Initial experience with thulium fiber laser for prostate enucleation: Analysis of the intraoperative and short-term outcomes in a prospective, multicenter cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate has rapidly become the gold standard for the surgical treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia, although thulium fiber laser (TFL) has also been postulated as an effective and safe alternative for prostate enucleation. The aim of this study is to describe our initial experience with the TFL for endoscopic enucleation of the prostate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients proposed to TFL prostate enucleation were included in the analysis, regardless their prostate volume, catheter status and severity of symptoms, in 3 centers. Preoperative characteristics, intraoperative times and functional 3-months follow-up variables were collected, along with complications. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients were available, with a mean age of 68.7 years. Enucleation and morcellation efficiencies were 2.04 and 7.47 g/min, respectively. Median hospital stay was one day. Comparable functional data, pre and 3-month post-surgery was: mean prostate volume 88.9 vs 21.3 g, maximum urinary flow 13.2 vs 27.3 ml/s, post-void residual volume 149 vs 7.8 ml, prostatic specific antigen level 11.2 vs 1 ng/ml, and International Prostate Symptom Score 20.75 vs 3.96. Fourteen out of 56 (25%) patients presented with complications grade ≤2, according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. DISCUSSION: With wider evidence for other urological indications, very recent evidence about the suitability of TFL for prostate enucleation has arisen, since the first case described in 2021. Our results seem to back up these previous successful experiences as long as we obtained good intraoperative and short term follow-up functional results. However, there is still a need of longer follow-up data. CONCLUSIONS: TFL represents a novel technology for prostate enucleation, with a good intraoperative and short follow-up functional results, and a safety profile similar to the observed for those techniques that have been wider used for this indication. Further studies with longer follow-up periods and comparative with these other techniques are necessary.

Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on urology surgical waiting lists and waiting lists prioritization strategies in the Post-COVID-19 era. / Impacto del brote de COVID-19 en las listas de espera de cirugía urológica y estrategias de priorización en la era post-COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: The suspension of most elective surgeries during COVID-19 pandemic caused the lengthening of urology surgical waiting lists. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on urology surgical waiting list in a high-volume hospital. METHODS: An observational descriptive study was designed. All patients included in the urology surgical waiting list of our high-volume center on May 1st 2020 (46 days after the suspension of elective surgery) were analyzed. Baseline variables, priority on the waiting list, main urological disease, type of scheduled surgery, and waiting time were recorded. Other variables recorded were the presence of a urinary catheter, number of accesses to the emergency department, evidence of COVID-19 infection, number of deaths and their cause. The waiting time for each disease was compared with the time to surgery in 2019. RESULTS: A total of 350 patients were included. The mean (SD) time on the waiting list was 97.33 (55.47) days. Priority 1 patients, who normally should undergo surgery within 30 days, were on the waiting list for a mean (SD) time of 60.51 (20.14) days. They were mainly patients with ureteral lithiasis (25.6%), high-risk or muscle-invasive bladder cancer (20.9%) and high-risk prostate cancer (13.9%). The mean waiting time had already significantly exceeded the mean time to surgery in 2019 for radical cystectomy (p = 0.04) and URS (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The suspension of most elective surgeries due to COVID-19 had a significant impact on urology surgical waiting list of our high-volume center, especially in priority 1 group.

