Evidence of Air Trapping During Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion: A Swine Experimental Lung Imaging and Mechanics Study.

Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) allows the ventilation and perfusion of lungs to evaluate their viability for transplantation. The aim of this study is to compare the mechanical, morphologic and functional properties of lungs during EVLP with values obtained in vivo to guide a safe mechanical ventilation strategy. Lungs from 5 healthy pigs were studied in vivo and during 4 hours of EVLP. Lung compliance, airway resistance, gas exchange, and hemodynamic parameters were collected at positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cm H2O. Computed tomography was performed at PEEP 0, PEEP 5, and total lung capacity (TLC). Lung pressure-volume (PV) curves were performed from PEEP 0 to TLC. Lung compliance decreased during EVLP (53 ± 5 mL/cm H2O vs 29 ± 7 mL/cm H2O, P < .05), and the PV curve showed a lower inflection point. Gas content (528 ± 118 mL vs 892 ± 402 mL at PEEP 0) and airway resistance (25 ± 5 vs 44 ± 9 cmH2O/L∗s-1, P < .05) were higher during EVLP. Alveolar dead space (5% ± 2% vs 17% ± 6%, P < .05) and intrapulmonary shunt (9% ± 2% vs 28% ± 13%, P < .05) increased ex vivo compared to in vivo, while the partial pressure of oxygen to inspired oxygen fraction ratio (PO2/FiO2) did not differ (468 ± 52 mm Hg vs 536 ± 14 mm Hg). In conclusion, during EVLP lungs show signs of air trapping and bronchoconstriction, resulting in low compliance and increased alveolar dead space. Intrapulmonary shunt is high despite oxygenation levels acceptable for transplantation.

Alternative approaches to ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), which develops in patients receiving mechanical ventilation, is the most common nosocomial infection in patients with acute respiratory failure. The major mechanism of lower respiratory tract colonization is aspiration of bacteria-colonized secretions from the oropharynx into the lower airways. The hydrostatic pressure of the secretions that collect in the subglottic space, which is the area above the endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff, or aerosolization of bacteria from the secretions collected within the respiratory tubing may facilitate the leakage into the lower airways. Ideally, the elimination of the mechanisms responsible for aspiration would decrease the incidence of VAP. Several preventive measures have been tested in clinical trials with little success.Here we present the results of our efforts to develop novel approaches for the prevention of VAP. Specifically, we found that keeping ventilated patients in a lateral position, which eliminates gravitational forces, is feasible and possibly advantageous. Additionally, several novel medical devices have been recently developed to prevent bacterial biofilm formation from the ETT and breathing tubing. These devices include coated ETTs, mucus shavers and mucus slurpers. Prevention of ETT bacterial colonization showed decreased bacterial colonization of the respiratory circuit and of the lower respiratory tract in laboratory studies and clinical trials. Future large studies should be designed to test the hypothesis that VAP can be prevented with these novel strategies. While there is a current focus on the use of respiratory devices to prevent biofilm formation and microaspiration, it is important to remember that lower respiratory tract colonization is multifactorial. Prevention of VAP cannot be achieved solely by eliminating bacterial biofilm on respiratory devices, and more comprehensive care of the intubated patient needs to be implemented.

Coreoatetosis en un paciente con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida: a propósito de un caso / Chorea in a patient with AIDS: about a case

Se presenta el caso de un paciente con enfermedad avanzada debida al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo-1 (HIV-1), de 30 años de edad, sexo masculino, que ingresa a Sala 10 del Hospital Francisco J. Muñiz presentando cefalea y movimientos involuntarios en miembro superior izquierdo, con tomografía computada de cerebro (TAC) que reveló múltiples lesiones compatibles con toxoplasmosis cerebral

Nocardiosis pulmonar asociada con el SIDA: presentación de un caso / Pulmonary nocardiosis in AIDS: report of one case

La nocardiosis es una infección oportunista localizada o diseminada, que puede comprometer el pulmón, la piel y los tejidos blandos y el sistema nervioso central. Sus agentes etiológicos, pertenecientes al género Nocardia, son bacterias filamentosas que en el examen microscópico directo se tiñen con la coloración de Kinyoun. La disfunción de la inmunidad celular es un factor de riesgo para la adquisición de la enfermedad. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de sexo masculino con nocardiosis pulmonar y enfermedad avanzada debida a HIV-1

Infección por Rhodococcus en pacientes de sexo masculino con enfermedad por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH): presentación de 2 casos / Rhodococcus infection in HIV infected patients: report of 2 cases

El Rhodococcus es un bacilo gram+, aerobio, inmóvil, que toma la coloración ácido alcohol resistente en forma inconstante. No esporulado e intracelular, origina una zoonosis que en pacientes VIH+ provoca una infección con localización pulmonar y extrapulmonar. En el 80 por ciento de los casos la forma de presentación primaria es la neumonía cavitada. La inmunodeficiencia del huésped, la localización intracelular y un tratamiento insuficiente se relacionan con la recidiva de la infección. Se presentan 2 casos de infección por este microorganismo, en pacientes VIH+ con localización pulmonar y extrapulmonar y en uno de ellos con carácter recidivante