Utilization of the modified Kama scoring system for predicting bail-out cholecystectomy: a valuable tool in the era of rising laparoscopic surgery prevalence.

PURPOSE: Recently, bail-out cholecystectomy (BOC) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy to avoid severe complications, such as vasculobiliary injury, has become widely used and increased in prevalence. However, current predictive factors or scoring systems are insufficient. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to test the validity of existing scoring systems and determine a suitable cutoff value for predicting BOC. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed 305 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and divided them into a total cholecystectomy group (n = 265) and a BOC group (n = 40). Preoperative and operative findings were collected, and cutoff values for the existing scoring systems (Kama's and Nassar's) were modified using a prospectively maintained database. RESULTS: The BOC rate was 13% with no severe complications. A logistic regression analysis revealed that the Kama's score (odds ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval 0.91-0.96; P < 0.01) was an independent predictor of BOC. A cutoff value of 6.5 points gave an area under the curve of 0.81, with a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 67%. CONCLUSIONS: Kama's difficulty scoring system with a modified cutoff value (6.5 points) is effective for predicting BOC.

Management for males whose female partners are diagnosed with genital chlamydial infection.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the infection rate of asymptomatic men whose female sexual partners were diagnosed as having genital chlamydial infection and discuss the management for them. The subjects were asymptomatic men whose female sexual partners were diagnosed with genital chlamydial infection at other obstetric and gynecological clinics. Microscopic findings of urinary sediment and the results of a nucleic acid amplification test of the first-voided urine specimen were retrospectively examined in those men who visited our clinics. A total of 267 men were included and analyzed. The infection rate for urinary Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic men was 36.3% (97 of 267). In the analysis of urinary sediment, 35 of the 267 (13.1%) had pyuria and 82.9% (29 of 35) in the men with pyuria were positive for urinary C. trachomatis in. Even in men without pyuria, the urinary C. trachomatis-positive rate was 29.3% (68 of 232). When such men have pyuria in the clinic, prompt treatment is the appropriate approach. If the men are without pyuria, testing for urinary C. trachomatis should be performed. Prompt treatment before doing any clinical evaluation can be an option in couples with trouble.

[Changes in serum prostate specific antigen and testosterone levels after chlormadinone acetate treatment in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia : a prospective multicenter clinical study].

In this prospective multicenter study, we investigated the changes in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and testosterone levels after treatment with antiandrogen chlormadinone acetate (CMA) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The inclusion criteria for the patients were as follows : PSA value of C10 ng/ml, maximum urine flow rate of ＜15 ml/s, estimated prostate volume of B20 ml, International Prostate System Score (IPSS) of B8, and IPSS-quality of life (QOL) index of B2. Of the 115 patients who registered, 114 qualified for this study. The patients were treated with CMA (50 mg/day) for 16 weeks ; this was followed by a no-CMA phase of 32 weeks. When compared with the baseline PSA level, the levels at 8 and 16 weeks of treatment had decreased by 56.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 51.1-1.2) and 57.6% (95% CI, 52.3-62.4), respectively. Similarly, when compared with the baseline testosterone level, the levels at 8 and 16 weeks of treatment had decreased by 90.1% (95% CI, 87.8-91.9) and 84.4% (95% CI, 80.7-87.4), respectively. After treatment discontinuation, the PSA levels gradually increased and returned to baseline in 32 weeks. However, the testosterone levels returned to baseline in only 8 weeks. Although patients over 80 years of age showed a gradual decrease in these levels when compared with younger patients, the changes in the levels of PSA and testosterone were not affected by age. Thus, in order to use antiandrogen agents including CMA for treating BPH, we need to determine the PSA value that converted it into double.