Evaluation of health care-associated infections following radical cystectomy. / Estudio de las infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria tras la realización de cistectomía radical.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Radical cystectomy is a complex surgery with a high rate of complications including infections, which lead to increased morbidity and mortality, longer hospital stay and higher costs. The aim of this work is to evaluate health care-associated infections (HAIs) in these patients, as well as associated microorganisms, antibiotic resistance profiles and risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study from 2012 to 2017. Epidemiologic variables, comorbidities and surgical variables are collected. The microorganisms involved and antibiotic susceptibility patterns are analyzed. RESULTS: 122 patients. Mean age 67 (SD:18,42). Mean hospital stay 23.5 days (18.42). HAIs rate of 45%, with predominant urinary tract infections (43%) and surgical wound infections (31%). Positive cultures in 78.6% of cases. Increased isolation of Enterococcus (18%) and Escherichia coli (13%). Forty-three percent of microorganisms were resistant to amoxicillin/ampicillin, 23% to beta-lactamases and 36% to quinolones. Empirical treatment was adequate in 87.5%. Hospital stay is increased (17 days, p< 0.05) due to HAIs. Lower rate of infectious complications in the laparoscopic vs. open approach (p< 0.001) and in orthotopic vs. ileal conduit diversion (p = 0.04) CONCLUSIONS: We found a high rate of HAIs in our radical cystectomy series, with predominant urinary tract and surgical wound infections. E.coli and Enterococcus spp. are the most frequently isolated microorganisms, with high rates of resistance to some commonly used antibiotics.

[Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on urology surgical waiting lists and waiting lists prioritization strategies in the Post-COVID-19 era]. / Impacto del brote de COVID-19 en las listas de espera de cirugía urológica y estrategias de priorización en la era post-COVID-19.

Introduction: The suspension of most elective surgeries during COVID-19 pandemic caused the lengthening of urology surgical waiting lists. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on urology surgical waiting list in a high-volume hospital. Methods: An observational descriptive study was designed. All patients included in the urology surgical waiting list of our high-volume center on May 1st 2020 (46 days after the suspension of elective surgery) were analyzed. Baseline variables, priority on the waiting list, main urological disease, type of scheduled surgery, and waiting time were recorded. Other variables recorded were the presence of a urinary catheter, number of accesses to the emergency department, evidence of COVID-19 infection, number of deaths and their cause. The waiting time for each disease was compared with the time to surgery in 2019. Results: A total of 350 patients were included. The mean (SD) time on the waiting list was 97.33 (55.47) days. Priority 1 patients, who normally should undergo surgery within 30 days, were on the waiting list for a mean (SD) time of 60.51 (20.14) days. They were mainly patients with ureteral lithiasis (25.6%), high-risk or muscle-invasive bladder cancer (20.9%) and high-risk prostate cancer (13.9%). The mean waiting time had already significantly exceeded the mean time to surgery in 2019 for radical cystectomy (p = 0.04) and URS (p = 0.003). Conclusions: The suspension of most elective surgeries due to COVID-19 had a significant impact on urology surgical waiting list of our high-volume center, especially in priority 1 group.

Design of an assistance protocol for the restart of scheduled urologic surgery in a COVID-19 epidemic period. / Diseño de un protocolo asistencial para el reinicio de la cirugía urológica programada en periodo de epidemia COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: Design a care protocol to restart scheduled surgical activity in a Urology service of a third level hospital in the Community of Madrid, in a safe way for our patients and professionals in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus epidemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multidisciplinary group reviewed the different recommendations of the literature, national and international health organizations and scientific societies, as well as their application to our environment. Once scheduled surgery has restarted, the patients undergoing surgery for complications related to COVID-19 are being followed up. RESULTS: Since the resumption of surgical activity, 19 patients have been scheduled, of which 2 have been suspended for presenting COVID-19, one diagnosed by positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2, and another by laboratory and imaging findings compatible with this infection. With a median follow-up of 10 days (4-14 days), no complications related to COVID-19 were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results indicate that the protocol designed to ensure the correct application of preventive measures against the transmission of coronavirus infection is being safe and effective.

