Development of castration resistance in prostate cancer patients treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogues (LHRHa): results of the ANARESISTANCE study.

PURPOSE: Evaluate the percentage of patients with prostate cancer treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogues (LHRHa) that develop castration resistance after a follow-up period of 3 years. The secondary objective is to evaluate the variables potentially related to the progression to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). METHODS: A post-authorization, nation-wide, multicenter, prospective, observational, and longitudinal study that included 416 patients treated with LHRHa between 2012 and 2017 is presented. Patients were followed for 3 years or until development of CRPC, thus completing a per-protocol population of 350 patients. A Cox regression analysis was carried out to evaluate factors involved in progression to CRPC. RESULTS: After 3 years of treatment with LHRHa 18.2% of patients developed CRPC. In contrast, in the subgroup analysis, 39.6% of the metastatic patients developed CRPC, compared with 8.8% of the non-metastatic patients. The patients with the highest risk of developing CRPC were those with a nadir prostate-specific antigen (PSA) > 2 ng/ml (HR 21.6; 95% CI 11.7-39.8; p < 0.001) and those receiving concomitant medication, most commonly bicalutamide (HR 1.8; 95% CI 1-3.1, p = 0.0431). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of metastatic patients developing CRPC after 3 years of treatment with LHRHa is consistent with what has been previously described in the literature. In addition, this study provides new findings on CRPC in non-metastatic patients. Concomitant medication and nadir PSA are statistically significant predictive factors for the time to diagnosis of CRPC, the nadir PSA being the strongest predictor.

Post-Ureteroscopic Lesion Scale to determine ureteral wall damage, not so easy to employ.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the level of agreement of the Post-Ureteroscopy Lesion Scale (PULS) and the consequences on its application in clinical practice with more reliable statistical data than the one used in the original work. METHODS: 14 URS and 14 micro-URS were performed in 14 female porcine model. All the procedures were video recorded and an anatomopathological analysis was performed in each ureter. Sixteen urologists (9 endourologists and 7 general urologists) and 4 residents evaluated the ureteral lesions according to the PULS, with degrees 0, 1 and ≥2. The agreement was calculated with percentages, Kendall's W coefficient and the indicators Fleiss' Kappa and Krippendorff's Alpha, while the inter-rater agreement was calculated with Spearman's correlation and Cohen's Kappa. RESULTS: The percent of agreement was 11.1%. The coefficients were likewise classified as low or very low, with the greatest agreement found among the inexperienced. Also, 50% of the raters did not agree with the rest. CONCLUSIONS: The low inter-rater agreement, the specificity of the PULS and the clinical-pathological correlation suggests that this scale is not simple, and probably has a long learning curve.

Endoscopic identification of urinary stone composition: A study of South Eastern Group for Urolithiasis Research (SEGUR 2). / Identificación endoscópica de la composición de los cálculos urinarios: un estudio del Southeastern Group for Lithiasis Research (SEGUR 2).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the surgeon's ability to evaluate the composition of the stone by observation of endoscopic images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A series of 20 video clips of endoscopic treatments of urinary stones of which was also available the result of infrared spectroscopy was uploaded to a YouTube site accessible only to members of the South Eastern Group for Urolithiasis Research (SEGUR) who were asked to identify the composition of the stones. RESULTS: A total of 32 clinicians from 9 different countries participated in the study. The average number of correct detections of participants was 7.81 ± 2.68 (range 1-12). Overall accuracy was 39% (250 out of 640 predictions). Calcium oxalate dihydrate stones have been correctly detected in 69.8%, calcium oxalate monohydrate in 41.8%, uric acid in 33.3%, calcium oxalate/uric acid in 34.3% and cystine in 78.1%. Precision rates for struvite (15.6%), calcium phosphate (0%) and mixed calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate (9.3%) were quite low. CONCLUSIONS: Observation of the stone during the endoscopic procedure was not reliable to identify the composition of most stones although it gave some information allowing to identify with a good sensitivity calcium oxalate dihydrate and cystine stones. Nevertheless, photo or video reporting of the intact stone and its internal structure could should be encouraged to implement results of still mandatory post-operative stone analysis. Endourologists should improve their ability of visual identification of the different types of stones.

