Migrants' and refugees' health status and healthcare in Europe: a scoping literature review.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing attention paid to the arrival of migrants from outwith the EU region to the European countries. Healthcare that is universally and equably accessible needs to be provided for these migrants throughout the range of national contexts and in response to complex and evolving individual needs. It is important to look at the evidence available on provision and access to healthcare for migrants to identify barriers to accessing healthcare and better plan necessary changes. METHODS: This review scoped 77 papers from nine European countries (Austria, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Malta, Spain, and Sweden) in English and in country-specific languages in order to provide an overview of migrants' access to healthcare. The review aims at identifying what is known about access to healthcare as well as healthcare use of migrants and refugees in the EU member states. The evidence included documents from 2011 onwards. RESULTS: The literature reviewed confirms that despite the aspiration to ensure equality of access to healthcare, there is evidence of persistent inequalities between migrants and non-migrants in access to healthcare services. The evidence shows unmet healthcare needs, especially when it comes to mental and dental health as well as the existence of legal barriers in accessing healthcare. Language and communication barriers, overuse of emergency services and underuse of primary healthcare services as well as discrimination are described. CONCLUSIONS: The European situation concerning migrants' and refugees' health status and access to healthcare is heterogeneous and it is difficult to compare and draw any firm conclusions due to the scant evidence. Different diseases are prioritised by different countries, although these priorities do not always correspond to the expressed needs or priorities of the migrants. Mental healthcare, preventive care (immunization) and long-term care in the presence of a growing migrant older population are identified as priorities that deserve greater attention. There is a need to improve the existing data on migrants' health status, needs and access to healthcare to be able to tailor care to the needs of migrants. To conduct research that highlights migrants' own views on their health and barriers to access to healthcare is key.

A coordinated preventive care approach for healthy ageing in five European cities: A mixed methods study of process evaluation components.

AIMS: To evaluate specific process components of the Urban Health Centres Europe (UHCE) approach; a coordinated preventive care approach aimed at healthy ageing by decreasing falls, polypharmacy, loneliness and frailty among older persons in community settings of five cities in the United Kingdom, Greece, Croatia, the Netherlands and Spain. DESIGN: Mixed methods evaluation of specific process components of the UHCE approach: reach of the target population, dose of the intervention actually delivered and received by participants and satisfaction and experience of main stakeholders involved in the approach. METHODS: The UHCE approach intervention consisted of a preventive assessment, shared decision-making on a care plan and enrolment in one or more of four coordinated care-pathways that targeted falls, polypharmacy, loneliness and frailty. Quantitative data from a questionnaire and quantitative/qualitative data from logbooks were collected among older persons involved in the approach. Qualitative data from focus groups were collected among older persons, informal caregivers and professionals involved in the approach. Quantitative data were analysed by means of descriptive statistics and multilevel logistic regression models. Qualitative data were analysed through thematic analysis. RESULTS: Having limited function was associated with non-enrolment in falls and loneliness care-pathways (both p < .01). The mean rating of the approach was 8.3/10 (SD 1.9). Feeling supported by a care professional and meeting people were main benefits for older persons. Mistrust towards unfamiliar care providers, lack of confidence to engage in care activities and health constraints were main barriers towards engagement in care. CONCLUSIONS: Although the UHCE approach was received generally positively, health constraints and psychosocial barriers prevented older person's engagement in care. IMPACT: Coordinated preventive care approaches for older community-dwelling persons should address health constraints and psychosocial barriers that hinder older person's engagement in care. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN registry number is ISRCTN52788952. Date of registration is 13/03/2017.

Evaluation design of Urban Health Centres Europe (UHCE): preventive integrated health and social care for community-dwelling older persons in five European cities.