Infections related to healthcare in patients hospitalized in a Urology service: resistance patterns and adequacy of empirical antibiotic treatment as a prognostic factor. / Infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria en pacientes ingresados en un servicio de Urología: patrones de resistencia y adecuación del tratamiento antibiótico empírico como factor pronóstico.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the suitability of empirical antibiotic therapy in HAIs and the antibiotic resistance patterns of the responsible microorganisms, as well as the incidence of mortality and risk factors involved. METHOD: A prospective observational study was carried out on patients of both sexes older than 16years, admitted by any urological process during a period of 4years. The incidence and characteristics of HAIs, as well as the causative organism and its resistance, the initial empirical antibiotic therapy and its modification, if required, and mortality rates are analysed. RESULTS: Out of 6,546 patients, 6.3% suffered HAIs, 70.5% corresponding to urinary tract infection and 22.1% to infection of the surgical wound. E.coli, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp. y P.aeruginosa were the most frequently implicated (25.1%, 17.5%, 13.5% and 12.3%, respectively). E.coli and Klebsiella spp. were producers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in 24.7% and 47.8%, respectively. 4.3% of Klebsiella and 33.3% of Pseudomonas were carbapenems-resistant. The overall resistance to quinolones was approximately 50%. The most commonly used antibiotics for empirical therapy were cephalosporins of 3rd and 4th generation (33.6%) and carbapenems (28.2%). An overall rate of adequacy of empirical antibiotic therapy of 82.9% was obtained. The mortality rate in patients with HAIs was 2.2%, compared with 0.3% in patients without infection. In a multivariate analysis, the variables associated with the highest mortality risk were the isolation of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and the inadequate empirical antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The selection of empirical antibiotic therapy was quite accurate. An increase in HAIs by multiresistant microorganisms, such as ESBL Enterobacteria or multiresistant P.aeruginosa is being observed. The mortality risk increases with inadequate initial empirical antibiotic therapy or when the responsible microorganism is an ESBL enterobacteria.

Analysis of referrals after a synergic work between Primary Care and Urology. Impact of joint protocol implementation and a continuing education program in our healthcare area. / Evolución de las derivaciones desde Atención Primaria a Urología tras la creación de un grupo de trabajo y la instauración de protocolos y cursos de formación continuada.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the evolution and adequacy of referrals from Primary Care to Urology, after the implementation of referral protocols on the most frequent urological diseases and the establishment of a continuing education program. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A Primary Care-Urology work group was created in 2011. Initially, performance and clinical practice protocols in prostatic pathology (BPH and PSA) were established. These were supported by training sessions for primary care physicians. After analysing the effect of the mentioned joint work, 3more (scrotal pathology, urinary tract infections and urinary incontinence) were included. We analysed and compared the referrals and their adequacy before and after the establishment of the protocols. RESULTS: The most common referral causes were symptoms of the lower urinary tract due to BPH, which initially represented 22.8% of the total, and decreased to 16.9%. After the introduction of the new algorithms, we observed a decrease in referrals for scrotal pathology (13-14% to 7.8%), an increase in urinary incontinence referrals (3% al 10.3%) and those related to urinary tract infections remained stable. The adequacy to the protocols improved progressively: LUTS from 46% to 65.3%; PSA from 55% to 84.4% and urinary incontinence from 66.2% to 73.1%. Adequacy in scrotal pathology decreased (de 67.1% a 63.3%), while in UTI it stayed much the same (around 76%). CONCLUSIONS: The joint work between Urology and Primary Care achieves an improvement in referrals adequacy regarding the most frequent urological pathologies.

Impacto del brote de COVID-19 en las listas de espera de cirugía urológica y estrategias de priorización en la era post-COVID-19 / Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on urology surgical waiting lists and waiting lists prioritization strategies in the Post-COVID-19 era

