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03013998) using a Simon two-stage design. Eligible patients aged 60 years or older who had newly diagnosed AML with mutations in TP53 with or without a complex karyotype (cohort A; n = 45) or had a complex karyotype without TP53 mutation (cohort B; n = 13) received entospletinib 400 mg twice daily with decitabine 20 mg/m2 on days 1-10 every 28 days for up to three induction cycles, followed by up to 11 consolidation cycles, in which decitabine was reduced to days 1-5. Entospletinib maintenance was given for up to 2 years. The primary end point was complete remission (CR) and CR with hematologic improvement by up to six cycles of therapy. RESULTS: The composite CR rates for cohorts A and B were 13.3% (95% confidence interval, 5.1%-26.8%) and 30.8% (95% confidence interval, 9.1%-61.4%), respectively. The median duration of response was 7.6 and 8.2 months, respectively, and the median overall survival was 6.5 and 11.5 months, respectively. The study was stopped because the futility boundary was crossed in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of entospletinib and decitabine demonstrated activity and was acceptably tolerated in this patient population; however, the CR rates were low, and overall survival was short. Novel treatment strategies for older patients with TP53 mutations and complex karyotype remain an urgent need.

Flotetuzumab as salvage immunotherapy for refractory acute myeloid leukemia.

Approximately 50% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients do not respond to induction therapy (primary induction failure [PIF]) or relapse after <6 months (early relapse [ER]). We have recently shown an association between an immune-infiltrated tumor microenvironment (TME) and resistance to cytarabine-based chemotherapy but responsiveness to flotetuzumab, a bispecific DART antibody-based molecule to CD3ε and CD123. This paper reports the results of a multicenter, open-label, phase 1/2 study of flotetuzumab in 88 adults with relapsed/refractory AML: 42 in a dose-finding segment and 46 at the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of 500 ng/kg per day. The most frequent adverse events were infusion-related reactions (IRRs)/cytokine release syndrome (CRS), largely grade 1-2. Stepwise dosing during week 1, pretreatment dexamethasone, prompt use of tocilizumab, and temporary dose reductions/interruptions successfully prevented severe IRR/CRS. Clinical benefit accrued to PIF/ER patients showing an immune-infiltrated TME. Among 30 PIF/ER patients treated at the RP2D, the complete remission (CR)/CR with partial hematological recovery (CRh) rate was 26.7%, with an overall response rate (CR/CRh/CR with incomplete hematological recovery) of 30.0%. In PIF/ER patients who achieved CR/CRh, median overall survival was 10.2 months (range, 1.87-27.27), with 6- and 12-month survival rates of 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.450-1.05) and 50% (95% CI, 0.154-0.846). Bone marrow transcriptomic analysis showed that a parsimonious 10-gene signature predicted CRs to flotetuzumab (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.904 vs 0.672 for the European LeukemiaNet classifier). Flotetuzumab represents an innovative experimental approach associated with acceptable safety and encouraging evidence of activity in PIF/ER patients. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02152956.

Time spent at home among older adults with acute myeloid leukemia receiving azacitidine- or venetoclax-based regimens.

Time at home is a critically important outcome to adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) when selecting treatment; however, no study to date has adequately described the amount of time older adults spend at home following initiation of chemotherapy. We queried records from a multi-institution health system to identify adults aged ≥60 years newly diagnosed with AML who were treated with azacitidine or venetoclax and evaluated the proportion of days at home (PDH) following diagnosis. Days were considered "at home" if patients were not admitted or seen in the emergency department or oncology/infusion clinic. Assessed covariates included demographics and disease risk. Associations between PDH and baseline characteristics were evaluated via linear regression, adjusted for log length of follow-up. From 2015-2020, 113 older adults were identified. Most received azacitidine plus venetoclax (51.3%) followed by azacitidine monotherapy (38.9%). The mean PDH for all patients was 0.58 (95% confidence interval: 0.54-0.63, median 0.63). PDH increased among survivors over time. PDH did not differ between therapy groups (adjusted mean, azacitidine plus venetoclax: 0.68; azacitidine monotherapy: 0.66; P=0.64) or between disease risk categories (P=0.34). Compared to patients receiving azacitidine monotherapy, patients receiving azacitidine plus venetoclax had longer clinic visits (median minutes: 127.9 vs. 112.9, P<0.001) and infusion visits (median minutes: 194.3 vs. 132.5, P<0.001). The burden of care for older adults with AML treated with "less intense" chemotherapy is high. The addition of venetoclax to azacitidine did not translate into increased time at home. Future prospective studies should evaluate patient-centered outcomes, including time at home, to inform shared decision-making and drug development.