BACKGROUND: Older persons often have interacting physical and social problems and complex care needs. An integrated care approach in the local context with collaborations between community-, social-, and health-focused organisations can contribute to the promotion of independent living and quality of life. In the Urban Health Centres Europe (UHCE) project, five European cities (Greater Manchester, United Kingdom; Pallini (in Greater Athens Area), Greece; Rijeka, Croatia; Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Valencia, Spain) develop and implement a care template that integrates health and social care and includes a preventive approach. The UHCE project includes an effect and process evaluation. METHODS: In a one-year pre-post controlled trial, in each city 250 participants aged 75+ years are recruited to receive the UHCE approach and are compared with 250 participants who receive 'care as usual'. Benefits of UHCE approach in terms of healthy life styles, fall risk, appropriate medication use, loneliness level and frailty, and in terms of level of independence and health-related quality of life and health care use are assessed. A multilevel modeling approach is used for the analyses. The process evaluation is used to provide insight into the reach of the target population, the extent to which elements of the UHCE approach are executed as planned and the satisfaction of the participants. DISCUSSION: The UHCE project will provide new insight into the feasibility and effectiveness of an integrated care approach for older persons in different European settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN registry number is ISRCTN52788952 . Date of registration is 13/03/2017.

Efficacy of a Comprehensive and Personalised Approach for Frail Older People in Valencia (Spain): A Pre-Post Controlled Trial.

Frailty is a common condition in older adults that negatively impacts health and quality of life. This study evaluated a comprehensive, personalised, and coordinated intervention under the value-based care approach to address frailty's multidimensional nature in older people in the primary care setting. It employed a pre-post randomised controlled design involving 242 frail individuals aged over 65 years living in the community in Valencia (Spain) between 2021 and 2023. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 12 months (immediately post-intervention), and 18 months. The intervention included a personalised care plan supported by technology, with monthly motivational follow-ups and plan updates by health professionals and participants. Outcomes were measured using an assessment questionnaire that included the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement dataset for the older population: physical health, physical functioning, general mental health, satisfaction with social activities and relationships, ability to carry out usual social roles and activities, pain, general quality of life, loneliness, physical frailty, psychological frailty, and social frailty. The study found significant improvements in physical frailty, quality of life, reduced health resource use and hospitalisations and lower levels of pain and depression/anxiety compared to baseline. The findings suggest further research into value-based care approaches, emphasizing the development and activation of personalised, comprehensive programs for older individuals with frailty.

Implementation of a Comprehensive and Personalised Approach for Older People with Psychosocial Frailty in Valencia (Spain): Study Protocol for a Pre-Post Controlled Trial.

With ageing, the risk of frailty increases, becoming a common condition that exposes older people to an increased risk of multiple adverse health outcomes. In Valencia (Spain), the ValueCare project develops and applies a value-based care approach that addresses the multidimensional nature of frailty by implementing integrated and personalized care to tackle psychosocial frailty. A pre-post controlled design with a baseline measurement at inclusion, at the end of implementation and a follow-up measurement after 6 months of intervention. In Valencia (Spain), 120 participants over 65 years of age are recruited from primary care centres to receive the ValueCare comprehensive and personalised care plan according to the results and are compared with 120 participants receiving "usual care". An assessment questionnaire is designed using validated instruments, and a personalised care plan is developed specifically for each participant based on the results obtained. The study protocol has been registered under the ISRCTN registration number ISRCTN25089186. Addressing frailty as a multidimensional and multifactorial risk condition requires the development and implementation of comprehensive assessments and care. In this context, this study will provide new insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of a value-based methodology for integrated care supported by ICT for older people experiencing frailty.

Factorial structure of quality of life, satisfaction with caregiving and caregiver burden in palliative care: A systematic review.

AIM: The aim of this research is to identify the main approaches and domains of palliative care quality assessment through three questionnaires used for this purpose. DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: The proposed analysis process consists of three stages from 2000 to 2020: (i) massive literature search, (ii) text mining and (iii) systematic reviews carried out on the QLQ C30, Zarit Burden Interview and FAMCARE questionnaires. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA-P) have guided our research. RESULTS: Sixteen papers were included in our study. The main findings have been summarised using a descriptive narrative synthesis approach. Systematic reviews evidenced that such tools present variable factor structures or latent domains. The results obtained are generally representative of the evidence supporting the factor structure of the QLQ-C30 in the general cancer population. The factor structure of the Zarit Burden Interview remains ambiguous, although the idea of a unifactorial structure predominates. In the case of FAMCARE, most of the factor structures differ from the initial proposal of Kristjanson. The categorisation of the main subjective assessment approaches could be useful for the construction of a coherent system of indicators to be used in nursing practice. For its part, the variability in the latent dimensionality of the questionnaires analysed could be due to: (i) the characteristics of the sample, (ii) the population studied, (iii) cross-cultural variability, (iv) the design of the questionnaire and (v) the analysis techniques employed.