Introducción: La suspensión de la mayoría de las cirugías electivas durante la pandemia por COVID-19 ha aumentado las listas de espera de cirugía urológica. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en la lista de espera de cirugía urológica en un hospital de alto volumen.MétodosSe diseñó un estudio descriptivo observacional. Se analizaron todos los pacientes incluidos en la lista de espera de cirugía urológica de nuestro centro de alto volumen el 1 de mayo de 2020 (46 días después de la suspensión de la cirugía electiva). Se registraron las características basales, prioridad en la lista de espera, enfermedad urológica principal, tipo de cirugía programada y tiempo de espera. Otras variables registradas fueron la presencia de catéter urinario, el número de visitas al servicio de urgencias, evidencia de infección por COVID-19, el número de muertes y su causa. El tiempo de espera de cada enfermedad se comparó con el tiempo de espera para la cirugía en 2019.ResultadosUn total de 350 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio. El tiempo medio (DE) en la lista de espera fue de 97,33 (55,47) días. Los pacientes de prioridad 1, que normalmente deben ser operados en un plazo de 30 días, estuvieron en la lista de espera por un tiempo medio de 60,51 (20,14) días. Eran principalmente pacientes con litiasis ureteral (25,6%), cáncer de vejiga de alto riesgo o músculo-invasivo (20,9%) y cáncer de próstata de alto riesgo (13,9%). El tiempo medio de espera superaba significativamente el tiempo medio (DE) de espera para cistectomía radical (p = 0,04) y URS (p = 0,003) en 2019.ConclusionesLa suspensión de la mayoría de las cirugías electivas debido a la pandemia por COVID-19 tuvo un impacto significativo en la lista de espera de cirugía urológica de nuestro centro de alto volumen, especialmente en el grupo de prioridad 1. (AU)

Introduction: The suspension of most elective surgeries during COVID-19 pandemic caused the lengthening of urology surgical waiting lists. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on urology surgical waiting list in a high-volume hospital.MethodsAn observational descriptive study was designed. All patients included in the urology surgical waiting list of our high-volume center on May 1st 2020 (46 days after the suspension of elective surgery) were analyzed. Baseline variables, priority on the waiting list, main urological disease, type of scheduled surgery, and waiting time were recorded. Other variables recorded were the presence of a urinary catheter, number of accesses to the emergency department, evidence of COVID-19 infection, number of deaths and their cause. The waiting time for each disease was compared with the time to surgery in 2019.ResultsA total of 350 patients were included. The mean (SD) time on the waiting list was 97.33 (55.47) days. Priority 1 patients, who normally should undergo surgery within 30 days, were on the waiting list for a mean (SD) time of 60.51 (20.14) days. They were mainly patients with ureteral lithiasis (25.6%), high-risk or muscle-invasive bladder cancer (20.9%) and high-risk prostate cancer (13.9%). The mean waiting time had already significantly exceeded the mean time to surgery in 2019 for radical cystectomy (p = 0.04) and URS (p = 0.003).ConclusionsThe suspension of most elective surgeries due to COVID-19 had a significant impact on urology surgical waiting list of our high-volume center, especially in priority 1 group. (AU)

Diseño de un protocolo asistencial para el reinicio de la cirugía urológica programada en periodo de epidemia COVID-19 / Design of an assistance protocol for the restart of scheduled urologic surgery in a COVID-19 epidemic period

OBJETIVO: Diseñar un protocolo asistencial para reiniciar la actividad quirúrgica programada en un servicio de Urología de un hospital de tercer nivel de la Comunidad de Madrid, de manera segura para nuestros pacientes y profesionales en el contexto de la epidemia por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Constituimos un grupo multidisciplinar que se encargó de analizar las diferentes recomendaciones de la literatura, organizaciones sanitarias nacionales e internacionales y sociedades científicas, así como de su aplicación a nuestro medio. Una vez reiniciada la cirugía programada, se está llevando a cabo un seguimiento de los pacientes intervenidos en cuanto a complicaciones relacionadas con COVID-19. RESULTADOS: Desde el reinicio de la actividad quirúrgica se han programado 19 pacientes, de los cuales 2 han sido suspendidos por presentar COVID-19, diagnosticado uno por PCR positiva para SARS-CoV-2, y otro por alteraciones analíticas y radiológicas compatibles con esta infección. En el seguimiento realizado no se han detectado complicaciones relacionadas con COVID-19, con una mediana de seguimiento de 10 días (4-14 días). CONCLUSIONES: Resultados preliminares indican que el protocolo diseñado para asegurar la correcta aplicación de medidas de prevención de transmisión de la infección por coronavirus está siendo seguro y efectivo

