Fungal degradation of selected medium to highly polar pesticides by Trametes versicolor: kinetics, biodegradation pathways, and ecotoxicity of treated waters.

The massive use of pesticides represents one of the main causes of environmental deterioration, as they have adverse effects on non-target organisms. Thus, the development of technologies capable of reducing their release into the environment is urgently needed. This study reports for the first time the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor as an alternative towards the degradation of medium to highly polar pesticides such as the organophosphate malathion, and the neonicotinoids acetamiprid and imidacloprid. Specifically, T. versicolor could completely remove 1 mg/L of malathion in an Erlenmeyer flask within 48 h, while experiments of acetamiprid and imidacloprid (4 mg/L), conducted in air-pulse fluidized bioreactors, resulted in degradation percentages of 20% and 64.7%, respectively, after 7 days of operation. Enzymatic exploration studies revealed that the cytochrome P450 system, instead of the extracellular enzyme laccase, is involved in the degradation of acetamiprid and imidacloprid. The degradation pathways were proposed based on the main transformation products (TPs) formed in the solutions: seven in the case of malathion, and two and one in the case of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, respectively. Although the TPs identified were predicted to be less toxic than the investigated pesticides, the toxicity of the individual solutions slightly increased throughout the degradation process, according to the Microtox assay. However, the solution toxicity was always below the threshold established in the local regulation. Although additional research is needed to implement this treatment at a pilot plant scale, this work highlights the potential of T. versicolor to bio-remediate pesticide-contaminated waters.

Search of non-ionic surfactants suitable for micellar liquid chromatography.

Most reports in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) with micellar mobile phases make use of the anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate. This surfactant masks efficiently the silanol groups that are the origin of the poor efficiencies and tailing peaks observed for basic compounds in conventional RPLC. However, it has the handicap of yielding excessive retention, which forces the addition of an organic solvent to reduce the retention times to practical values. Other surfactants, such as the non-ionic polyoxyethylene(23)lauryl ether (Brij-35), are rarely used. Brij-35 allows the separation of a large range of analytes in adequate retention times, without the need of adding an organic solvent to the mobile phase. However, this non-ionic surfactant shows irreversible adsorption on chromatographic columns and peak shape is poorer. Therefore, the search of non-ionic surfactants with similar properties to Brij-35, but showing reversible adsorption and better peak shape, can be of great interest. In this work, the adequacy of several non-ionic surfactants as modifiers in RPLC has been explored, being polyoxyethylene(10)tridecyl ether particularly attractive. The separation of different types of compounds was checked: sulfonamides (acidic), ß-adrenoceptor antagonists and tricyclic antidepressants (basic with diverse polarity), and flavonoids (with and without hydroxyl groups on the aromatic rings). The chromatographic behaviors were examined in terms of retention and peak shape. The results were compared with those obtained with Brij-35.

Isocratic and gradient elution in micellar liquid chromatography with Brij-35.

Polyoxyethylene(23)lauryl ether (known as Brij-35) is a nonionic surfactant, which has been considered as an alternative to the extensively used in micellar liquid chromatography anionic surfactant sodium lauryl (dodecyl) sulfate, for the analysis of drugs and other types of compounds. Brij-35 is the most suitable nonionic surfactant for micellar liquid chromatography, owing to its commercial availability, low cost, low toxicity, high cloud temperature, and low background absorbance. However, it has had minor use. In this work, we gather and discuss some results obtained in our laboratory with several ß-blockers, sulfonamides, and flavonoids, concerning the use of Brij-35 as mobile phase modifier in the isocratic and gradient modes. The chromatographic performance for purely micellar eluents (with only surfactant) and hybrid eluents (with surfactant and acetonitrile) is compared. Brij-35 increases the polarity of the alkyl-bonded stationary phase and its polyoxyethylene chain with the hydroxyl end group allows hydrogen-bond interactions, especially for phenolic compounds. This offers the possibility of using aqueous solutions of Brij-35 as mobile phases with sufficiently short retention times. The use of gradients of acetonitrile to keep the concentration of Brij-35 constant is another interesting strategy that yields a significant reduction in the peak widths, which guarantee high resolution.