Outpatient initiation of venetoclax in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.

INTRODUCTION: Venetoclax is a treatment option in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in both the front-line and relapsed/refractory settings. Initiation of therapy has been previously restricted to the inpatient setting at some institutions due to a risk of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) and limitations in medication access efficiency given the high cost of therapy. METHODS: We assessed the safety of initiating venetoclax in the outpatient setting through a single-arm, retrospective study of adult AML patients between April 1, 2019 and June 30, 2020. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients started venetoclax during this time, with 47 (57%) patients initiated in the outpatient setting. Fifty-five percent of patients received venetoclax as first-line treatment for AML (n = 45) and 45% of patients received venetoclax for relapsed/refractory AML (n = 37). Successful initiation, defined as no hospitalizations secondary to TLS within seven days of therapy initiation, occurred in 98% of patients. The rate of TLS was 2.1% (n = 1) following venetoclax initiation. TLS symptoms were managed during hospitalization, requiring only one day of missed AML therapy. Median turnaround time for medication access was three days. Hospitalizations within seven days occurred in 17% of patients (n = 8), with the majority due to febrile neutropenia. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study provide further evidence for the safety and feasibility of initiating venetoclax in the outpatient setting with a pharmacist-led interdisciplinary protocol.

Dynamical phase transitions in the collisionless pre-thermal states of isolated quantum systems: theory and experiments.

We overview the concept of dynamical phase transitions (DPTs) in isolated quantum systems quenched out of equilibrium. We focus on non-equilibrium transitions characterized by an order parameter, which features qualitatively distinct temporal behavior on the two sides of a certain dynamical critical point. DPTs are currently mostly understood as long-lived prethermal phenomena in a regime where inelastic collisions are incapable to thermalize the system. The latter enables the dynamics to substain phases that explicitly break detailed balance and therefore cannot be encompassed by traditional thermodynamics. Our presentation covers both cold atoms as well as condensed matter systems. We revisit a broad plethora of platforms exhibiting pre-thermal DPTs, which become theoretically tractable in a certain limit, such as for a large number of particles, large number of order parameter components, or large spatial dimension. The systems we explore include, among others, quantum magnets with collective interactions,ϕ4quantum field theories, and Fermi-Hubbard models. A section dedicated to experimental explorations of DPTs in condensed matter and AMO systems connects this large variety of theoretical models.

A Multidimensional Bioinformatic Platform for the Study of Human Response to Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To design and establish a prospective biospecimen repository that integrates multi-omics assays with clinical data to study mechanisms of controlled injury and healing. BACKGROUND: Elective surgery is an opportunity to understand both the systemic and focal responses accompanying controlled and well-characterized injury to the human body. The overarching goal of this ongoing project is to define stereotypical responses to surgical injury, with the translational purpose of identifying targetable pathways involved in healing and resilience, and variations indicative of aberrant peri-operative outcomes. METHODS: Clinical data from the electronic medical record combined with large-scale biological data sets derived from blood, urine, fecal matter, and tissue samples are collected prospectively through the peri-operative period on patients undergoing 14 surgeries chosen to represent a range of injury locations and intensities. Specimens are subjected to genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic assays to describe their genetic, metabolic, immunologic, and microbiome profiles, providing a multidimensional landscape of the human response to injury. RESULTS: The highly multiplexed data generated includes changes in over 28,000 mRNA transcripts, 100 plasma metabolites, 200 urine metabolites, and 400 proteins over the longitudinal course of surgery and recovery. In our initial pilot dataset, we demonstrate the feasibility of collecting high quality multi-omic data at pre- and postoperative time points and are already seeing evidence of physiologic perturbation between timepoints. CONCLUSIONS: This repository allows for longitudinal, state-of-the-art geno-mic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, immunologic, and clinical data collection and provides a rich and stable infrastructure on which to fuel further biomedical discovery.