Incidence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma in Spain. / Incidencia del carcinoma transicional del tracto urinario superior en España.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The incidence of upper urinary tract tumors is currently unknown. The aim of this study is to determine the real incidence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, prospective and multicenter epidemiological study was conducted in 31 Spanish facilities by means of the Platform for Multicenter Studies of the Spanish Association of Urology. Recruitment was opened from May 1st, 2017 to April 30th, 2018. The original database was exported directly from the electronic Data Collection Logbook on December 15th, 2018, with a total of 404 cases registered (402 valid cases after depuration). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software v 23 and EPIDAT v 3.4. RESULTS: The incidence adjusted to Spanish population from raw data was 3.27 cases per 100.000 inhabitants per year (2.93 - 3.61 95% CI) and 3,3 cases per 100.000 inhabitants per year (2.96-3.66 95%CI) when adjusted to European population by age. The mean age at diagnosis was 70 years, and 77% of patients were male. Thirty-four percent of patients had an incidental diagnosis. Tumors were most commonly located in the pyelocalyceal system (54%), followed by the distal ureter (22%). Prior ureteroscopy was performed in 114 patients: this technique modified the subsequent treatment indication in 58% of cases. Radical nephroureterectomy was performed in 311 patients. Kidney-sparing surgery was the elected treatment in 76 patients (20%). Complications were found in 69% of cases, most of them classified as Clavien 1 and 2 (86% of all complications). Postoperative mortality rate was 1.7%. CONCLUSIONS: UTUC adjusted incidence rate in Spain is 3.27 and 3.3 in Europe. Prior URS modified the treatment indication in 18% of patients. We found a 69% complication rate and a 1.7% mortality rate.

[Emphysematous cystitis. Case report and review of literature]. / Cistitis enfisematosa. Caso clínico y revisión de literatura.

We present the case of a patient with diagnostic of cystitis enphisematous. We carry out the bibliographical revision of other published cases of this pathology. The cystitis enphisematous is an infectious square of strange presentation and more frequent in patient diabetic women, characterized by the presence of gas in the bladder cavity and infiltration of the walls bladder, due to the infection for germs producing of CO2, mainly gram (-). The peculiarity of our case is due to that the patient didn't suffer diabetes, being much more frequent that this alteration happens in the patients that yes they are it.

"Knotless" laparoscopic extraperitoneal adenomectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic adenomectomy is a feasible and effective surgical procedure. We have progressively simplified the procedure using barbed sutures and a technique we call "knotless" laparoscopic adenomectomy. We present a prospective, multicenter, descriptive study that reflects the efficacy and safety of this technique in an actual, reproducible clinical practice situation. METHODS: A total of 26 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia of considerable size (>80cc) underwent "knotless" laparoscopic adenomectomy. This is an extraperitoneal laparoscopic technique with 4 trocars based on the controlled and hemostatic enucleation of the adenoma using ultrasonic scalpels, precise urethral sectioning under direct vision assisted by a urethral plug, trigonization using barbed suture covering the posterior wall of the fascia, capsulorrhaphy with barbed suture and extraction of the morcellated adenoma through the umbilical incision. RESULTS: The median patient age was 69 (54-83)years, the mean prostate volume was 127 (89-245)cc, the mean operative time was 136 (90-315)min, the mean estimated bleeding volume was 200 (120-500)cc and the hospital stay was 3 (2-6)days. All patients experienced improved function in terms of uroflowmetry and International Prostate Symptom Score and quality of life questionnaires. There were complications in 6 patients, 5 of which were minor. CONCLUSIONS: "Knotless" laparoscopic adenomectomy is a procedure with low complexity that combines the advantages of open surgery (lasting functional results and complete extraction of the adenoma) with laparoscopic procedures (reduced bleeding and need for transfusions, shorter hospital stays and reduced morbidity and complications related to the abdominal wall). The use of ultrasonic scalpels and barbed sutures simplifies the procedure and enables a safe and hemostatic technique.

[Ossification in corpus cavernosum and review of the literature]. / Osificación en cuerpos cavernosos y revisión de la literatura.