The 12-year symptomatic outcome of transurethral resection of the prostate for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction compared to the urodynamic findings before surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), detrusor underactivity (DUA) and detrusor overactivity (DO) affect the long-term outcome of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for patients having lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of 92 patients who had TURP after a urodynamic study between 1995 and 1997, 43 (47%) were alive at the time of the survey in February 2008. Nine patients were excluded because of prostate cancer, neurological diseases and the impossibility of symptomatic examination. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and quality-of-life (QoL) index were determined at baseline, 3 months, 3, 7 and 12 years after surgery for 34 patients. RESULTS: Although the improved IPSS and QoL index at 3 months gradually deteriorated with time, patients at 12 years were still significantly better than those at baseline. The IPSS in patients without BOO deteriorated faster than in those with it, whereas neither DUA nor DO influenced the slope of change in IPSS. Regardless of the preoperative urodynamic findings, the QoL index remained improved for 12 years. Two-thirds of patients with DUA but not BOO were satisfied with their urinary condition at 12 years. CONCLUSION: The symptomatic improvement provided by TURP lasts for >10 years, although there is a gradual deterioration with time. The QoL index remained improved for 12 years regardless of the preoperative urodynamic findings.

[Investigation of post micturition dribble in patients after transurethral resection of the prostate].

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the actual status of post micturition dribble (PMD) after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We surveyed 388 patients who underwent TURP to determine whether they experienced urinary incontinence one year after the procedure. If they reported it, its frequency, degree and the type of urinary incontinence (stress urinary incontinence, urge incontinence, PMD) were investigated using a questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 270 patients who responded to the questionnaire, 78 (29%) reported urinary incontinence. Although most of them experienced incontinence infrequently (less than once or twice a week) with a mild degree (tiny spot on the underwear), a few reported frequent (every day) or severe (wet pants or need a pad) urinary incontinence. PMD was the most common type of urinary incontinence, and was found in 48 patients (62%). CONCLUSION: PMD occurred in half or more of the patients with urinary incontinence after TURP.

[Investigation of adverse events and the continuance rate of silodosin in all patients who received silodosin for lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia].

OBJECTIVES: We retrospectively evaluated patients who received silodosin for lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH/LUTS) in our hospital, to investigate its efficacy, adverse events and continuance rate. METHODS: From the release of silodosin (July 2006) through October 2008, 256 patients received silodosin for BPH/LUTS in our hospital. Of these 256, we evaluated 195, as 61 were excluded due to conditions such as prostate cancer. We evaluated the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QOL) index, uroflowmetry and postvoid residual urine volume before and after medication. We calculated the continuance rate of the drug by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 68.1 years and the mean medicated period was 3.1 months. Overall severity at baseline estimated by the criteria for severity of BPH was mild in 0%, moderate in 69%, and severe in 31%. Silodosin significantly improved the IPSS, QOL index, maximum urinary flow rate and postvoid residual urine volume in 90 patients whose data were available for analysis of the efficacy. Improvements were observed both in voiding symptoms and in storage symptoms. However, 45.6% of the overall efficacy was insufficient. Adverse events were observed in 56 of the 195 cases (28.7%). The most common adverse event was abnormal ejaculation (10.8%). The patients who reported adverse events were significantly younger in age and had lower IPSS and QOL index values after treatment than those without adverse events (mean age: 65.4 vs. 69.2 years old; mean IPSS: 7.7 vs. 13.1, mean QOL index: 2.9 vs. 3.6). The continuance rate for the drug was 12.0% at 1 year on the Kaplan-Meier curve. The development of adverse events was involved in the low continuance rate of silodosin. CONCLUSIONS: Modification of treatment such as dose reduction is necessary to continue silodosin.