OBJECTIVE: Design a care protocol to restart scheduled surgical activity in a Urology service of a third level hospital in the Community of Madrid, in a safe way for our patients and professionals in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus epidemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multidisciplinary group reviewed the different recommendations of the literature, national and international health organizations and scientific societies, as well as their application to our environment. Once scheduled surgery has restarted, the patients undergoing surgery for complications related to COVID-19 are being followed up. RESULTS: Since the resumption of surgical activity, 19 patients have been scheduled, of which 2 have been suspended for presenting COVID-19, one diagnosed by positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2, and another by laboratory and imaging findings compatible with this infection. With a median follow-up of 10 days (4-14 days), no complications related to covid-19 were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results indicate that the protocol designed to ensure the correct application of preventive measures against the transmission of coronavirus infection is being safe and effective

Estudio de las infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria tras la realización de cistectomía radical / Evaluation of health care-associated infections following radical cystectomy

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: La cistectomía radical es una cirugía compleja con una alta tasa de complicaciones, entre ellas las infecciones, conllevando un aumento de la morbimortalidad, estancia hospitalaria y costes. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar las infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria (IRAS) en estos pacientes, así como de los microorganismos asociados, perfiles de resistencia antibiótica y factores de riesgo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo del 2012 al 2017. Se recogen variables epidemiológicas, comorbilidades y variables quirúrgicas. Se analizan los microorganismos implicados y patrones de susceptibilidad antibiótica. RESULTADOS: Estudio de 122 pacientes. Edad media 67 años (DE:18,42). Estancia hospitalaria media 23,5 días (18,42). Tasa de IRAS del 45%, predominando las infecciones del tracto urinario (43%) y de la herida quirúrgica (31%). Cultivos positivos en el 78,6% de los casos. Mayor aislamiento de Enterococcus (18%) y Escherichia coli (13%). El 43% de los microorganismos presentaban resistencia a la amoxicilina/ampicilina, 23% a las betalactamasas y 36% a las quinolonas. El tratamiento empírico fue adecuado en el 87,5%. Se observa un aumento en la estancia hospitalaria (17 días, p < 0,05) por padecer una IRAS. Menor tasa de complicaciones infecciosas en el abordaje laparoscópico frente al abierto (p < 0,001) y en las derivaciones ortotópicas frente al conducto ileal (p = 0,04). CONCLUSIONES: Encontramos una elevada tasa de IRAS en nuestra serie de cistectomías radicales, con un predominio de infecciones del tracto urinario y de la herida quirúrgica. E. coli y Enterococcus spp. son los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados, con altas tasas de resistencia a algunos antibióticos de uso común

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Radical cystectomy is a complex surgery with a high rate of complications including infections, which lead to increased morbidity and mortality, longer hospital stay and higher costs. The aim of this work is to evaluate health care-associated infections (HAIs) in these patients, as well as associated microorganisms, antibiotic resistance profiles and risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study from 2012 to 2017. Epidemiologic variables, comorbidities and surgical variables are collected. The microorganisms involved and antibiotic susceptibility patterns are analyzed. RESULTS: 122 patients. Mean age 67 (SD:18,42). Mean hospital stay 23.5 days (18.42). HAIs rate of 45%, with predominant urinary tract infections (43%) and surgical wound infections (31%). Positive cultures in 78.6% of cases. Increased isolation of Enterococcus (18%) and Escherichia coli (13%). Forty-three percent of microorganisms were resistant to amoxicillin/ampicillin, 23% to beta-lactamases and 36% to quinolones. Empirical treatment was adequate in 87.5%. Hospital stay is increased (17 days, p < 0.05) due to HAIs. Lower rate of infectious complications in the laparoscopic vs. open approach (p < 0.001) and in orthotopic vs. ileal conduit diversion (p = 0.04) CONCLUSIONS: We found a high rate of HAIs in our radical cystectomy series, with predominant urinary tract and surgical wound infections. E.coli and Enterococcus spp. are the most frequently isolated microorganisms, with high rates of resistance to some commonly used antibiotics

