Rheumatoid arthritis patients with low baseline Health Assessment Questionnaire scores have a risk of functional disability progression: a post hoc analysis of a nationwide longitudinal cohort in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: To determine prognostic factors for the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in clinical practice. METHODS: We evaluated 388 biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (bDMARD)-naïve Japanese patients with RA with moderate to high disease activity at study entry after being treated with conventional synthetic DMARDs. These patients were treated according to a treat-to-target (T2T) strategy for one year. The Disease Activity Score in 28 joints-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) and the HAQ-DI were assessed every three months. We also evaluated joint destruction using a modified total Sharp score at baseline and at one year. HAQ-DI progression was defined as the yearly progression of HAQ-DI >0.1. We performed a multiple logistic regression analysis to explore the factors predicting HAQ-DI progression at one year. RESULTS: HAQ-DI progression was observed in 18% of the patients. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed the independent variables associated with HAQ-DI progression were: DAS28-ESR >5.1 at baseline (odds ratio [OR] 0.31, 95% con dence interval [CI] 0.13-0.74, p=0.0083); HAQ-DI score at baseline <0.5 (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.22-4.26, p=0.0102); and achievement of low disease activity at 12 weeks (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.21-0.82, p=0.0112). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that maintaining clinical improvement according to T2T and initiating the treatment at an early stage are important for functional improvement after one year and that patients with low baseline HAQ scores have a higher risk of HAQ disability progression.

Suppression of joint destruction with subcutaneous tocilizumab for Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice.

Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of suppressing joint destruction with subcutaneous tocilizumab (TCZ-SC) for Japanese rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in the real-world clinical setting.Methods: This 1-year prospective, multicenter study included 110 RA patients in whom TCZ-SC was newly initiated. Primary endpoint was the change from baseline in vdH-modified total Sharp score (mTSS) at week 52. Structural remission was defined as yearly mTSS of 0.5 or less. Disease activity was evaluated using the disease activity score (DAS28-ESR) and clinical disease activity index (CDAI).Results: At baseline, the patients' mean age was 58.6 years, and the mean disease duration was 10.6 years. The proportion of patients who were naïve for biologics was 44.5%, and 64.5% concomitantly received methotrexate. The yearly mTSS showed significant improvement from 9.41 before TCZ-SC initiation to -0.15 after 52 weeks. The structural remission rate was 76.1%. After 52 weeks, the DAS28-ESR and CDAI remission rates were 52% and 21%, respectively. Although the previous usage of biologics and baseline disease activity significantly affected the clinical remission, no factors with significant effects on structural remission were identified.Conclusion: These findings support the efficacy of TCZ-SC in suppressing disease activity as well as joint destruction over a 1-year period.

Clinical outcomes in the first year of remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated clinical outcomes in patients with remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) syndrome. METHODS: This is a retrospective multicenter study conducted in Nagasaki, Japan. We consecutively diagnosed a total of 41 patients with RS3PE syndrome between October 2003 and September 2012 and evaluated their outcomes from medical records from the first year of follow-up. RESULTS: Although an excellent initial response to corticosteroids was noted in all 41 patients, 34 (82.9%) were still receiving corticosteroids and 13 (31.7%) showed elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) at one year. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that male gender and high CRP level at entry were independent variables associated with patients' one-year CRP level being ≥0.5 mg/dL. Odds ratios were 17.05 ([95% CI 2.41-370.12], p < 0.026) and 12.99 ([95% CI 1.78-269.62], p < 0.0096), respectively. Twenty-four patients (58.5%) were still receiving prednisolone (PSL) ≥ 5 mg/day at one year. Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs including methotrexate were required in three patients (10.3%). Neoplasms were found in 14 patients (34.1%) and 1 of these had died due to lung cancer at one year. CONCLUSIONS: RS3PE syndrome initially responds well to corticosteroids with remission of symptoms. However, outcomes of RS3PE syndrome appear to be worse than expected, and may be influenced by gender and initial CRP level.

Impact of methotrexate dose on efficacy of adalimumab in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Results from registered data analyses.