Response to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Real-World Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the front-line therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), where phase 3 clinical trials have demonstrated their safety and efficacy. However, trial patients may not be representative of real-world patients (RWPs). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate RWP clinical factors associated with effectiveness and safety in CML patients treated with TKIs. METHODS: Patients with CML treated with at least 30 days of imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, or bosutinib between 2014 and 2018 were included. Patients were stratified into categories based on the number of factors that would have precluded enrollment into pivotal TKI phase 3 trials (0, 1, ≥2). End points included complete hematologic response (CHR), early molecular response (EMR), major molecular response (MMR), adverse event (AE)-induced dose decreases, treatment interruptions, and treatment discontinuations. RESULTS: Final analyses included 174 patients. Patients with ≥2 factors had a higher risk of dose decreases (relative risk = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.02-2.34; P = 0.02) and a shorter time to dose decrease (hazard ratio = 2.43; 95% CI = 1.23-4.97; P = 0.006) compared with patients with 0 factors. Significant differences were observed in CHR at 1 month and MMR at 3 months between patients with 0 and ≥2 factors (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Approximately 60% of our RWPs would have been excluded from the pivotal phase 3 TKI trials. These data suggest that RWPs require more precise dosing to achieve CML clinical milestones and to mitigate AEs, but findings should be validated prospectively.

Latent Class Analysis Reveals Distinct Groups Based on Executive Function and Socioemotional Traits, Developmental Conditions, and Stuttering: A Population Study.

A growing body of research has reported associations between weaker Executive Functions (EF), the set capacities that are needed to manage and allocate one's cognitive resources during cognitively challenging activities and various neurodevelopmental conditions, including stuttering. The majority of this research has been based on variable-centered approaches, which have the potential to obscure within-population heterogeneity. Person-centered analyses are essential to understanding multifactorial disorders where relationships between indicators have been elusive, such as stuttering. The current study addressed gaps in the literature by using latent class analysis (LCA), a person-centered approach, to identify homogenous subgroups within the National Health Interview Survey (2004-2018) publicly available data set. Using this exploratory approach, we examined the hypothesis that there exist distinct classes (or subgroups) of children based on parent reports of EF, Socioemotional (SE) traits, developmental atypicality, and stuttering. Our analyses revealed distinct subgroups with substantially different likelihoods of parent-reported stuttering behaviors and developmental atypicality. For children with both EF and SE difficulties, the likelihood of parental report of stuttering and atypical development was even higher, in fact this likelihood (of stuttering and not-typically developing) was highest among all subgroups. In contrast, children without difficulties were the least likely to be reported with stuttering or not-typically developing. Our findings are consistent with theoretical frameworks for stuttering, which cite EF as a crucial component in the disorder. Additionally, our findings suggest within-population heterogeneity among children with EF difficulties and, specifically, EF and SE heterogeneity among children who stutter.

A pediatric regimen for older adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of CALGB 10403.

Retrospective studies have suggested that older adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have better survival rates when treated using a pediatric ALL regimen administered by pediatric treatment teams. To address the feasibility and efficacy of using a pediatric treatment regimen for AYA patients with newly diagnosed ALL administered by adult treatment teams, we performed a prospective study, CALGB 10403, with doses and schedule identical to those in the Children's Oncology Group study AALL0232. From 2007 to 2012, 318 patients were enrolled; 295 were eligible and evaluable for response. Median age was 24 years (range, 17-39 years). Use of the pediatric regimen was safe; overall treatment-related mortality was 3%, and there were only 2 postremission deaths. Median event-free survival (EFS) was 78.1 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 41.8 to not reached), more than double the historical control of 30 months (95% CI, 22-38 months); 3-year EFS was 59% (95% CI, 54%-65%). Median overall survival (OS) was not reached. Estimated 3-year OS was 73% (95% CI, 68%-78%). Pretreatment risk factors associated with worse treatment outcomes included obesity and presence of the Philadelphia-like gene expression signature. Use of a pediatric regimen for AYAs with ALL up to age 40 years was feasible and effective, resulting in improved survival rates compared with historical controls. CALGB 10403 can be considered a new treatment standard upon which to build for improving survival for AYAs with ALL. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00558519.

Dissipative Hot-Spot-Enabled Shock and Bounce Dynamics via Terahertz Quantum Quenches in Helical Edge States.

We study quantum quenches of helical liquids with spin-flip inelastic scattering. Counterpropagating charge packets in helical edges can be created by an ultrashort electric pulse applied across a 2D topological insulator. Localized "hot spots" that form due to scattering enable two types of strongly nonlinear wave dynamics. First, propagating packets develop self-focusing shock fronts. Second, colliding packets with opposite charge can exhibit near-perfect retroreflection, despite strong dissipation. This leads to frequency doubling that could be detected experimentally from emitted terahertz radiation.

Genomic characteristics and prognostic significance of co-mutated ASXL1/SRSF2 acute myeloid leukemia.