Value-Based Healthcare Delivery: A Scoping Review.

Healthcare systems are transforming from the traditional volume-based model of healthcare to a value-based model of healthcare. Value generation in healthcare is about emphasising the health outcomes achieved by patients and organisations while maintaining an optimal relationship with costs. This scoping review aimed to identify the key elements and outcomes of implementing value-based healthcare (VBHC). The review process included studies published from 2013 to 2023 in four different databases (SpringerLink, PubMed, ProQuest and Scopus). Of the 2801 articles retrieved from the searches, 12 met the study's inclusion criteria. A total of 11 studies referred to value as the relationship between the outcomes achieved by patients and the costs of achieving those outcomes. Most of the studies highlighted the presence of leadership, the organisation of care into integrated care units, the identification and standardisation of outcome measures that generate value for the patient, and the inclusion of the patient perspective as the most prominent key elements for optimal VBHC implementation. Furthermore, some benefits were identified from VBHC implementation, which could shed light for future implementation actions. Therefore, the VBHC model is a promising approach that may contribute to an improvement in the efficiency and sustainability of healthcare.

Psychosocial Impact of Infertility Diagnosis and Conformity to Gender Norms on the Quality of Life of Infertile Spanish Couples.

Epidemiological data show that human reproductive disorders are a common problem worldwide, affecting almost one in six people of reproductive age. As a result, infertility has been identified by the World Health Organization as a public health disease. Reproductive problems can take a heavy toll on the psychosocial well-being of couples suffering from infertility. This is especially true for women, who tend to be the ones who undergo the most treatment. The main objective of the present study is to find out whether a sex-based infertility diagnosis influences the quality of life of couples with infertility. Also, we aim to find out whether the degree of adherence to gender norms influences their quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Fertility Quality of Life Questionnaire (FertiQoL) and the Conformity to Feminine and Masculine Norms Inventories in a sample of 219 infertile Spanish couples (438 participants). The results show that, in all cases, regardless of the degree of conformity to gender norms and whether the infertility diagnosis was of female or male origin, women have lower scores on the self-perceived quality of life. This suggests that being female is already a psychosocial risk factor when assessing the psychosocial consequences of infertility.

Self-efficacy as a mediator between frailty and falls among community-dwelling older citizens.

Frailty is one of the most challenging issues among older adults, and the relationship between frailty and falls has already been assessed numerous times in literature. In the present study, we explored the mediating role of self-efficacy related to falls (FSe) in the relationship between frailty and fall risk. In a cross-sectional design, 1080 community-dwelling older adults from Rotterdam (Netherlands) and Valencia (Spain) completed a questionnaire and data were then analyzed via mediation analysis using a bootstrapping approach. Results show that higher frailty is associated with higher fall incidence, and higher FSe is a partial mediator of this association, with a confidence interval for the indirect effect of 0.131-0.247. Moreover, results showed gender differences in FSe levels; women had lower FSe scores. Deepening research on the construct of FSe may give potential explanations that account for the emerged gender differences, and it could be more targeted in fall prevention programs.

Enhancing the Adult and Paediatric Palliative Care System: Spanish Professionals' and Family Caregivers' Suggestions for Comprehensive Improvement.

This research critically explores deficiencies in the palliative care system, focusing on evaluation and treatment aspects for both adult and paediatric patients. Using a qualitative methodology, the study engages healthcare professionals and family caregivers to uncover perspectives on the existing state of palliative care. Conducted through three focus groups and a semi-structured in-depth interview with participants recruited from Virgen de la Arrixaca University Clinical Hospital, this research illustrates critical issues, highlighting the insufficient healthcare workforce and resources to meet the comprehensive needs of patients and their families. Recommendations include holistic care addressing social, emotional, psychological, socio-familiar, and economic dimensions, supported by embedded support groups and the enforcement of relationships with palliative associations. This study also advocates for improved health institutional coordination, social worker support, and ongoing health professional satisfaction monitoring. In paediatric care, specific demands involve specialised units, medical team continuity, 24 h paediatrician care, and a more professional paediatric approach. Beyond problem identification, this study offers valuable insights for shaping health policies and tools, incorporating new indicators and introducing grief bereavement support in clinical reports, contributing to the advancement of patient evaluation in palliative care.