OBJECTIVE: Upper limit of methotrexate (MTX) for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was recently increased from 8 to 16 mg/week in Japan. We therefore examined the effect of concomitant MTX dose on the efficacy of adalimumab (ADA) in clinical practice. METHOD: Sixty-one consecutive RA patients treated with ADA were followed for minimum 52 weeks and retrospectively compared by MTX dose; patients receiving concomitant MTX of 10 mg/week or more (MTX ≥10 mg group) and <10 mg/week (MTX <10 mg group). Disease activity and remission were evaluated by the disease activity score 28 (DAS28) criteria. RESULTS: The MTX ≥10 mg group consistently showed better improvement in DAS28 and resulted in more patients (52.8%) with DAS28-remission compared with the MTX <10 mg group (26.1%). Multivariate analysis showed that MTX ≥10 mg had a significant effect on DAS28 remission with odds ratio of 5.12. ADA retention rate was 72.2% in MTX ≥10 mg group compared with 52.0% in MTX <10 mg group. Discontinuation of ADA due to adverse events were comparable in the MTX ≥10 mg and MTX <10 mg groups (11.1% vs. 12.0%). CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the critical role of concomitant MTX in the efficacy of ADA, and recommend use of MTX ≥10 mg in Japanese RA patients.

Successful treatment of macrophage activation syndrome in a patient with dermatomyositis by combination with immunosuppressive therapy and plasmapheresis.

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), also known as secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, is mediated by cytokine overproduction from excessive activation of T lymphocytes and macrophages. We present a dermatomyositis patient with MAS, caused by hypercytokinemia. The combination of tacrolimus and plasma exchange therapy was effective in this case for treating MAS. This combination therapy is especially useful for MAS refractory to steroids.

An autopsy case of refractory vasculo-Behçet's disease.

Pulmonary vascular involvement in Behçet's disease is a rare complication with a poor prognosis. We present an autopsy case of vasculo-Behçet's disease complicated by pulmonary hemorrhage, possibly caused by rupture of pulmonary artery aneurysms. The patient was treated with a combination of high-dose steroids and pulse cyclophosphamide, but he died from massive hemoptysis. This case highlights the need for potent new therapies for patients with vasculo-Behçet's disease refractory to conventional immunosuppressive therapy, such as a combination of steroids and cyclophosphamide.

Successful treatment of rectal ulcers in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus using corticosteroids and tacrolimus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is frequently accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. Although all parts of the gastrointestinal tract may be affected, colonic involvement is quite rare. Colonic ulceration, particularly in the rectum, is associated with a high mortality rate in patients with SLE, despite immunosuppressive therapy. While a standard regimen for treating rectal ulcers as a complication of SLE has not been established, combination therapy with steroids and immunosuppressive agents is necessary because of the associated high mortality rate. In this report, we describe a patient with SLE whose condition was complicated with ulcerative lesions in the rectum and sigmoid colon; the lesions were successfully treated with a combination of corticosteroids and tacrolimus therapy. Tacrolimus could be a useful additional or alternative modality for treating rectal involvement in SLE.

Remission in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis by tocilizumab treatment in routine clinical practice: results from 3 years of prospectively registered data.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the remission in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with tocilizumab (TCZ), based on prospectively registered data in clinical practice. METHODS: We studied 114 consecutive RA patients treated with TCZ for an average of 3.5 years. Remission was evaluated by using the EULAR criteria and the new ACR/EULAR Boolean-based criteria. RESULTS: Among 114 patients (average age 52.2 years; average disease duration 10.6 years), 76 (67 %) had previously received anti-TNF biologics. Mean baseline DAS28-ESR of 5.4 and improved to 2.4 at 36 months. Overall, DAS28-ESR <2.6 was attained by 66.7 %, while ACR/EULAR remission was attained by 35.1 %. ACR/EULAR remission rate was significantly higher in the patients who were biologics-naïve and had good response at the first month. Among 23 patients who completed the treatment for 3 years and had ACR/EULAR remission at 1 year, 15 (65 %) remained in the remission and 16 (70 %) had a DAS28-ESR <2.6 at the final follow-up. The retention rate at 36 months was 68.2 %. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with RA, TCZ is highly effective for both biologics-naïve patients and patients previously exposed to biologics, achieving a high remission rate and drug continuation rate (68.2 %) in clinical practice.