Evolución de las derivaciones desde Atención Primaria a Urología tras la creación de un grupo de trabajo y la instauración de protocolos y cursos de formación continuada / Analysis of referrals after a synergic work between primary care and urology. Impact of joint protocol implementation and a continuing education program in our healthcare area

Objetivo: Analizar la evolución y adecuación de las derivaciones de Atención Primaria a Urología tras la implantación de protocolos sobre las enfermedades urológicas más frecuentes y la instauración de un programa de formación continuada. Material y métodos: En el 2011 se creó un grupo de trabajo Atención Primaria-Urología. Se instauraron inicialmente protocolos de actuación y práctica clínica en enfermedad prostática (HBP y PSA), que se apoyaron con sesiones formativas a los médicos de Atención Primaria. Tras analizar su efecto, en el 2015 se añadieron otros 3(enfermedad escrotal, infecciones urinarias e incontinencia urinaria). Analizamos y comparamos las derivaciones y su adecuación antes y después de la instauración. Resultados: El motivo más frecuente de derivación son los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior (STUI) por HBP que, inicialmente, suponían un 22,8% del total, y que han disminuido al 16,9%. Tras la introducción de los demás algoritmos, observamos una disminución de las derivaciones sobre enfermedad escrotal (del 13-14 al 7,8%), que permanecen estables (en torno al 10%) las relacionadas con infecciones urinarias y que aumentan las derivaciones por incontinencia urinaria (del 3 al 10,3%). La adecuación a los protocolos fue mejorando progresivamente en las relacionadas con STUI (del 46 al 65,3%); en PSA (del 55 al 84,4%) y en incontinencia urinaria (del 66,2 al 73,1%). Descendió la adecuación en cuanto a enfermedad escrotal (del 67,1 al 63,3%) y se mantuvo similar en ITU (en torno al 76%). Conclusiones: El trabajo conjunto entre Urología y Atención Primaria consigue mejorar la adecuación de las derivaciones en las enfermedades urológicas más frecuentes

Objective: To analyse the evolution and adequacy of referrals from Primary Care to Urology, after the implementation of referral protocols on the most frequent urological diseases and the establishment of a continuing education program. Material and methods: A Primary Care-Urology work group was created in 2011. Initially, performance and clinical practice protocols in prostatic pathology (BPH and PSA) were established. These were supported by training sessions for primary care physicians. After analysing the effect of the mentioned joint work, 3more (scrotal pathology, urinary tract infections and urinary incontinence) were included. We analysed and compared the referrals and their adequacy before and after the establishment of the protocols. Results: The most common referral causes were symptoms of the lower urinary tract due to BPH, which initially represented 22.8% of the total, and decreased to 16.9%. After the introduction of the new algorithms, we observed a decrease in referrals for scrotal pathology (13-14% to 7.8%), an increase in urinary incontinence referrals (3% al 10.3%) and those related to urinary tract infections remained stable. The adequacy to the protocols improved progressively: LUTS from 46% to 65.3%; PSA from 55% to 84.4% and urinary incontinence from 66.2% to 73.1%. Adequacy in scrotal pathology decreased (de 67.1% a 63.3%), while in UTI it stayed much the same (around 76%). Conclusions: The joint work between Urology and Primary Care achieves an improvement in referrals adequacy regarding the most frequent urological pathologies

Infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria en pacientes ingresados en un servicio de Urología: patrones de resistencia y adecuación del tratamiento antibiótico empírico como factor pronóstico / Infections related to healthcare in patients hospitalized in a Urology service: Resistance patterns and adequacy of empirical antibiotic treatment as a prognostic factor