The ASXL1 and SRSF2 mutations in AML are frequently found in patients with preexisting myeloid malignancies and are individually associated with poor outcomes. In this multi-institutional retrospective analysis, we assessed the genetic features and clinical outcomes of 43 patients with ASXL1mut SRSF2mut AML and compared outcomes to patients with either ASXL1 (n = 57) or SRSF2 (n = 70) mutations. Twenty-six (60%) had secondary-AML (s-AML). Variant allele fractions suggested that SRSF2 mutations preceded ASXL1 mutational events. Median overall survival (OS) was 7.0 months (95% CI:3.8,15.3) and was significantly longer in patients with de novo vs s-AML (15.3 vs 6.4 months, respectively; P = .04 on adjusted analysis). Compared to ASXL1mut SRSF2wt and ASXL1wt SRSF2mut , co-mutated patients had a 1.4 and 1.6 times increase in the probability of death, respectively (P = .049), with a trend towards inferior OS (median OS = 7.0 vs 11.5 vs 10.9 months, respectively; P = .10). Multivariable analysis suggests this difference in OS is attributable to the high proportion of s-AML patients in the co-mutated cohort (60% vs 32% and 23%, respectively). Although this study is limited by the retrospective data collection and the relatively small sample size, these data suggest that ASXL1mut SRSF2mut AML is a distinct subgroup of AML frequently associated with s-AML and differs from ASXL1mut SRSF2wt /ASXL1wt SRSF2mut with respect to etiology and leukemogenesis.

Evaluation and optimization of a clinical pharmacist driven transitions of care model for malignant hematology.

PURPOSE: To implement and optimize a pilot transitions of care model for scheduled chemotherapy admissions in patients with hematologic malignancies at our institution.Methodology: We utilized the plan-do-study-act (PDSA) quality improvement technique to prospectively measure success of interventions related to improving transitions of care processes that occurred in multiple stages including development of standardized operating procedures, electronic medical record documentation, and education to the malignant hematology multidisciplinary group. Chart review was performed retrospectively for at least nine patients per PDSA cycle. Areas of intervention addressed and measured regarding communication between the ambulatory care and acute care settings included: admission purpose, processes related to insurance benefits investigations for specialty medications required in the post-discharge setting, and plan for growth factors, prophylactic antimicrobials, and follow-up.Results and conclusions: We included 28 patients and performed a total of three PDSA cycles demonstrating specific improvements in: communication regarding status of benefits investigations performed for specialty medications prior to admission, resolution of these benefits investigations at various time points, improvement in efficient use of the electronic medical record for chemotherapy orders, and patient instructions for appropriate use of prophylactic antimicrobials. Although improvement was noted initially with prescribing of discharge antiemetics and antimicrobials, regression to baseline was noted with the third PDSA cycle.

ERK-dependent proteasome degradation of Txnip regulates thioredoxin oxidoreductase activity.

Dynamic control of thioredoxin (Trx) oxidoreductase activity is essential for balancing the need of cells to rapidly respond to oxidative/nitrosative stress and to temporally regulate thiol-based redox signaling. We have previously shown that cytokine stimulation of the respiratory epithelium induces a precipitous decline in cell S-nitrosothiol, which depends upon enhanced Trx activity and proteasome-mediated degradation of Txnip (thioredoxin-interacting protein). We now show that tumor necrosis factor-α-induced Txnip degradation in A549 respiratory epithelial cells is regulated by the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and that ERK inhibition augments both intracellular reactive oxygen species and S-nitrosothiol. ERK-dependent Txnip ubiquitination and proteasome degradation depended upon phosphorylation of a PXTP motif threonine (Thr349) located within the C-terminal α-arrestin domain and proximal to a previously characterized E3 ubiquitin ligase-binding site. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to be integrally involved in regulating Trx oxidoreductase activity and that the regulation of Txnip lifetime via ERK-dependent phosphorylation is an important mediator of this effect.