[Sense of coherence in breastfeeding women: A scoping review].

BACKGROUND: The establishment of breastfeeding may sometimes be stressful. We aimed to analyze the sense of coherence in lactating women to determine the general resistance resources during lactation and the professional interventions that promote a high sense of coherence. METHODS: A search of studies in English, Spanish, or Portuguese on lactating women's sense of coherence was carried out in PubMed, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, and CINAH databases published between May and November 2022. Study quality and risk of bias were examined according to ICROMS and STROBE criteria. RESULTS: We identified 316 studies, of which eight -all of adequate quality- were included, three qualitative and five quantitative. A high level of maternal sense of coherence was related to longer duration, self-efficacy, attachment, and enjoyment of the breastfeeding experience. The main general resistance resources were to receive social support, particularly from partners, mothers, and health professionals. The interventions that favored the sense of coherence were mainly those related to a close, empathic, personalized, comprehensive, and family-centered professional support. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of the level of sense of coherence in lactating mothers may help identify women with a higher risk of weaning and establish professional intervention strategies that improve the breastfeeding experience.

Marine picoplankton metagenomes and MAGs from eleven vertical profiles obtained by the Malaspina Expedition.

The Ocean microbiome has a crucial role in Earth's biogeochemical cycles. During the last decade, global cruises such as Tara Oceans and the Malaspina Expedition have expanded our understanding of the diversity and genetic repertoire of marine microbes. Nevertheless, there are still knowledge gaps regarding their diversity patterns throughout depth gradients ranging from the surface to the deep ocean. Here we present a dataset of 76 microbial metagenomes (MProfile) of the picoplankton size fraction (0.2-3.0 µm) collected in 11 vertical profiles covering contrasting ocean regions sampled during the Malaspina Expedition circumnavigation (7 depths, from surface to 4,000 m deep). The MProfile dataset produced 1.66 Tbp of raw DNA sequences from which we derived: 17.4 million genes clustered at 95% sequence similarity (M-GeneDB-VP), 2,672 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of Archaea and Bacteria (Malaspina-VP-MAGs), and over 100,000 viral genomic sequences. This dataset will be a valuable resource for exploring the functional and taxonomic connectivity between the photic and bathypelagic tropical and sub-tropical ocean, while increasing our general knowledge of the Ocean microbiome.

Comparison between Colistin and Polymyxin B in the Treatment of Bloodstream Infections Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus Complex.

Polymyxins are still widely used for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections (BSIs). This study seeks to evaluate the impact of polymyxin B versus colistin on mortality and nephrotoxicity in BSI caused by these bacteria. We conducted a retrospective cohort study from 2014 to 2021 in Porto Alegre, Brazil. We included patients aged ≥18 years and excluded patients with polymicrobial infection or treatment for ≤48 h. The 30-day mortality was the primary outcome evaluated through Cox regression. We included 259 patients with BSI episodes: 78.8% caused by A. baumannii and 21.2% caused by P. aeruginosa. Polymyxin B did not impact mortality compared to colistin (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.52-1.30; p = 0.40 (when adjusted for COVID-19 comorbidity, p = 0.05), Pitt bacteremia score, p < 0.01; Charlson comorbidity index, p < 0.001; time to start active antimicrobial therapy, p = 0.02). Results were maintained in the subgroups of BSI caused by A. baumannii (aHR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.55-1.54; p = 0.74), P. aeruginosa (aHR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.17-1.32; p = 0.15) and critical care patients (aHR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.47-1.26; p = 0.30). Treatment with polymyxin B or colistin did not impact 30-day mortality in patients with carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii or P. aeruginosa BSI.