Effectiveness and safety of sarilumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A multicenter, retrospective, inverse probability of treatment-weighted analysis based on the FRAB-registry.

OBJECTIVE: The efficacy and safety of sarilumab (SARI) were investigated in real-world clinical practice in Japan. METHOD: Subjects were 121 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in 23 medical institutions in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, who started treatment with SARI between May 2018 and November 2021. Data on the SARI starting dose, patients' baseline characteristics, disease activity, and blood test data at the start of treatment, as well as follow-up data on the SARI dose, disease activity, and adverse events until Week 52. Safety and the continuation rate calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method were evaluated, and the effectiveness of treatment at 1 year was assessed using the clinical disease activity index (CDAI). Patients' baseline characteristics for which significant differences were evident were adjusted with a propensity score by using the inverse probability of treatment-weighting (IPTW) method. RESULTS: The continuation rate at Week 52 was 66.1%. The CDAI showed significant improvement from Week 4 that was maintained until Week 52. Comparisons conducted after IPTW adjustment for patients' baseline characteristics for which significant differences were evident revealed no significant differences at Week 52 between the groups classified by higher or lower body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.231), serious comorbidities (p = 0.973), MTX use (p = 0.321), or prior treatment with ≤ 1 or ≥ 2 biologic and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARDs) (p = 0.765). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the efficacy of SARI is not affected by BMI, comorbidities, MTX use, or the number of prior b/tsDMARDs, and no new safety concerns were apparent. Key Points • This is the first real-world clinical study to report on the efficacy and safety of SARI in Japan. The results of this study indicate that the efficacy of SARI was not affected by BMI, comorbidities, MTX use, or number of previous b/tsDMARDs. • It was shown that SARI can be used in a Japanese population without any new side effects.

Remission in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis by tocilizumab treatment in routine clinical practice: results from 3 years of prospectively registered data.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the remission in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with tocilizumab (TCZ), based on prospectively registered data in clinical practice. METHODS: We studied 114 consecutive RA patients treated with TCZ for an average of 3.5 years. Remission was evaluated by using the EULAR criteria and the new ACR/EULAR Boolean-based criteria. RESULTS: Among 114 patients (average age 52.2 years; average disease duration 10.6 years), 76 (67 %) had previously received anti-TNF biologics. Mean baseline DAS28-ESR of 5.4 and improved to 2.4 at 36 months. Overall, DAS28-ESR <2.6 was attained by 66.7 %, while ACR/EULAR remission was attained by 35.1 %. ACR/EULAR remission rate was significantly higher in the patients who were biologics-naïve and had good response at the first month. Among 23 patients who completed the treatment for 3 years and had ACR/EULAR remission at 1 year, 15 (65 %) remained in the remission and 16 (70 %) had a DAS28-ESR <2.6 at the final follow-up. The retention rate at 36 months was 68.2 %. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with RA, TCZ is highly effective for both biologics-naïve patients and patients previously exposed to biologics, achieving a high remission rate and drug continuation rate (68.2 %) in clinical practice.

High serum matrix metalloproteinase 3 is characteristic of patients with paraneoplastic remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema syndrome.

Recently, it was reported that remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) syndrome could be complicated with solid tumors. In a retrospective, multicenter study between October, 2003 and September, 2010, we investigated the characteristics of patients with paraneoplastic RS3PE syndrome who fulfilled following criteria: (1) bilateral pitting edema of hands or feet or both, (2) sudden onset of polyarthritis, and (3) age >50 years, (4) seronegativity for rheumatoid factor (RF). A total of 33 cases fulfilled the above criteria. Eight patients (seven men and one woman) developed cancer within 2 years of RS3PE syndrome onset. There was no significant difference between the neoplastic and nonneoplastic groups in the proportions of patients with fever, symmetrical polyarthritis, pitting edema, and good response to corticosteroids. Serum matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) level (median 437.3 ng/ml) in the paraneoplastic RS3PE patients was significantly higher than that in patients without neoplasia (median 114.7 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). We found that high serum MMP-3 is characteristic of patients with paraneoplastic RS3PE syndrome.