Efficacy of treatment with carbapenems and third-generation cephalosporins for patients with febrile complicated pyelonephritis.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical relevance of carbapenem and third-generation cephalosporin treatment for febrile complicated pyelonephritis, which often leads to urosepsis. Parenteral antimicrobial treatment with a carbapenem or third-generation cephalosporin was administered to febrile patients and the treatment was switched to oral antimicrobial agents after they became afebrile. In principle, the duration of the course of antimicrobial chemotherapy was limited to a total of 14 days. Clinically, the success rates were 97.3% in the carbapenem group and 96.0% in the third-generation cephalosporin group. For microbiological efficacy, the success rates were 89.2% in the carbapenem group and 92.0% in the third-generation cephalosporin group. There were no serious adverse events in the course of the study. The treatment regimen with a carbapenem or a third-generation cephalosporin was highly effective for patients with febrile complicated pyelonephritis and was well tolerated. Either of these regimens could become one of the standard treatments for patients with febrile complicated pyelonephritis.

Ejaculatory disorders caused by alpha-1 blockers for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia: comparison of naftopidil and tamsulosin in a randomized multicenter study.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate the incidence of ejaculatory disorders caused by naftopidil and tamsulosin in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-five patients with LUTS/BPH who had International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSS) of 8 or more were randomly assigned to receive naftopidil (50 mg/day, n = 48) or tamsulosin (0.2 mg/day, n = 47). Before and 12 weeks after treatment, a questionnaire was used to evaluate ejaculation. RESULTS: Among men who had sexual activity during the 12 weeks, the proportion who reported an abnormal feeling on ejaculation was higher in the tamsulosin group (16.7%) than in the naftopidil group (7.4%), although the difference was not significant (p = 0.402). The proportion of men who reported reduced ejaculatory volume after treatment was significantly higher in the tamsulosin group (96.0%) than in the naftopidil group (73.1%, p = 0.0496). On the other hand, the improvements in IPSS and the quality of life index were significantly higher in the tamsulosin group than in the naftopidil group. CONCLUSIONS: Tamsulosin may cause a higher incidence of ejaculatory disorders than naftopidil, although the efficacy of 0.2 mg tamsulosin may be better than that of 50 mg naftopidil.

Is urethritis accompanied by seminal vesiculitis?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether urethritis is accompanied by seminal vesiculitis using transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) imaging. METHODS: Fifty-six male patients (mean age 31.6 8.7 years) with urethritis were included in the study. As a control group,we also considered 34 healthy volunteers (mean age 21.3 1.8 years). The two groups were evaluated by the nucleic acid amplification test and imaging studies using TRUS. RESULTS: The nucleic acid amplification test could identify 15 patients (26.8%) with gonococcal urethritis (five had accompanying chlamydial urethritis), 32 (57.1%) with chlamydial urethritis, and nine (16.1%) with nongonococcal and nonchlamydial urethritis. The mean anteroposterior diameter of the bilateral seminal vesicles was significantly longer in the urethritis group than in the controls (12.9 3.3 mm vs 11.0 2.0 mm, P = 0.004). The incidence of dilatation or cystic changes of seminal vesicles was significantly higher in the urethritis group than in the controls (dilatation: 30% vs 9%, P = 0.019; cystic change: 39% vs 12%, P = 0.007). There was no significant difference in the incidence of dilatation or cystic changes of seminal vesicles between gonococcal urethritis and chlamydial urethritis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with urethritis are likely to have accompanying seminal vesiculitis. This suggests a close interrelationship among urethritis, seminal vesiculitis and epididymitis.

New classification of midline cysts of the prostate in adults via a transrectal ultrasonography-guided opacification and dye-injection study.

OBJECTIVES: To reclassify midline cysts (MLCs) of the prostate according using the results from transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided opacification and dye injection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty-six patients (mean age 60.9 years) who had MLCs detected in the pelvis by TRUS were investigated. In all patients the size of the MLC was measured and they had transperineal aspiration under TRUS guidance. After aspiration of the MLC a mixture of water-soluble contrast medium and indigo carmine dye was injected to check for communication with the urethra or seminal tract by endoscopic and pelvic X-ray examination. RESULTS: We classified MLCs into four categories: (i) type 1 (nine cases), MLC with no communication into the urethra (traditional prostatic utricle cyst); (ii) type 2a (60 cases), MLC with communication into the urethra (cystic dilatation of the prostatic utricle, CDU); (iii) type 2b (14 cases), CDU which communicated with the seminal tract; (iv) type 3 (three cases), cystic dilation of the ejaculatory duct. The location, shape and volume of the MLC, and the prostate-specific antigen level of MLC fluid, did not influence the classification. CONCLUSIONS: The most common type of MLC was CDU. A new classification that depends on the communication with the urethra or seminal tract is proposed.