Contribution of one study case of corpus cavernosum ossification including a literature review and analysis of signs and symptoms as well as the potential therapeutic options in that condition. The conversion of the albuginea's connective tissue into bone is the pathological end of La Peyronie's disease.

[On the need of pubic region shaving in patients undergoing endoscopic urologic surgery]. / Sobre la necesidad del rasurado de la región púbica en los pacientes que van a ser sometidos a cirugía urológica endoscópica.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to assess the effects of preoperative shaving of the pubic region on post-operative bacteriuria after endoscopic urological surgery. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The study was carried out distributing the patients undergoing endoscopic urological surgery in a controlled randomized way in two groups. In a group the pubic region was shaved, according to the habitual techniques, while the other group was not shaved; the rest of the preparation was the same for both groups. Urine samples were collected for their culture before the administration of the prophylactic antibiotic and a week after the removal of the Foley catheter, yet without antibiotic treatment. Special attention was paid to the postoperative incidences, mainly, those of infectious nature. RESULTS: They were included a total of 449 patients, of which 149 were removed from the study by different causes. Of these, 149 were shaved and 151 were not it. In the group of unshaved patients a 19.5% of postoperative bacteriurias was observed, while in the other group it was of 16.6%. Differences in both groups were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there is no an increase of postoperative bacteriurias in the unshaved patients undergoing endoscopic urological surgery, compared with the group of patients shaved with disposable bladders.

[Treatment of pelvis fungus ball with ureteral catheterization, fluconazole, and urine alkalinization]. / Tratamiento del fungus ball piélico con cateterismo ureteral, fluconazol y alcalinización de la orina.

Fungal concretions known as "fungus ball" may be the cause of ureteral obstruction, normally presenting as pain in the renal cavity. This paper presents one case treated with ureteral catheterism, fluconazol and urine alkalinization.

[Painful erections related to sleeping]. / Erecciones dolorosas relacionadas con el sueño.

Case report of sleep-related painful erections in a 34 year-old male with grade C3 HIV infection. Due to severe impairment of the patient's general condition, no proper diagnostic studies were performed to gain deeper knowledge of the symptom's pathological etiology. Empirical therapy was started based on evidence from the literature consulted, and the results seen were optimal. This paper contributes a brief review of a condition infrequently seen by the vast majority of urologists.

[Fibroepithelial polyps of the ureter: report of three new cases]. / Pólipos fibroepiteliales del uréter: aportación de tres nuevos casos.

The fibroepithelial polyp of the ureter is a benign tumour with a mesenchymal origin. Since its incidence is low, there are very few cases published in the national literature. Presentation of our series, which consists of three cases seen and treated in our service over the last 10 years. Discussion of the most frequent characteristics seen in this type of disease and emphasis on its great relevance for the differential diagnosis with other causes of ureteral repletion deficiency.

Post-Ureteroscopic Lesion Scale: limitaciones en su aplicabilidad clínica / Post-Ureteroscopic Lesion Scale to determine ureteral wall damage, not so easy to employ

Objetivo Analizar el nivel de concordancia de la Post-Ureteroscopic Lesion Scale (PULS), y examinar las consecuencias de su aplicación en la práctica clínica con datos estadísticos más fiables que los utilizados en el trabajo original. Métodos Se realizaron 14 ureteroscopias (URS) y 14 micro-ureteroscopias (micro-URS) en 14 cerdos hembra. Todos los procedimientos se grabaron en vídeo y se realizó un análisis anatomopatológico en cada uréter. Dieciséis urólogos (9 endourólogos y 7 urólogos generales) y 4 médicos internos residentes evaluaron las lesiones ureterales según la escala PULS, con grados 0, 1 y ≥2. La concordancia se calculó mediante porcentajes, el Coeficiente W de Kendall, el índice kappa de Fleiss y el alfa de Krippendorff. La concordancia entre evaluadores se calculó con la Correlación de Spearman y el Coeficiente kappa de Cohen. Resultados El porcentaje de concordancia fue del 11,1%. Los coeficientes se clasificaron como bajos o muy bajos, y encontramos una mayor concordancia entre los evaluadores más inexpertos. Por otro lado, no hubo acuerdo entre el 50% de los evaluadores. Conclusiones La baja concordancia entre evaluadores, la especificidad de la PULS y la correlación clínico/patológica sugieren dificultades del uso de esta escala y una curva de aprendizaje probablemente larga. (AU)