The association between frailty and the risk of medication-related problems among community-dwelling older adults in Europe.

BACKGROUND: Studies revealed unidirectional associations between frailty and medication-related problems (MRPs) among older adults. Less is known about the association between frailty and the risk of MRPs. We aimed to assess the bi-directional association between frailty and the risk of MRPs in community-dwelling older adults in five European countries. METHODS: Participants were 1785 older adults in the population-based Urban Health Centres Europe project. Repeated assessments were collected at baseline and one-year follow-up, including frailty, the risk of MRPs, and covariates. Linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the unidirectional associations. A cross-lagged panel modeling was used to assess bi-directional associations. RESULTS: The unidirectional association between frailty at baseline and the risk of MRPs at follow-up remained statistically significant after adjusting for covariates (ß = 0.10, 95%CI:0.08, 0.13). The association between the risk of MRPs at baseline and frailty at follow-up shows similar trends. The bi-directional association was comparable with reported unidirectional associations, with a stronger effect from frailty at baseline to the risk of MRPs at follow-up than reversed path (Wald test for comparing lagged effects: p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This longitudinal study suggests that a cycle may exist where older adults with higher frailty levels are more likely to have a higher risk of MRPs, which in turn contributes to developing a higher level of frailty. Further research is needed to validate our findings and explore underlying pathways.

Palliative Care in Older People with Multimorbidities: A Scoping Review on the Palliative Care Needs of Patients, Carers, and Health Professionals.

Although numerous studies have been conducted previously on the needs of cancer patients at the end of their life, there is a lack of studies focused on older patients with non-oncological complex chronic multipathologies. Examining these needs would help to gain a greater understanding of the profile of this specific population within the palliative care (PC) pathway and how the health and care systems can address them. The aim of this review was to identify the needs influencing PC among older patients with multimorbidities, their relatives or informal caregivers, and the health professionals who provide care for these patients. A scoping literature review guided by the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist was carried out with literature searched in the Medline, Embase, CINAHL, WoS, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases from 2009 to 2022. Eighty-one studies were included, demonstrating a great variety of unaddressed needs for PC among chronic older patients and the complexity in detecting those needs and how to refer them to PC pathways. This review also suggested a scarcity of tools and limited pathways for professionals to satisfy their needs for these patients and their families, who often felt ignored by the system. Substantial changes will be needed in health and care systems at the institutional level, providing more specialized PC environments and systematizing PC processes.

The Experiences and Views on Palliative Care of Older People with Multimorbidities, Their Family Caregivers and Professionals in a Spanish Hospital.

The increasing prevalence of complex chronic diseases in the population over 65 years of age is causing a major impact on health systems. This study aims to explore the needs and preferences of the multimorbid patient and carers to improve the palliative care received. The perspective of professionals who work with this profile of patients was also taken into account. A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions. Separate topic guides were developed for patients, careers and health professionals. We included 12 patients, 11 caregivers and 16 health professionals in Spain. The results showed multiple unmet needs of patients and families/caregivers, including feelings of uncertainty, a sense of fear, low awareness and knowledge about palliative care in non-malignant settings, and a desire to improve physical, psychosocial and financial status. A consistent lack of specialized psychosocial care for both patients and caregivers was expressed and professionals highlighted the need for holistic needs assessment and effective and early referral pathways to palliative care. There is a lack of institutional support for multimorbid older patients in need of palliative care and important barriers need to be addressed by health systems to face the significant increase in these patients.

Quality of Life and Conformity to Gender Norms in Women Receiving Assisted Reproductive Technologies as a Potential Indicator of Mental Health.