Antimicrobial Therapy Duration for Bloodstream Infections Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Ideal therapy duration for Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex (ABC) bloodstream infections (BSI) is not defined, especially in the context of carbapenem resistance. In this study, we compared short- (≤7 days) and long-term (>7 days) antimicrobial therapy duration for these infections. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study in two tertiary-care hospitals in Porto Alegre, Brazil, from 2013 to 2019. Eligible patients aged ≥18 years were included and excluded for the following criteria: polymicrobial infections, treatment with non-susceptible antibiotics, complicated infections, or early mortality (<8 days of active antimicrobial therapy). The 30-day mortality risk was evaluated using a Cox regression model. RESULTS: We included 237 BSI episodes, 51.5% caused by ABC and 48.5% by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Short-term therapy was not associated with 30-day mortality, adjusted hazard ratio 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.47-2.20, p = 0.98, when adjusted for Pitt score (p = 0.02), Charlson Comorbidity Index score (p < 0.01), and carbapenem resistance (p < 0.01). Among patients who survived, short-term therapy was associated with shorter hospital stay (p < 0.01). Results were maintained in the subgroups of BSI caused by carbapenem-resistant bacteria (p = 0.76), ABC (p = 0.61), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p = 0.39). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term therapies for non-complicated Pseudomonas aeruginosa and ABC BSI were not superior to short-term therapy for 30-day mortality.

Human footprint on the water quality from the northern Antarctic Peninsula region.

This study assessed the human footprint on the chemical pollution of Antarctic waters by characterizing inorganic chemicals and selected organic anthropogenic contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in inland freshwater and coastal seawater and the associated ecotoxicological risk. Nicotine and tolytriazole, present in 74% and 89% of the samples analyzed, respectively, were the most ubiquitous CECs in the investigated area. The most abundant CECs were citalopram, clarithromycin, and nicotine with concentrations reaching 292, 173, and 146 ng/L, respectively. The spatial distribution of CECs was not linked to any water characteristic or inorganic component. The contamination pattern by CECs in inland freshwater varied among locations, whereas it was very similar in coastal seawater. This suggests that concentrations in inland freshwater may be ruled by environmental processes (reemission from ice, atmospheric deposition, limited photo- and biodegradation processes, etc.) in addition to human activities. Following risk assessment, citalopram, clarithromycin, nicotine, venlafaxine, and hydrochlorothiazide should be considered of concern in this area, and hence, included in future monitoring of Antarctic waters and biota. This work provides evidence on the fact that current measures taken to protect the pristine environment of Antarctica from human activities are not effective to avoid CEC spread in its aquatic environment.

Effect of pelvic floor muscle training on female sexual function: A systematic review protocol and meta-analysis.

AIM: To recognize, appraise and summarize the research evidence that has explored the results of pelvic floor muscle training on female sexual function. DESIGN: Systematic review and possible meta-analysis. METHODOLOGY: Between September and October 2022, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Scopus electronic databases will be searched. We will include RCT's in English, Spanish and Portuguese that investigate the results of pelvic floor muscle training on female sexual function. The data will be extracted by two researchers independently. Risk of bias will be measured from the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. The meta-analysis of the results will be performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2. RESULTS: This systematic review and possible meta-analysis will contribute significantly to the promotion of pelvic floor health and women's sexual function and to strengthen clinical practice and define other areas of study.

The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Adults with Major Depressive Disorder from Catalonia: A Decentralized Longitudinal Study.

