Immunohistochemical detection of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 and 5 in human multiple sclerosis lesions.

AIMS: Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulating therapies are currently in the clinic or undergoing investigation for multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment. However, the expression of S1PRs is still unclear in the central nervous system under normal conditions and during neuroinflammation. METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry we examined tissues from both grey and white matter MS lesions for sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1 ) and 5 (S1P5 ) expression. Tissues from Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases were also examined. RESULTS: S1P1 expression was restricted to astrocytes and endothelial cells in control tissues and a decrease in endothelial cell expression was found in white matter MS lesions. In grey matter MS lesions, astrocyte expression was lost in active lesions, while in quiescent lesions it was restored to normal expression levels. CNPase colocalization studies demonstrated S1P5 expression on myelin and both were reduced in demyelinated lesions. In AD tissues we found no difference in S1P1 expression. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate a differential modulation of S1PRs in MS lesions, which may have an impact on S1PR-directed therapies.

Chemical inducers and transcriptional markers of oligodendrocyte differentiation.

Oligodendrocytes generate and maintain myelin, which is essential for axonal function and protection of the mammalian central nervous system. To advance our molecular understanding of differentiation by these cells, we screened libraries of pharmacologically active compounds and identified inducers of differentiation of Oli-neu, a stable cell line of mouse oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs). We identified four broad classes of inducers, namely, forskolin/cAMP (protein kinase A activators), steroids (glucocorticoids and retinoic acid), ErbB2 inhibitors, and nucleoside analogs, and confirmed the activity of these compounds on rat primary oligodendrocyte precursors and mixed cortical cultures. We also analyzed transcriptional responses in the chemically induced mouse and rat OPC differentiation processes and compared these with earlier studies. We confirm the view that ErbB2 is a natural signaling component that is required for OPC proliferation, whereas ErbB2 inhibition or genetic knockdown results in OPC differentiation.

Pre-symptomatic detection of prions by cyclic amplification of protein misfolding.

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are neurodegenerative disorders affecting humans and animals. At present, it is not possible to recognize individuals incubating the disease before the clinical symptoms appear. We investigated the effectiveness of the "Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification" (PMCA) technology to detect the protease-resistance disease-associated prion protein (PrP(res)) in pre-symptomatic stages. PMCA allowed detection of PrP(res) in the brain of pre-symptomatic hamsters, enabling a clear identification of infected animals as early as two weeks after inoculation. Furthermore, PMCA was able to amplify minute quantities of PrP(res) from a variety of experimental and natural TSEs. Finally, PMCA allowed the demonstration of PrP(res) in an experimentally infected cow 32 month post-inoculation, that did not show clinical signs and was negative by standard Western blot analysis. Our findings indicate that PMCA may be useful for the development of an ultra-sensitive diagnostic test to minimize the risk of further propagation of TSEs.

Reduction of amyloid load and cerebral damage in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by treatment with a beta-sheet breaker peptide.

Genetic, neuropathological, and biochemical studies have provided strong evidence for a central role of amyloid in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have proposed previously that peptides designed as beta-sheet breakers may be useful in preventing the formation of amyloid plaques. In this study, we describe a modified beta-sheet breaker peptide with improved pharmacological properties, a high rate of penetration across the blood-brain barrier, and the ability to induce a dramatic reduction in amyloid deposition in two different transgenic AD models. In addition, we report for the first time a significant increase in neuronal survival and a decrease in brain inflammation associated with the reduction of amyloid plaques. These results demonstrate that the process of amyloid deposition is one of the causes of neurodegeneration in AD. Moreover, our findings indicate that beta-sheet breaker peptides provide a valuable tool for evaluating further the importance of amyloid in the etiology of AD and suggest that these peptides or some of their derivatives might be good candidates for AD treatment.

Pharmacological profiles of peptide drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Amyloid plaques in brain, composed of aggregates of amyloid-beta peptide, play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and represent a good target for treatment. We have shown previously that a 5-amino acid beta-sheet breaker peptide (iA beta 5p), end-protected, has the ability to induce a dramatic reduction in amyloid deposition in two different transgenic Alzheimer's models (Permanne, B., Adessi, C., Saborio, G. P., Fraga, S., Frossard, M.-J., Dewachter, I., Van Dorpe, J., Banks, W. A., Van Leuven, F., and Soto, C. (2002) FASEB J. 16, 860-862). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemical modifications of the peptide bonds at the metabolite cleavage sites on the pharmacological properties of iA beta 5p derivatives. Using a rational approach, peptide analogs were designed and tested for in vitro activity and enzymatic stability. One peptide analog containing a methyl group introduced at the nitrogen atom of one amide bond showed increased stability in vitro, a 10-fold higher in vivo half-life, and good brain uptake compared with iA beta 5p while maintaining a similar activity in vitro. Our results suggest that the pharmacological profile of beta-sheet breaker peptides can be improved to produce compounds with drug-like properties that might offer a new promise in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.