Objective To analyze the level of agreement of the Post-Ureteroscopic Lesion Scale (PULS) and the consequences on its application in clinical practice with more reliable statistical data than the one used in the original work. Methods 14 URS and 14 micro-URS were performed in 14 female porcine model. All the procedures were video recorded and an anatomopathological analysis was performed in each ureter. Sixteen urologists (9 endourologists and 7 general urologists) and 4 residents evaluated the ureteral lesions according to the PULS, with degrees 0, 1 and ≥2. The agreement was calculated with percentages, Kendall's W coefficient and the indicators Fleiss’ Kappa and Krippendorff's Alpha, while the inter-rater agreement was calculated with Spearman's correlation and Cohen's Kappa. Results The percent of agreement was 11.1%. The coefficients were likewise classified as low or very low, with the greatest agreement found among the inexperienced. Also, 50% of the raters did not agree with the rest. Conclusions The low inter-rater agreement, the specificity of the PULS and the clinical-pathological correlation suggests that this scale is not simple, and probably has a long learning curve. (AU)

[Long course metastasis in renal adenocarcinoma. Adrenal gland involvement]. / Enfermedad mestastásica de larga evolución en el adenocarcinoma renal. Afectación suprarrenal.

OBJECTIVES: To report two cases of metachronic adrenal metastasis (one contralateral and the other bilateral) from renal cell carcinoma with long survival. METHODS: Two patients with clear cell renal carcinoma that developed metastasis to the adrenals are described. Each patient had undergone three operations for solitary metastasis during the 8-years follow-up. The indications for the surgical management of solitary metastasis, morbidity, prognosis and recent investigational treatment possibilities reported in the literature are analyzed. RESULTS: Resection of the renal cell carcinoma achieved a survival of more than 8 years with a good quality of life and no significant surgical complications. The outcome, however, is poor. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was no lymph node involvement and the tumor was localized to the renal parenchyma, one patient developed solitary lung metastasis and contralateral adrenal metastasis 4 and 8 years after the initial diagnosis, respectively. In the other case, contralateral adrenal metastasis appeared three years later. The possibility of long-term metastasis to the adrenal gland should be taken into account due to renal vein involvement. Preservation of the adrenal gland at the initial surgery (lower pole tumor) led to adrenal metastasis 8 years after the initial diagnosis. The prognosis is poor in both cases and the situation is discouraging for the urologist.

[Valsalva minimal leak point pressure: a useful approximation to type III female urinary incontinence]. / Presión mínima de escape con Valsalva: una útil aproximación a la incontinencia urinaria femenina tipo III.

OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that anatomic female urinary incontinence with complex sphincteric malposition can coexist with intrinsic damage of the sphincter itself. In this study we analyzed the utility of measuring minimum abdominal pressure at standardized bladder capacities that causes urinary incontinence in order to quantify intrinsic sphincteric damage in female urinary incontinence. METHODS: The study comprised 50 women with urinary incontinence aged 36-78 years (mean 59.4), ICS standardized complete urodynamic study was performed. Minimum leak point pressure with Valsalva maneuver in decumbent and standing positions was determined during the filling phase of cystomanometry and it was defined as a measure of the abdominal pressure expressed as total baldder pressure without involuntary detrusor activity and exercised at standardized bladder capacities that originates objective urinary incontinence. Minimum leak point pressure for each bladder capacity was evaluated. Leak point pressures below 60 cm H2O indicate intrinsic sphincteric damage; pressures between 60 and 90 cm H2O indicate intrinsic damage and malposition or urethral hypermobility may coexist, and leak pressures over 90 cm H2O are related to complex sphincteric malposition. RESULTS: 5 women showed severe sphincteric deficiency (type III) and urinary incontinence was demonstrated with 50 ml bladder capacity and 30 cm H2O of abdominal pressure without detrusor activity. Thirty-five women (70%) had type II urinary incontinence. Of these, 10 (28.5%) showed intrinsic sphincteric damage in addition to malpositioning of the sphincteric complex at leak point pressures between 60 and 90 cm H2O. The rest of the women showed Blaivas' type 0 and I urinary incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: Valsalva minimum leak point pressure is a reproducible, reliable, useful and easily measured parameter in diagnosing female stress urinary incontinence. It allows approximation of the abdominal pressure to the level at which urinary leakage is produced during the filling phase of cystomanometry and gives us an idea of the extent of the intrinsic sphincteric damage, if any. Not only is sphincter damage demonstrated in type III urinary incontinence, but that it may also coexist to a varying degree with complex sphincteric malposition.