The present study analyzes the effects of each containment phase of the first COVID-19 wave on depression levels in a cohort of 121 adults with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) from Catalonia recruited from 1 November 2019, to 16 October 2020. This analysis is part of the Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse-MDD (RADAR-MDD) study. Depression was evaluated with the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8), and anxiety was evaluated with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Depression's levels were explored across the phases (pre-lockdown, lockdown, and four post-lockdown phases) according to the restrictions of Spanish/Catalan governments. Then, a mixed model was fitted to estimate how depression varied over the phases. A significant rise in depression severity was found during the lockdown and phase 0 (early post-lockdown), compared with the pre-lockdown. Those with low pre-lockdown depression experienced an increase in depression severity during the "new normality", while those with high pre-lockdown depression decreased compared with the pre-lockdown. These findings suggest that COVID-19 restrictions affected the depression level depending on their pre-lockdown depression severity. Individuals with low levels of depression are more reactive to external stimuli than those with more severe depression, so the lockdown may have worse detrimental effects on them.

Best Practices from Eight European Dementia-Friendly Study Cases of Innovation.

The concept of dementia-friendly cities and communities has achieved great dissemination in the international context since 2016. Although it is usually related with community networks and services, evidence and guidelines show the close relationship between the built environment design, health promotion, and the preservation of relationships with the local surroundings. Recent publications emphasize best practices in urban areas and care management. However, this is a very complex reality in each country depending on the sociosanitary services, the demographic, and geographic structure and many other different aspects including cultural ones. Moreover, design should also consider not only basic aspects such as habitability or universal accessibility, but also heritage, identity, and the feeling of normalized living. Knowledge about international experiences and innovative approaches is, as yet, an object of study as demographic ageing is still challenging all the welfare systems, especially in Europe. This study presents eight descriptive study cases in three different European countries-the United Kingdom, Belgium, and The Netherlands-to analyze the relationship between dementia-friendly initiatives and their intersection with design, urban planning and the provision of care. The results can provide strategic lines for development and innovation towards dementia-friendly societies and cities achieving SDG numbers 3 and 11 simultaneously.

Thromboembolism and Oral Contraceptives During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Disproportionality Analysis Within the Spanish Pharmacovigilance Database.

BACKGROUND: Thromboembolic events (TEs) are known to be a severe complication for COVID-19. They are associated with a systemic inflammatory response syndrome with coagulation cascade activation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine a potential association between the COVID-19 pandemic and the increment of the risk of suspected TEs in women on systemic hormonal contraceptives (SHCs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study utilised a case/non-case approach in the Spanish Pharmacovigilance Database, which includes more than 290,000 cases of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The reporting odds ratio (ROR) was calculated during an initial pandemic period in 2020 compared with a pre-pandemic period in 2019 and an additional control period in 2018. RESULTS: While there was a decreased number of ADR notifications for any medications and for any type of ADR in patients on SHCs during the pandemic period, the TE ROR for all SHCs was higher in the 2020 pandemic period [ROR = 11.8 (5.6-24.7)] relative to the pre-pandemic period in 2019 [ROR = 6.3 (3.2-12.5)] and the additional control period in 2018 [ROR = 4.6. (2.1-9.9)]. In contrast, ROR for progestogen-only contraceptives was lower during the pandemic as compared with the two control periods. CONCLUSION: The reported disproportionality of TEs in women on SHCs rose during the pandemic period. This suggests a potential interaction of the drug (SHC) with COVID-19, which led to an increased risk of TEs in women exposed to both factors. This should be taken into consideration in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Modulating Elements of Nurse Resilience in Population Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

COVID-19 has significantly affected the work environment of nurses. In the face of the challenges posed by stressors in clinical practice, some nurses adapt and prove to be resilient. In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the nature of care itself and the new ways of working are potentially very stressful. We aim to analyze the resilience of care nurses to the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study is a systematic review of nurse caregiver resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. Our search was conducted in the WOS, Medline/PubMed, Cochrane, BVS/LILACS, and Cuiden databases. The inclusion criteria were: studies published in Spanish or English; carried out from March 2020 to May 2021 on nurses caring for patients with COVID-19; and investigating the factors influencing the psychological impact, resilience, strategies to develop it, and interventions to promote it during this pandemic and others, such as SARS, MERS, or ebola. The quality of the studies and the risk of bias were evaluated following ICROMS, STROBE and AMSTAR-2 criteria. Twenty-two studies were selected. Most of the studies highlighted the presence of stressors in nurses, emphasizing those of the environment, which converged in dysfunctional responses that hurt their resilience. The most persuasive factors were social and organizational support. Coping strategies developed by nurses and especially interventions by organizations were detected as instruments to foster resilience, but have not been well researched. Resilience has a key moderating role in mitigating the psychological impact of nurses in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Evaluation of an outdoor pilot-scale tubular photobioreactor for removal of selected pesticides from water.