[Long-term results of lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary flow rate after transurethral resection of the prostate].

We investigated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and the urinary flow rates of patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) for benign prostatic hyperplasia to determine the persistence of the efficacy of TUR-P. We mailed questionnaires for evaluation of LUTS to 1236 patients who had received TUR-P. In addition, we encouraged them to visit a clinic for uroflowmetry if possible. LUTS using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and QOL index, and uroflowmetry were analyzed in 847 (68.5%) and 150 patients (12.1%), respectively. The IPSS of patients who had received TUR-P more than 5 years earlier was higher than that of patients who had received it in the preceding 5 years. However, more than 80% of the patients in both groups were satisfied with their urinary condition at evaluation. Although no obvious change in the maximum urinary flow rate was observed in the patients who had received TUR-P in the preceding 5 years, it was significantly decreased in the patients who had received it more than 5 years earlier. The tendency was marked in the patients when TUR-P was performed at 70 years of age and older. Although the change in detrusor function determined by the age at surgery and the postoperative period may cause LUTS and reduce the urinary flow rate in the long-term after TUR-P, the efficacy of TUR-P appears to last for long periods in terms of the maintenance of QOL.

[Investigation of resection and coagulation times during transurethral resection of the prostate among operators determined using a time-measuring instrument].

We investigated resection and coagulation times for 123 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) and their differences among surgeons. The numbers of cases of TUR-P in this study were 57 for Doctor A (experienced about 4000 cases), 60 for Doctor B (experienced about 100 cases) and 6 for a visiting physician (experienced about 50 cases). We measured resection and coagulation times by turning on a time-measuring instrument that was made using commercially available parts. There were significant differences in entire operation time, and operation, resection and coagulation times per resected weight of the tissue among the 3 doctors (Doctor A < Doctor B < visiting physician, p < 0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis test). The percentage of total operation time accounted for by resection time and coagulation time in TUR-P was 37% for doctor A, whereas it was 27% for doctor B and that for the visiting physician was 21% (p < 0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis test). Thus, for doctors with more experience resection time and coagulation time accounted for higher percentages of total operation time. The measuring instrument is inexpensive and has the potential to be a useful tool for checking a surgeon's skill.

[Study of patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate after ineffective alpha-1 blocker treatment by non-urologists].

We evaluated the clinical courses of 60 patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) in our hospital after ineffective alpha-1 blocker treatment by non-urologists between January 2001 and September 2004. Overall severity just before TUR-P estimated by the criteria for severity in BPH was mild in 0%, moderate in 37%, and severe in 63%. Urinary retention was noted in 5 patients (8.3%). Nine patients (15.0%), four of whom had received an anti-cholinergic agent, had a residual urine volume over 200 ml. Excellent or good overall efficacy of TUR-P according to the criteria for efficacy of treatment in BPH was 86.7%. According to a questionnaire survey, only 28.9% of non-urologists in the Abashiri district had knowledge of the clinical practice guideline for BPH. We should strengthen the partnership among urologists and non-urologists to appropriately treat patients having BPH by using evidence-based information such as the clinical practice guideline.

[A study of 4,031 patients of transurethral resection of the prostate performed by one surgeon: learning curve, surgical results and postoperative complications].

