[Transfusion of convalescent plasma from patients with COVID -19]. / Transfusión de plasma convaleciente de pacientes con COVID-19.

There is currently no vaccine available and no specific medication against Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19). The treatment is mainly based on support measures. In this context, several potentially useful therapies have been approved for use in clinical trials, such as convalescent plasma transfusion (CPT). PubMed was searched for studies on convalescent plasma and COVID-19, SARS or MERS. Studies on clinical efficacy in diseases caused by other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) showed clinical improvement, increase of neutralizing antibodies, decreased mortality and absence of adverse events during and after treatment. We found 13 studies on this type of treatment used in patients with severe and critical COVID-19. Despite limitations regarding methodology, number of patients and the protocols for the analysis of donors' convalescent plasma, patients who received CPT showed clinical improvement, improvement of ventilatory patterns, resolution of lung injuries, decreased mortality, improvement of laboratory parameters, increase of neutralizing antibodies, decreased viral load and low frequency of adverse events.

Actualmente no existe vacuna disponible ni medicación específica contra la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). El tratamiento se basa fundamentalmente en medidas de soporte. En este contexto, se han aprobado múltiples terapias de potencial utilidad para su uso en ensayos clínicos, como la transfusión de plasma convaleciente (TPC). Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed de estudios sobre plasma convaleciente y COVID-19, SARS o MERS. Los estudios sobre la eficacia clínica en enfermedades causadas por otros coronavirus (SARS-CoV y MERS-CoV) evidenciaron mejoría clínica, aumento de anticuerpos neutralizantes, disminución de la mortalidad y ausencia de eventos adversos durante y después del tratamiento. En el caso de la COVID-19, se encontraron 13 estudios en pacientes con la COVID-19 grave y crítica. Aunque existen limitaciones en la metodología, en el número de pacientes y en los protocolos para el análisis del plasma convaleciente de los donantes, los pacientes que recibieron TPC evidenciaron mejoría clínica, mejoría de patrones ventilatorios, resolución de lesiones pulmonares, disminución de mortalidad, mejoría de parámetros laboratoriales, aumento de anticuerpos neutralizantes, disminución de carga viral y baja frecuencia de eventos adversos.

Challenges of managing food allergy in the developing world.

Food allergy (FA) is currently a significant health care problem in the developing world. Widely varying study populations and methodologies, the use of surrogate markers such as self report or hospitalization rates due to anaphylaxis rather than objective methods, limits robust estimation of FA prevalence in low income settings. Also, allergy is under-recognized as a clinical specialty in the developing world which compromises the chance for accurate diagnosis. In this review, most published data on food allergens from developing or low income countries are displayed. The diagnostic challenges and limitations of treatment options are discussed. It seems that FA is an under-appreciated health care issue in the developing world, and accurate determination of its burden in low-income settings represents an important unmet need. Multicenter surveillance studies, using standardized methodologies, are, therefore, needed to reveal the true extent of the problem and provide epidemiological clues for prevention. Preventive strategies should be tailored to fit local circumstances in different geographic regions. In addition, studying the gene environment interactions and impact of early life microbiota on the expression of FA in developing communities would be worthwhile. Efforts and resources should be directed toward public health education and training of health care providers dealing with food allergic patients.

Transfusión de plasma convaleciente de pacientes con COVID-19 / Transfusion of convalescent plasma from patients with COVID -19

RESUMEN Actualmente no existe vacuna disponible ni medicación específica contra la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). El tratamiento se basa fundamentalmente en medidas de soporte. En este contexto, se han aprobado múltiples terapias de potencial utilidad para su uso en ensayos clínicos, como la transfusión de plasma convaleciente (TPC). Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed de estudios sobre plasma convaleciente y COVID-19, SARS o MERS. Los estudios sobre la eficacia clínica en enfermedades causadas por otros coronavirus (SARS-CoV y MERS-CoV) evidenciaron mejoría clínica, aumento de anticuerpos neutralizantes, disminución de la mortalidad y ausencia de eventos adversos durante y después del tratamiento. En el caso de la COVID-19, se encontraron 13 estudios en pacientes con la COVID-19 grave y crítica. Aunque existen limitaciones en la metodología, en el número de pacientes y en los protocolos para el análisis del plasma convaleciente de los donantes, los pacientes que recibieron TPC evidenciaron mejoría clínica, mejoría de patrones ventilatorios, resolución de lesiones pulmonares, disminución de mortalidad, mejoría de parámetros laboratoriales, aumento de anticuerpos neutralizantes, disminución de carga viral y baja frecuencia de eventos adversos.

ABSTRACT There is currently no vaccine available and no specific medication against Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19). The treatment is mainly based on support measures. In this context, several potentially useful therapies have been approved for use in clinical trials, such as convalescent plasma transfusion (CPT). PubMed was searched for studies on convalescent plasma and COVID-19, SARS or MERS. Studies on clinical efficacy in diseases caused by other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) showed clinical improvement, increase of neutralizing antibodies, decreased mortality and absence of adverse events during and after treatment. We found 13 studies on this type of treatment used in patients with severe and critical COVID-19. Despite limitations regarding methodology, number of patients and the protocols for the analysis of donors' convalescent plasma, patients who received CPT showed clinical improvement, improvement of ventilatory patterns, resolution of lung injuries, decreased mortality, improvement of laboratory parameters, increase of neutralizing antibodies, decreased viral load and low frequency of adverse events.

Practical considerations for dysphonia caused by inhaled corticosteroids.

Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy has become standard in the treatment of asthma. A common local adverse effect of ICS therapy is dysphonia, which has been reported to affect 5% to 58% of patients. Although causes of dysphonia associated with ICS therapy have been underinvestigated, it may result from deposition of an active ICS in the oropharynx during administration, which then causes myopathy or a mucosal effect in the laryngopharynx. Use of ICS should be considered during any evaluation of dysphonia. We recommend using the lowest effective dosage of ICS, administering medication with a spacer, gargling, rinsing the mouth and washing the face after inhalation, and washing the spacer. If dysphonia develops despite these interventions, ICS use should be suspended until symptoms resolve, provided that asthma control is not compromised.