Probiotic Use and Safety in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Matched Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of probiotic administration in infants born preterm over time, as well as the association between probiotic administration and select adverse outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a multicenter cohort study of infants 23-29 weeks of gestational age admitted to 289 neonatal intensive care units from 1997 to 2016. We evaluated the type of probiotics given and prevalence of exposure to probiotics over time and by site. We matched infants exposed to probiotics by several factors to unexposed infants receiving enteral feeds on the same postnatal day. We performed conditional logistic regression to evaluate the association between probiotics exposure and adverse outcomes, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), bloodstream infections, meningitis, and death. RESULTS: Of 78 076 infants, 3626 (4.6%) received probiotics. Probiotic use increased over the study period and varied among neonatal intensive care units. We matched 2178 infants exposed to probiotics to 33 807 without exposure. Probiotic administration was associated with a decrease in NEC (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.48-0.80) and death (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.39-0.70), an increase in Candida infection (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.29-3.85), but no increase in bloodstream infection (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.70-1.05) or meningitis (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.40-3.46). CONCLUSIONS: Probiotic use increased over time and was associated with decreased odds of NEC and death. Prospective, randomized-controlled studies of specific probiotic products are needed to further investigate the safety and efficacy of probiotics in preterm infants.

Power-Law Temperature Dependence of the Penetration Depth in a Topological Superconductor Due to Surface States.

We study the temperature dependence of the magnetic penetration depth in a 3D topological superconductor (TSC), incorporating the paramagnetic current due to the surface states. A TSC is predicted to host a gapless 2D surface Majorana fluid. In addition to the bulk-dominated London response, we identify a T^{3} power-law-in-temperature contribution from the surface, valid in the low-temperature limit. Our system is fully gapped in the bulk, and should be compared to bulk nodal superconductivity, which also exhibits power-law behavior. Power-law temperature dependence of the penetration depth can be one indicator of topological superconductivity.

Combined HIV-1 Tat and oxycodone activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -gonadal axes and promote psychomotor, affective, and cognitive dysfunction in female mice.

The majority of HIV+ patients present with neuroendocrine dysfunction and ~50% experience co-morbid neurological symptoms including motor, affective, and cognitive dysfunction, collectively termed neuroHIV. In preclinical models, the neurotoxic HIV-1 regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), promotes neuroHIV pathology that can be exacerbated by opioids. We and others find gonadal steroids, estradiol (E2) or progesterone (P4), to rescue Tat-mediated pathology. However, the combined effects of Tat and opioids on neuroendocrine function and the subsequent ameliorative capacity of gonadal steroids are unknown. We found that conditional HIV-1 Tat expression in naturally-cycling transgenic mice dose-dependently potentiated oxycodone-mediated psychomotor behavior. Tat increased depression-like behavior in a tail-suspension test among proestrous mice, but decreased it among diestrous mice (who already demonstrated greater depression-like behavior); oxycodone reversed these effects. Combined Tat and oxycodone produced apparent behavioral disinhibition of anxiety-like responding which was greater on diestrus than on proestrus. These mice made more central entries in an open field, but spent less time there and demonstrated greater circulating corticosterone. Tat increased the E2:P4 ratio of circulating steroids on diestrus and acute oxycodone attenuated this effect, but repeated oxycodone exacerbated it. Corticotropin-releasing factor was increased by Tat expression, acute oxycodone exposure, and was greater on diestrus compared to proestrus. In human neuroblastoma cells, Tat exerted neurotoxicity that was ameliorated by E2 (1 or 10 nM) or P4 (100, but not 10 nM) independent of oxycodone. Oxycodone decreased gene expression of estrogen and κ-opioid receptors. Thus, neuroendocrine function may be an important target for HIV-1 Tat/opioid interactions.

Oral adherence in adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML): results of a mixed methods study.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of AML is increasing, in part due to an aging population. Since 2017, eight novel agents have been introduced, 6 of which are oral: midostaurin, enasidenib, ivosidenib, gilteritinib, glasdegib, and venetoclax. With an increase in oral medications (OMs), patients face associated side effects that accompany OMs, which often decreases adherence. We aimed to identify and summarize adherence to OMs in this population. METHODS: Our mixed method design used focus groups (FG) and patient surveys. After IRB approval, 11 patients and 4 caregivers participated in 4 FGs. Themes from the FGs were used to develop a 37-item OMs adherence needs assessment. Participants were recruited and consented at three cancer centers to complete surveys (online, at the clinic, hospital, or from home). RESULTS: A total of 100 patients completed OMs survey. The number of pills to be taken was the most frequent and troublesome challenge. The most frequently reported interventions that would improve patient adherence were smaller pills, easier packaging, and scheduling assistance. Nearly 33% of patients indicated they skip OMs dose altogether when they forget to take it. Younger patients (< 65 years) were more accepting of taking oral compared with intravenous medications (p = .03). CONCLUSION: This study represents the first assessment of OMs adherence in adults with AML. Findings provide the basis for further exploration of interventions to enhance and increase adherence to OMs regimens.