[Disjunction patterns: the morphological and ultrastructural bases of bladder instability in the male]. / Patrones de disyunción: bases morfológicas y ultraestructurales de la inestabilidad vesical del varón.

OBJECTIVE: To apply the new protocols and recent contributions on detrusor ultrastructural morphology in order to standardize criteria and evaluate our findings relative to the ultrastructural morphology, the presence of a dysfunction pattern, changes in nerve supply and formation of a chained cellular syncytium in hyperactive detrusor bladder instability in the male. METHODS: We studied 480 ultrastructural preparations of detrusor muscle from 32 male patients with bladder outlet obstruction with and without urodynamically demonstrated bladder hyperactivity. Bladder biopsies were obtained from the anterior aspect of the bladder and prepared according to the standard procedures for ultrastructural study. Semiquantitative nerve supply ultrastructural patterns, syncytial composition, and complete and incomplete disjunction were analyzed. RESULTS: Lower urinary tract obstruction was demonstrated in all patients; 6 of these patients had involuntary phasic detrusor contractions during filling. No significant decrease in nerve supply was found in isolated obstruction or in bladder hyperactivity. No axonal degeneration was observed in any of the patients and the myelin sheath structure was normal. Nerve effector endings were also normal. Four patients with hyperactive detrusor showed complete and two incomplete disjunction pattern. Incomplete disjunction pattern was also demonstrated in two patients with isolated obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: The change in the properties of the detrusor muscle in the unstable bladder is due to a complete reduction in excitatory nerve relation to smooth muscle. Having established the concept of common final myogenic pathway that explains involuntary detrusor contraction, complete dysfunction ultrastructural patterns have been defined with univocal relation to hyperactive detrusor. These patterns indicate the existence of a syncytium of chained muscle cells with changes in the excitation threshold that are absent in the normal stable detrusor. Two ultrastructural components sustain this hypothesis: 1) the major loss observed in intermediate cellular unions that are thought to mediate in the mechanical coupling of cellular contraction and 2) the presence in all the microscopic fields of abutments in the narrow cellular unions like gap-junctions, which mediate the electrical coupling. In the present study we have found this pattern in 4 out of 6 patients with hyperactive detrusor, and congruent with other studies, the incomplete disjunction pattern could be the prelude of bladder hyperactivity.

Cistitis enfisematosa. Caso clínico y revisión de literatura / Emphysematous cistitis. Case report and review of literature

Presentamos el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico de cistitis enfisematosa. Realizamos la revisión bibliográfica de otros casos publicados de dicha patología. La cistitis enfisematosa es un cuadro infeccioso de rara presentación y más frecuente en pacientes mujeres diabéticas, caracterizado por la presencia de gas en la cavidad vesical e infiltración de las paredes vesicales, debido a la infección por gérmenes productores de CO2, principalmente gram (-). La peculiaridad de nuestro caso se debe a que la paciente no padecía diabetes, siendo mucho más frecuente que acontezca esta alteración en los pacientes que sí lo son (AU)

We present the case of a patient with diagnostic of cystitis enphisematous. We carry out the bibliographical revision of other published cases of this pathology. The cystitis enphisematous is an infectious square of strange presentation and more frequent in patient diabetic women, characterized by the presence of gas in the bladder cavity and infiltration of the walls bladder, due to the infection for germs producing ofCO2, mainly gram (-). The peculiarity of our case is due to that the patient didn’t suffer diabetes, being much more frequent that this alteration happens in the patients that yes they are it (AU)