Reduction in serum levels of substance P in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor.

We determined the effects of etanercept on the serum concentrations of neuropeptides in RA patients. In a total of 11 patients who had been injected with etanercept, the serum levels of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) were analyzed. Average levels of serum substance P were significantly reduced from 1.53 to 0.62 ng/ml after the injection of etanercept. In the CGRP and GRP analyses, these average levels dropped from 1.57 and 0.51 ng/ml to 0.44 and 0.04 ng/ml, respectively. Etanercept appears to decrease substance P levels with an improvement in disease activities.

Abatacept reduces disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis independently of modulating anti-citrullinated peptide antibody production.

Abatacept may exert its clinical effect on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by suppressing anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody production. This study was undertaken to test this hypothesis by examining the changes of disease activity of RA and anti-CCP antibody levels over time after starting abatacept. Sixty Japanese RA patients who started abatacept were included in this multicenter, prospective observational study. Simple Disease Activity Index (SDAI) and anti-CCP antibody levels were evaluated at 12, 24, and 52 weeks. The mean SDAI score significantly decreased within 12 weeks after starting abatacept and was maintained thereafter. On the contrary, the mean anti-CCP antibody levels did not change until 52 weeks. At the individual level, there were substantial changes of anti-CCP antibody levels, but these were not correlated with the changes of disease activity at any time points. Thus, abatacept reduces the disease activity of RA independently of modulating anti-CCP antibody production.

Prediction of DAS28-ESR remission at 6 months by baseline variables in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with etanercept in Japanese population.

We tried to determine which baseline variables are responsible for remission induction at 6 months in unselected rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients of Japanese population treated with etanercept. One hundred forty-one patients with RA who were administered etanercept were registered. Thirty-four patients were started on etanercept monotherapy, 60 patients on cotherapy with methotrexate (MTX) (MTX cotherapy), and 47 patients on cotherapy with other non-MTX nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (non-MTX cotherapy). None of the patients were treated with both MTX and non-MTX nonbiologic DMARDs at entry. Outcome was set as achievement of disease activity score 28 (DAS28)-ESR remission at 6 months. We examined association of gender, DAS at baseline, MTX cotherapy at baseline, non-MTX cotherapy at baseline, and prednisolone use at baseline with achievement of remission at 6 months by logistic regression analysis. All subjects were classified as having high (N = 109) or moderate disease activity (N = 32) at entry. One hundred twenty out of 141 patients (85.1%) continued treatment with etanercept at 6 months. Continuation rate was statistically higher in MTX cotherapy (93.3%) compared with etanercept monotherapy (73.5%), and tended to be higher than with non-MTX cotherapy (85.1%). Logistic regression analysis identified that MTX cotherapy at entry and moderate disease activity at entry were independent variables for remission induction at 6 months. Accordingly, DAS28-ESR at 6 months was significantly lower with MTX cotherapy as compared with etanercept monotherapy or non-MTX cotherapy. To a lesser extent, DAS28-ESR with non-MTX cotherapy at 6 months was lower than with etanercept monotherapy. In this study of unselected patients, use of MTX and moderate disease activity at entry were associated with higher likelihood of response to etanercept. Non-MTX nonbiologic DMARDs may be an alternative in RA patients administrated etanercept who are intolerant to MTX.

Effects of alpha-glucosylhesperidin, a bioactive food material, on collagen-induced arthritis in mice and rheumatoid arthritis in humans.

