Good clinical practice recommendations in allergen immunotherapy: Position paper of the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology - ASBAI.

Background: Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT) represents one of the pillars in the treatment of allergic diseases. AIT is the only therapeutic strategy with curative potential, promoting the reduction of drug use and long-term symptom control even after the end of the treatment. The European Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (EAACI) guidelines, position papers of World Allergy Organization (WAO), and the US Practice Parameters are the leading official documents that set scientific standard for the use of AIT in the world. The use of AIT in Brazil has specific regional conditions due to the pattern of allergen sensitization, as well as genetic, socioeconomic, and cultural characteristics, climate conditions, and the availability of allergenic extracts. The most prevalent house dust mites are Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae and their allergens have the highest clinical relevance. Blomia tropicalis is also very frequent. This position paper has been prepared by the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (ASBAI) Taskforce on AIT for respiratory allergy and Hymenoptera venom allergy. Objective: According to the current scientific literature adapted to the Brazilian reality, this position paper aims to establish the main recommendations for the good clinical practice parameters for AIT in Brazil. Methods: A systematic review using the Pub Med and Cochrane databases was performed, and the websites of major allergy and immunology organizations were consulted. The research was limited to English language literature and was conducted between March 30, 2002, and March 30, 2022. The terms used for the research were: Allergen Immunotherapy, sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT), venom-specific immunotherapy (VIT), and allergen extract. Results: The several recommendations that establish the clinical practices for AIT recommended by the main Allergy, Asthma and Immunology world organizations were analyzed and adapted to the Brazilian situation. Conclusion: This position paper establishes the main recommendations for the effective clinical practice of AIT in Brazil, using current knowledge of evidence-based medicine and precision medicine.

Who has anaphylaxis in Brazil? Validation of a questionnaire for population studies.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of anaphylaxis is increasing in several parts of the world; thus, determining the prevalence of the disease in a given region is important to understand the factors involved and to promote measures to avoid this type of allergic reaction. Aiming this objective, we validated an instrument for a population-basedstudy that assesses the prevalence of anaphylaxis in the Brazilian population. METHODS: A questionnaire was generated in two variants - one for subjects seven years old or above (Group A) and another for children who were up to six years, 11 months and 29 days (Group B). The instrument was administered to patients with and without anaphylaxis. By allocating points, a score was calculated to differentiate subjects with and without the disease. After validation, the questionnaire was applied in the city of Botucatu (São Paulo state, Brazil), by randomly selecting houses and inviting residents to answer the questionnaire. RESULTS: The questionnaire was reliable for identifying subjects with and without anaphylaxis in both groups, with a specificity and sensitivity above 90%. The prevalence of anaphylaxis in the pilot survey was 6.2% in Group A, however the evaluation was compromised in Group B by the low number of children below seven years of age due to random sampling of residences. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of anaphylaxis in our pilot test (6.2%) was similar to major epidemiological surveys from several parts of the world, showing that anaphylaxis is not a rare disease. The instrument of the present work was suitable for this epidemiological survey and might be a good option for studying anaphylaxis in other populations. CONCLUSION: This instrument might be of particular value in places where researchers cannot access medical records to conduct similar epidemiological studies.

Anafilaxia em estudantes acima de sete anos nas escolas públicas de Imperatriz do Maranhão - MA / Anaphylaxis in public school students aged 7 years or older in Imperatriz do Maranhão, MA, Brazil