The prevalence of depression, stress, or anxiety in people receiving assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has been demonstrated. However, knowledge about the influence of gender norms on quality of life (QofL) during infertility treatment is limited. The main objective of this study was to confirm that patients undergoing ART present a vulnerable mental state, which may be an indicator of risk. For this purpose, a quasi-experimental cross-sectional study was carried out in the Assisted Reproduction Unit of the Hospital Politécnico Universitario de la Fe (Spain) in which a total of 438 women participated: 256 in pre-treatment and 182 in treatment. Two questionnaires were administered, FertiQol and CFNI-23, assessing self-perceived QofL and conformity to gender norms, respectively. The results showed significant differences between the pre-treatment and treatment groups on the FertiQol and its subscales. Significant associations were also found between the CFNI-23 factors and the FertiQol subscales. The results suggest that gender norms and ART interfere with women's mental health and QofL and should be considered as possible risk indicators by professionals preventively before the prenatal or perinatal stages. Future research should design prospective studies aimed at estimating the impact of clinical and sociodemographic variables on women and other groups receiving ART.

mHealth intervention to improve quality of life in patients with chronic diseases during the COVID-19 crisis in Paraguay: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic disease represent an at-risk group in the face of the COVID-19 crisis as they need to regularly monitor their lifestyle and emotional management. Coping with the illness becomes a challenge due to supply problems and lack of access to health care facilities. It is expected these limitations, along with lockdown and social distancing measures, have affected the routine disease management of these patients, being more pronounced in low- and middle-income countries with a flawed health care system. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to describe a protocol for a randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of the Adhera® MejoraCare Digital Program, an mHealth intervention aimed at improving the quality of life of patients with chronic diseases during the COVID-19 outbreak in Paraguay. METHOD: A two-arm randomized controlled trial will be carried out, with repeated measures (baseline, 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month) under two conditions: Adhera® MejoraCare Digital Program or waiting list. The primary outcome is a change in the quality of life on the EuroQol 5-Dimensions 3-Levels Questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L). Other secondary outcomes, as the effect on anxiety and health empowerment, will be considered. All participants must be 18 years of age or older and meet the criteria for chronic disease. A total of 96 participants will be recruited (48 per arm). CONCLUSIONS: It is expected that the Adhera® MejoraCare Digital Program will show significant improvements in quality of life and emotional distress compared to the waiting list condition. Additionally, it is hypothesized that this intervention will be positively evaluated by the participants in terms of usability and satisfaction. The findings will provide new insights into the viability and efficacy of mHealth solutions for chronic disease management in developing countries and in times of pandemic. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04659746.

Determinants of Refugee and Migrant Health Status in 10 European Countries: The Mig-HealthCare Project.

In this study, we collect and synthesize information on the health status of the refugee/migrant population in ten European countries in order to map refugee/migrant health needs. With this information, we identify areas of intervention and healthcare system strengthening to provide the basis for future health planning and effective healthcare provision to migrants, asylum-seekers and refugees in the European Union (EU). METHODS: 1407 migrants in ten European Union countries (consortium members of the Mig-HealthCare project) were surveyed on general health, mental health, and specific diseases using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate the risk factors on general quality of life for migrants and refugees in the EU. RESULTS: Mean age was 31.9 (±11.05) years and 889 (63.1%) participants were males. The majority came from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, and Iran. Having a mental health disorder or a chronic disease such as a heart or respiratory disease was associated with worse general health. On the other hand, having permission to stay in the country of interview and being interviewed in the country of final destination was associated with better general health. Access to health care services was fragmented or unavailable for some interviewees because of linguistic, cultural, or administrative barriers. CONCLUSIONS: The management of chronic diseases and mental health conditions in European migrants and refugees is a key priority for health service provision. Further efforts should be made to guarantee healthcare access for migrant and refugee populations.