A total of 4,031 patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) performed by one surgeon between May 1979 and December 2003 were retrospectively examined to determine the improvement of the surgeon's skill in performing TURP assessed by using a learning curve, surgical results and postoperative complications. Analysis using the learning curve, which displayed the relationship between the number of TURP procedures and the speed of resection (i.e., the weight of tissue resected divided by the operation time), revealed that 81 operations were needed before the surgeon's skill reached a plateau in performing TURP. The means +/- standard deviations of the weight of tissue resected, operation time and speed of resection were 17.0 +/- 14.6 g, 21.0 +/- 13.5 minutes, 0.80 +/- 0.32 g/minutes, respectively. As the number of TURP procedures increased and the level of skill improved, the operation time was significantly reduced and the speed of resection was significantly increased. The incidences of postoperative complications were 2.4% for blood transfusion, 0.3% for the TURP syndrome, 1.5% for hemostatic procedures, 2.8% for bladder neck contracture, and 1.0% for urethral stricture. The incidences of transfusion and the TURP syndrome decreased as the surgeon's skill improved. The mortality rate was 0.1%.

Disinfection by antiseptics in management of postoperative surgical wounds in urologic operations.

The objective of this study was to confirm that frequent disinfection by antiseptics is unnecessary on surgical wounds of urologic operations. Patients who received urologic operations were divided into 3 groups that had the same surgical dressings but different frequencies of disinfection and different antiseptics used. Surgical wounds were evaluated clinically and bacteriologically for the period until removal of sutures. Of the 97 patients randomly recruited for the study, 3 developed surgical-site infection (SSI). There was no significant difference in the incidence of SSI among the 3 groups. Bacterial counts of surgical wounds increased over time after operation, to similar extents in the 3 groups. The major isolate was Staphylococcus epidermidis, one of the normal florae on the skin. This strain was found at almost equal frequencies in all groups. In conclusion, our study suggested that covering with the surgical dressing without frequent disinfection by antiseptics was effective for prevention of SSI. Thus, traditional frequent disinfection should be abandoned.

[Transurethral resection for prostatic adenoma larger than 100 ml--preoperative treatment with interstitial laser coagulation of the prostate plus chlormadinone acetate as a treatment maneuver for safer operations].

Between August 1985 and March 2004, we performed transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in 18 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) whose prostatic volume was larger than 100 ml. We divided the patients into two groups. Group A consisted of a total of 14 cases: 10 cases whose mean prostate volume was 114 ml (100 to 137 ml) and 4 cases whose prostate volume was not measured before TURP but whose mean resected prostatic tissue weight was 113 g (105 to 118 g). Group B consisted of 4 cases whose mean prostate volume was 110 ml (101 to 133 ml). Patients in group B underwent interstitial laser coagulation of the prostate (ILCP) followed by oral chlormadinone acetate (CMA) therapy (50 mg/day); TURP was performed 6 months later, once the prostate volume had shrunk to an average of 76 ml (66 to 91 ml). Mean resected weights and operation times were: group A, 93.1 g, 66.3 min; group B, 60.5 g, 55.7 min. There were 12 blood transfusion cases (85.7%; intraoperative) in group A, and 1 (25.0%; POD 1) in group B. Accordingly, this preoperative treatment was considered a safer method of TURP for BPH 100 ml or more. There were no cases of TURP syndrome or death in either group.

[Ejaculatory disorder by alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia; retrospective comparison between naftopidil and tamsulosin].

We cross-sectionally studied the incidence and impact on quality of life of ejaculatory disorders caused by alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonists (tamsulosin or naftopidil) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). By questionnaire, we queried 88 clinical BPH patients concerning ejaculatory disorders, who were treated with tamsulosin or naftopidil between February 1999 and August 2003. We investigated the difference in the incidence and types of disorders between the two drugs. Of the 88 patients, 63 (71.6%) had sexual activities during the treatment. The incidence of ejaculatory disorders was significantly higher in the tamsulosin group (30.0%) than in the naftopidil group (3.0%). Eighty percent of patients having the disorders noticed the absence or reduced volume of semen although they experienced orgasms. The median quality of life index concerning the disorder was rated as 4, "mostly dissatisfied." Our results indicated that ejaculatory disorders occurred more frequently in the tamsulosin group. We should inform patients about this adverse effect caused by alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonists prior to treatment.

