Synthesis and Properties of CurNQ for the Theranostic Application in Ovarian Cancer Intervention.

Synthesis of a novel theranostic molecule for targeted cancer intervention. A reaction between curcumin and lawsone was carried out to yield the novel curcumin naphthoquinone (CurNQ) molecule (2,2'-((((1E,3Z,6E)-3-hydroxy-5-oxohepta-1,3,6-triene-1,7-diyl) bis(2-methoxy-4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(naphthalene-1,4-dione). CurNQ's structure was elucidated and was fully characterized. CurNQ was demonstrated to have pH specific solubility, its saturation solubility increased from 11.15 µM at pH 7.4 to 20.7 µM at pH 6.8. This pH responsivity allows for cancer targeting (Warburg effect). Moreover, CurNQ displayed intrinsic fluorescence, thus enabling imaging and detection applications. In vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrated the chemotherapeutic properties of CurNQ as CurNQ reduced cell viability to below 50% in OVCAR-5 and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell lines. CurNQ is a novel theranostic molecule for potential targeted cancer detection and treatment.

Theranostic Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Loaded With a Curcumin-Naphthoquinone Conjugate for Potential Cancer Intervention.

A novel theranostic molecule, derived from curcumin (Cur) and naphthoquinone (NQ), allowing for cancer targeting, detection and treatment was previously described and termed CurNQ. To allow for enhanced theranostic capabilities, advanced drug delivery techniques are required. To this end, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) were synthesized and CurNQ was loaded into its pores to form the novel nanosystem MSN_CurNQ. The formation of the nanosystem aimed to augment the drug delivery of CurNQ through the EPR effect and sustained release. Moreover, the loading of CurNQ into its pores, formed a fluorescent nanoparticle that can be tracked, detected and visualized. Herein, the synthesis of a novel nanosystem is described and its theranostic potential are explored in vitro. MSN with an average size of 108 d.nm, a zeta potential of -42 mV and a PDI of 0.150 were synthesized and were impregnated with CurNQ to form the novel nanosystem MSN_CurNQ. MSN_CurNQ was demonstrated to have pH-responsivity whereby after 96 h, at pH 7.4, 31.5% of CurNQ was released from the MSN compared to 57% release at pH 6.8, corresponding to an increase of 25.5% in release with a 0.6 pH drop. The innate fluorescence was then characterized through confocal and fluorescence microscopy. Microscopy images illustrated the distinct, high intensity innate fluorescence with a high background to target ratio, thus confirming detection capabilities and potentially extending MSN_CurNQ's application to molecular imaging purposes. Moreover, the chemotherapeutic potential of MSN_CurNQ was demonstrated as cell viability was reduced to below 50% in OVCAR-5, CACO-2, CHLA, and MCF-7 cell lines. Furthermore, MSN_CurNQ displayed tumor specific toxicity whereby the cell viability was reduced to a far greater extent in the cancer cell lines compared to a healthy fibroblast cell line (p = 0.000). Indeed, the novel MSN_CurNQ nanosystem has potential for applications in cancer targeting, detection and treatment.

Alternative fluorophores designed for advanced molecular imaging.

Fluorescent molecular imaging has advanced drastically over the past decade. With the development of high-resolution microscopy techniques and the ability to visualize intracellular molecular events, there is a growing need for new fluorophores to accompany these fast-developing techniques. Therefore, there has been substantial development of alternative fluorophores for single-molecule detection and molecular imaging. These rationally designed fluorophores have infinite possibilities and novel fluorophores are constantly being produced for different applications. This review focuses on the recent developments in novel fluorophores designed for molecular imaging and single-molecule detection. Here, single-molecule imaging, smart fluorescent probes, two-photon microscopy, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and super-resolution microscopy are discussed in detail.