Reliability and Validity of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator in 5 European Countries.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, and concurrent validity of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) within community-dwelling older people in Spain, Greece, Croatia, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Primary care and community settings. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 2250 community-dwelling older people (60.3% women; mean age = 79.7 years; standard deviation = 5.7). METHODS: We assessed the reliability and validity of the full TFI as well as its physical, psychological, and social domains. Baseline data of the Urban Health Centers Europe project were used. The internal consistency was assessed with the Cronbach alpha. The convergent and divergent validity were assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients between the domains and alternative measures: the 12-item short-form, Groningen activity restriction scale, 5-item mental well-being scale of the 36-Item Short Form Survey, and the De Jong Gierveld loneliness scale. The concurrent validity was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve with physically frail (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe-Frailty Instrument), loss of independence (Groningen activity restriction scale), limited function (Global Activity Limitation Index), poor mental health (5-item mental well-being scale of the 36-Item Short Form Survey), and feeling lonely (De Jong Gierveld loneliness scale) as criteria. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the full TFI was satisfactory with the Cronbach alpha ≥0.70 in the total population and in each country. The internal consistency of the psychological and social domains was not satisfactory. The convergent and divergent validity of the physical, psychological, and social domains was supported by all the alternative measures in the total population and in each country. The concurrent validity of the full TFI and the physical, psychological, and social domains was supported with most area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ≥0.70 in the total population and in each country. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The TFI is a reliable and valid instrument to assess frailty in community-dwelling older people in Spain, Greece, Croatia, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

Policy Makers', NGO, and Healthcare Workers' Accounts of Migrants' and Refugees' Healthcare Access Across Europe-Human Rights and Citizenship Based Claims.

Freely available healthcare, universally accessible to the population of citizens, is a key ideal for European welfare systems. As labor migration of the twentieth century gave way to the globalized streams of the twenty-first century, new challenges to fulfilling these ideals have emerged. The principle of freedom of movement, together with large-scale forced migration have led to large scale movements of people, making new demands on European healthcare systems which had previously been largely focused on meeting sedentary local populations' needs. Drawing on interviews with service providers working for NGOs and public healthcare systems and with policy makers across 10 European countries, this paper considers how forced migrants' healthcare needs are addressed by national health systems, with factors hindering access at organizational and individual level in particular focus. The ways in which refugees' and migrants' healthcare access is prevented are considered in terms of claims based on citizenship and on the human right to health and healthcare. Where claims based on citizenship are denied and there is no means of asserting the human right to health, migrants are caught in a new form of inequality.

Longitudinal Association Between Physical Activity and Frailty Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the longitudinal association between frequency of moderate physical activity (PA) and overall, physical, psychological, and social frailty among community-dwelling older adults older than 70 years. Second, we assessed the association between a 12-month change in frequency of moderate PA and frailty. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Community settings in Spain, Greece, Croatia, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1735 participants (61.1% female; mean age = 79.6 years; SD = 5.5 years). MEASUREMENTS: The frequency of self-reported moderate PA was measured and classified into two categories: "regular frequency" and "low frequency." The 12-month change in frequency of moderate PA between baseline and follow-up was classified into four categories: "continued regular frequency," "decreased frequency," "continued low frequency," and "increased frequency." The 15-item Tilburg Frailty Indicator assessed overall, physical, psychological, and social frailty. RESULTS: Participants who undertook moderate PA with a regular frequency at baseline were less frail at 12-month follow-up than participants with a low frequency. Participants who undertook moderate PA with a continued regular frequency were least frail at baseline and at 12-month follow-up. After controlling for baseline frailty and covariates, compared with participants with a continued regular frequency, participants with a decreased frequency were significantly more overall (B = 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.99-1.63), physically (B = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.58-1.03), psychologically (B = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.30-0.56), and socially frail (B = 0.14; 95% CI = 0.04-0.23) at 12-month follow-up; participants with a continued low frequency were significantly more overall (B = 1.16; 95% CI = 0.84-1.49), physically (B = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.51-0.96), psychologically (B = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.29-0.55), and socially frail (B = 0.13; 95% CI = 0.04-0.23) at 12-month follow-up; the 12-month follow-up frailty level of participants who undertook moderate PA with an increased frequency was similar to those with a continued regular frequency. CONCLUSION: Maintaining a regular frequency of PA as well as increasing to a regular frequency of PA are associated with maintaining or improving overall, physical, psychological, and social frailty among European community-dwelling older adults older than 70 years. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1484-1493, 2020.