[Acute normovolemic hemodilution in urologic surgery].

PURPOSE: We report the clinical results and efficacy of acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) in urologic surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between October 1996 and February 2001 we performed ANH on 47 patients who were expected to have moderate blood loss during surgical procedures in our hospital. We then evaluated the postoperative hematological features and avoidance of homologous transfusion. RESULTS: Estimated median surgical blood loss was 400 ml (range 10-2,340 ml), and the median amount of whole blood collection was 800 ml (300-1,023 ml). In 14 patients whose blood loss was more than 1,000 ml, the hematocrit (Hct) level in the day after surgery was significantly higher than the Hct level calculated by blood loss. Ninety-eight percent of the series (46/47 cases) and ninety-four percent of patients (15/16 cases) who were underwent radical cystectomy and radical prostatectomy could avoid homologous transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that ANH is useful during urological surgery, especially in patients with a blood loss of more than 1,000 ml during surgery. ANH is an efficient method for autologous transfusion by means of not only avoidance of homologous transfusion but also by saving red blood cells during surgeries.

The effects of chlormadinone acetate on lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile functions of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective multicenter clinical study.

Purpose. To evaluate the effects of chlormadinone acetate (CMA), progesterone-derived antiandrogen, on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and erectile functions of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods. A multicenter, single-cohort prospective study was conducted. A total of 114 patients received CMA for 16 weeks. The endpoints were changes in International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSS), IPSS-QOL, International Index of Erectile Function-5, Q max prostate volume, and residual urine volume. Results. Significant improvements were observed in IPSS from week 8 to week 48 (32 weeks after treatment). IPSS-QOL improvements were also significant from week 8 to week 48. Q max increased to a maximum at Week 16 and remained elevated throughout the study. Moreover, a decrease of 25% in prostate volume was observed at Week 16. IPSS, QOL, and Qmax changes during the study were not different between the previously treated and untreated patients. IPSS storage subscore changes differed between the age groups. Few severe adverse reactions were observed, except for erectile dysfunction. Conclusions. CMA rapidly and significantly reduced prostate volume and improved voiding and storage symptoms and QOL. Our results suggest that CMA is safe and beneficial, especially for elderly patients with LUTS associated with BPH.

Treatment strategy according to findings on pressure-flow study for women with decreased urinary flow rate.

PURPOSE: In women who reported a weak urinary stream, the efficacy of treatment chosen according to the urodynamic findings on pressure-flow study was prospectively evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve female patients with maximum flow rates of 10 mL/sec or lower were analyzed in the present study. At baseline, all underwent pressure-flow study to determine the degree of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and status of detrusor contractility on Schäfer's diagram. Distigmine bromide, 10 mg/d, was given to the patients with detrusor underactivity (DUA) defined as weak/very weak contractility, whereas urethral dilatation was performed using a metal sound for those with BOO (linear passive urethral resistance relation 2-6). Treatment efficacy was evaluated using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), uroflowmetry, and measurement of postvoid residual urine volume. Some patients underwent pressure-flow study after treatment. RESULTS: Urethral dilatation was performed for six patients with BOO, while distigmine bromide was given to the remaining six showing DUA without BOO. IPSS, QOL index, and the urinary flow rate were significantly improved in both groups after treatment. All four of the patients with BOO and one of the three with DUA but no BOO who underwent pressure-flow study after treatment showed decreased degrees of BOO and increased detrusor contractility, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both BOO and DUA cause a decreased urinary flow rate in women. In the short-term, urethral dilatation and distigmine bromide are efficacious for female patients with BOO and those with DUA, respectively.