Objetivos: Evaluar la idoneidad de la antibioterapia empírica en IRAS y los patrones de resistencia a antibióticos de los microorganismos responsables, así como la incidencia de mortalidad y factores de riesgo en relación con IRAS. Método: Durante un periodo de 4 años se realiza un estudio prospectivo observacional sobre todos los pacientes de ambos sexos y mayores de 16 años ingresados por cualquier proceso urológico. Se evalúan la incidencia y las características de las IRAS y se analiza el microorganismo causante y sus resistencias, la antibioterapia empírica inicial y si esta precisó modificación, y las tasas de mortalidad. Resultados: De un total de 6.546 pacientes, el 6,3% sufrieron IRAS, correspondiendo el 70,5% a infección del tracto urinario y el 22,1% a infección de la herida quirúrgica. E. coli, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp. y P. aeruginosa fueron los más frecuentemente implicados (25,1, 17,5, 13,5 y 12,3%, respectivamente). E. coli y Klebsiella spp. fueron productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) en el 24,7 y el 47,8%, respectivamente. El 4,3% de Klebsiella y el 33,3% de Pseudomonas eran resistentes a carbapenemes. La resistencia global a quinolonas fue del 50% aproximadamente. Los antibióticos más frecuentemente usados de forma empírica fueron cefalosporinas de tercera y cuarta generación (33,6%) y carbapenemes (28,2%). Se obtuvo una tasa global de adecuación de antibioterapia empírica del 82,9%. La tasa de mortalidad en los pacientes con IRAS fue del 2,2%, frente al 0,3% en los pacientes sin infección. En un análisis multivariable, las variables que se asociaron a mayor riesgo de mortalidad fueron el aislamiento de enterobacterias productoras de BLEE y el tratamiento antibiótico empírico inadecuado. Conclusiones: La selección de la antibioterapia empírica fue bastante precisa. Se está observando un aumento de IRAS por microorganismos multirresistentes, como enterobacterias BLEE o P.aeruginosa multirresistentes. El riesgo de mortalidad aumenta con una antibioterapia empírica inicial inadecuada o cuando el microorganismo responsable es una enterobacteria BLEE

Objectives: To evaluate the suitability of empirical antibiotic therapy in HAIs and the antibiotic resistance patterns of the responsible microorganisms, as well as the incidence of mortality and risk factors involved. Method: A prospective observational study was carried out on patients of both sexes older than 16 years, admitted by any urological process during a period of 4 years. The incidence and characteristics of HAIs, as well as the causative organism and its resistance, the initial empirical antibiotic therapy and its modification, if required, and mortality rates are analyzed. Results: Out of 6546 patients, 6.3% suffered HAIs, 70.5% corresponding to urinary tract infection and 22.1% to infection of the surgical wound. E.coli, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp. y P. aeruginosa were the most frequently implicated (25.1%, 17.5%, 13.5% and 12.3%, respectively). E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were producers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in 24.7% and 47.8%, respectively. 4.3% of Klebsiella and 33.3% of Pseudomonas were carbapenems-resistant. The overall resistance to quinolones was approximately 50%. The most commonly used antibiotics for empirical therapy were cephalosporins of 3rd and 4th generation (33.6%) and carbapenems (28.2%). An overall rate of adequacy of empirical antibiotic therapy of 82.9% was obtained. The mortality rate in patients with HAIs was 2.2%, compared with 0.3% in patients without infection. In a multivariate analysis, the variables associated with the highest mortality risk were the isolation of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and the inadequate empirical antibiotic treatment. Conclusions: The selection of empirical antibiotic therapy was quite accurate. An increase in HAIs by multiresistant microorganisms, such as ESBL Enterobacteria or multiresistant P.aeruginosa is being observed. The mortality risk increases with inadequate initial empirical antibiotic therapy or when the responsible microorganism is an ESBL enterobacteria