Hesperidin (Hsp) is an abundant flavonoid in citrus fruits, and the oral administration of Hsp has been recently reported to suppress collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Therefore, we sought to determine whether alpha-glucosylhesperidin (Hsp-G), which is an Hsp derivative with enhanced water-solubility, is effective on treating arthritis in both mice and humans. Hsp-G was orally administered to mice with collagen-induced arthritis, and its effects were evaluated clinically and histologically. Oral administration of Hsp-G improved collagen-induced arthritis when administered before the onset of arthritis as well as when administered after its onset. A decrease in tumor necrosis factor-alpha production was found to cause this improvement. In the human study, 19 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were enrolled in a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients were administered beverages containing 3 g Hsp-G (n = 9) or placebo (n = 10) every morning for the duration of the 3-month trial. Additionally, patients received standard therapy from a physician every 4 weeks. As a result, 3 of 9 patients in the Hsp-G group improved, while only 1 of 10 patients in the placebo group improved; this was in accordance with the American College of Rheumatology criteria. The present study revealed that the food material Hsp-G was effective when administered with standard anti-rheumatoid therapy in ameliorating RA in mice and humans without any adverse effects and may improve the quality of life for patients with RA as a complementary/alternative medicine.

[Window of opportunity for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis].

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology characterized by symmetric, erosive synovitis. Joints become eroded in the first 2 years of early RA. But the subsequent course of radiological progression is highly variable and cannot be easily explained. Their disability correlates with signs and symptoms of inflammation and it correlates more closely with articular damage. TNF blockers (infliximab and etanercept) affect signs and symptoms as well as radiographic progression of RA. They are among the most effective therapies for RA. Early diagnosis and early appropriate treatment of RA are thought to be key to controlling progress of disease and preventing further joint and tissue damage. The concept of "window of opportunity" exists from the notion that early institution of therapy for RA is more effective in preventing joint damage, decreasing functional disability, and inducing clinical remission.

Retrospective Proteomic Analysis of a Novel, Cancer Metastasis-Promoting RGD-Containing Peptide.

Patients who undergo surgical extirpation of a primary liver carcinoma followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy leading to complete remission are nevertheless known to develop cancerous metastases 3-10 years later. We retrospectively examined the blood sera collected over 8 years from 30 patients who developed bone metastases after the complete remission of liver cancer to identify serum proteins showing differential expression compared to patients without remission. We detected a novel RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-containing peptide derived from the C-terminal portion of fibrinogen in the sera of metastatic patients that appeared to control the EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) of cancer cells, in a process associated with miR-199a-3p. The RGD peptide enhanced new blood vessel growth and increased vascular endothelial growth factor levels when introduced into fertilized chicken eggs. The purpose of this study was to enable early detection of metastatic cancer cells using the novel RGD peptide as a biomarker, and thereby develop new drugs for the treatment of metastatic cancer.

Anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies are the strongest predictor of clinically relevant radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis patients achieving remission or low disease activity: A post hoc analysis of a nationwide cohort in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: To determine prognostic factors of clinically relevant radiographic progression (CRRP) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) achieving remission or low disease activity (LDA) in clinical practice. METHODS: Using data from a nationwide, multicenter, prospective study in Japan, we evaluated 198 biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD)-naïve RA patients who were in remission or had LDA at study entry after being treated with conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs). CRRP was defined as the yearly progression of modified total Sharp score (mTSS) >3.0 U. We performed a multiple logistic regression analysis to explore the factors to predict CRRP at 1 year. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to estimate the performance of relevant variables for predicting CRRP. RESULTS: The mean Disease Activity Score in 28 joints-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) was 2.32 ± 0.58 at study entry. During the 1-year observation, remission or LDA persisted in 72% of the patients. CRRP was observed in 7.6% of the patients. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the independent variables to predict the development of CRRP were: anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) positivity at baseline (OR = 15.2, 95%CI 2.64-299), time-integrated DAS28-ESR during the 1 year post-baseline (7.85-unit increase, OR = 1.83, 95%CI 1.03-3.45), and the mTSS at baseline (13-unit increase, OR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.06-1.42). CONCLUSIONS: ACPA positivity was the strongest independent predictor of CRRP in patients with RA in remission or LDA. Physicians should recognize ACPA as a poor-prognosis factor regarding the radiographic outcome of RA, even among patients showing a clinically favorable response to DMARDs.