Introdução: Anafilaxia é uma reação de hipersensibilidade aguda, grave, potencialmente fatal, causada por mecanismos de hipersensibilidade. A prevalência da anafilaxia está crescendo, entretanto, pesquisas epidemiológicas sobre esta doença ainda são escassas no Brasil, o que motivou o presente estudo. Métodos: A pesquisa é observacional e com delineamento do tipo transversal, baseada na aplicação de questionário validado que sugere o diagnóstico de anafilaxia em crianças e adolescentes entre 7 a 18 anos em escolas públicas da cidade de Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brasil. Simultaneamente, outro questionário correlacionando características socioeconômicas e de saúde geral também foi aplicado. Foram sorteadas 30 escolas, e em cada uma delas foram sorteados 24 estudantes. Os questionários devolvidos foram processados, sendo que escores iguais ou acima de 28 foram identificados como sugestivos de anafilaxia. Dois grupos, sem e com anafilaxia, (respectivamente, A e B) foram comparados. Resultados: Dos 720 questionários entregues, 380 foram devolvidos e, destes, 294 foram considerados válidos e analisados. Destes 294, 144 (49%) alegaram já ter tido pelo menos uma crise de alergia e tiveram seus questionários tabulados. Dezessete entrevistados (5,78% dos 294) apresentaram escores iguais ou superiores a 28, o que sugere anafilaxia. Com relação ao segundo questionário, os grupos A e B apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas quanto ao gênero, renda familiar, presença de tabagismo passivo e vacinação, sendo que o grupo B apresentou, respectivamente, predomínio do gênero feminino, maior renda familiar, maior índice de tabagismo passivo e vacinação completa. Conclusões: As taxas de prevalência de anafilaxia em pessoas suspeitas dessa doença em Imperatriz do Maranhão mostram-se significativas e comparáveis a outros locais já estudados no Brasil e no mundo. Mais estudos epidemiológicos são necessários para se ampliar o conhecimento dessa prevalência no país e sua correlação com dados socioeconômicos e de saúde geral.

Introduction: Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction, and its prevalence has been increasing. Despite the importance of this disease, there are few studies focusing on its epidemiological aspects in Brazil. Hence, the authors aimed to investigate the prevalence of anaphylaxis in Imperatriz, a city in Maranhão (MA) ­ a Northwest state in Brazil ­ as a contribution to the understanding of this issue. Methods: Thirty public schools were chosen at random, and in each one, 24 students were chosen randomly. A validated questionnaire to collect data on possible anaphylactic reactions was sent to them along with socioeconomic and general health questions. The answers were analyzed to identify who could have had an anaphylactic reaction. A score of 28 or higher indicated a possible anaphylactic reaction. The group with possible anaphylaxis was compared with the group without anaphylaxis. Results: Of 720 questionnaires sent to the students, 320 (52.8%) were returned and 294 were considered for analysis. Of 294, 144 (49%) students answered that they had had at least one episode of allergic reaction and, thus, had their answers tabulated. Seventeen students scored 28 or higher and were considered to have had an anaphylactic reaction. Therefore, the prevalence of anaphylaxis in this population was 5.78% (17/294). A comparison of the two groups, without anaphylaxis (A) and with possible anaphylaxis (B), showed that group B statistically differed in gender (more female), family income, second-hand smoking, and vaccination rate (higher indices in group B). Conclusion: Anaphylaxis is an important disease in Imperatriz (MA), and its prevalence is similar to that of other places in Brazil and in the world. More studies are necessary to better understand how anaphylaxis impacts the Brazilian population.

Posicionamento da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia sobre o manejo da imunoterapia específica com alérgenos (ITA) em pacientes vacinados contra COVID­19 / Position statement of the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology on the management of allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) in patients vaccinated against COVID­19

A pandemia de COVID-19 representa um grande desafio para todas as especialidades médicas. A imunoterapia com alérgenos (ITA) é considerada o único procedimento terapêutico capaz de modificar a história natural das doenças alérgicas, e caracteriza o estado da arte na área de Alergia e Imunologia. Esta estratégia terapêutica de imunomodulação é capaz de promover a remissão e controle das doenças alérgicas por períodos prolongados, mesmo após o seu término. Existem poucos dados em relação ao emprego da ITA em pacientes vacinados contra COVID-19, e até o momento não há um posicionamento oficial das sociedades internacionais da área de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica. Este documento tem como objetivo estabelecer recomendações práticas para o manejo da ITA em pacientes que receberam a vacina contra COVID-19. Os fenômenos imunológicos envolvidos na imunoprofilaxia vacinal e no mecanismo de ação da ITA foram comparados, proporcionando o estabelecimento de recomendações precisas.

The COVID-19 pandemic represents a serious challenge for all medical specialties. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is considered the only therapeutic procedure capable of modifying the natural history of allergic diseases and characterizes the state of the art in the field of allergy and immunology. This therapeutic strategy of immunomodulation is able to promote remission and control of allergic diseases for prolonged periods, even after cessation. There are few data regarding use of AIT in patients vaccinated against COVID-19 and, to date, there is no official position statement published by international allergy and clinical immunology societies. This document aims to establish practical recommendations for the management of AIT in patients who have received the COVID-19 vaccine. The immunological mechanisms involved in immunoprophylaxis with vaccines and the mechanism of action of AIT have been compared to provide a solid basis for establishing precise recommendations.