This work assesses the capacity of a microalgae-based system to remove three highly to medium polar pesticides typically found in freshwater: acetamiprid, bentazone, and propanil. Degradation of the pesticides was firstly studied individually at batch lab-scale reactors and abiotic and heated-killed controls were employed to clarify their removal pathways. At lab-scale, propanil and acetamiprid were completely removed after 7 days whereas bentazone was not removed. Four and two transformation products (TPs) were generated in the biodegradation process for acetamiprid and propanil, respectively. Then, the simultaneous removal of the pesticides was assessed in an outdoor pilot photobioreactor, operated with a hydraulic residence time of 8 days. During the steady-state, high removal efficiencies were observed for propanil (99%) and acetamiprid (71%). The results from batch experiments suggest that removal is mainly caused by algal-mediated biodegradation. Acetamiprid TPs raised throughout the operational time in the photobioreactor, while no propanil TP was detected at the pilot-scale. This suggests complete mineralization of propanil or residual formation of its TPs at concentrations below the analytical method detection limit. Aiming at biomass valorization, diverse microalgae harvesting methods were investigated for biomass concentration, and the effect of residual pesticides on the biogas yield was determined by biochemical methane potential tests. Anaerobic digestion was not inhibited by the pesticides as verified by the digestion performance. The results highlight the potential of microalgae-based systems to couple nutrient removal, biomass production, micropollutant biodegradation, and biofuel production.

Antibiotics in the Basque coast (N Spain): Occurrence in waste and receiving waters, and risk assessment (2017-2020).

The study of the presence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment is a preliminary step to analyse their possible harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems. In order to monitor their occurrence in the aquatic environment, the European Commission established in 2015, 2018, and 2020 three Watch Lists of substances for Union-wide monitoring (Decisions (EU) 2015/495, 2018/840, and 2020/1161), where some antibiotics within the classes of macrolides, fluoroquinolones and penicillins were included. In the Basque coast, northern Spain, three macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin) and ciprofloxacin were monitored quarterly from 2017 to 2020 (covering a period before and after the COVID19 outbreak), in water samples collected from two Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs), and three control points associated with receiving waters (transitional and coastal water bodies). This work was undertaken for the Basque Water Agency (URA). The three macrolide antibiotics in water showed a frequency of quantification >65 % in the Basque coast, with higher concentrations in the WWTP emission stations than in receiving waters. Their frequency of quantification decreased from 2017 to 2020, as did the consumption of antibiotics in Spanish primary care since 2015. Ciprofloxacin showed higher frequencies of quantification in receiving waters than in wastewaters, but the highest concentrations were observed in the WWTP emission stations. Although consumption of fluoroquinolones (among which is ciprofloxacin) in primary care in the Basque Country has decreased in recent years, this trend was not observed in the waters sampled in the present study. On the other hand, concentrations of clarithromycin, azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin in receiving waters exceeded their respective Predicted No-Effect Concentrations, so they could pose an environmental risk. These substances are widely used in human and animal medicine, so, although only ciprofloxacin is included in the third Watch List, it would be advisable to continue monitoring macrolides in the Basque coast as well.

Interface membrane is the best sample for histological study to diagnose prosthetic joint infection.

The objective of our study was to study which is the most accurate specimen for histological diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections (pseudocapsule or interface membrane). This is a prospective study including hip revision arthroplasties performed from January 2007 to June 2009. Specimens from pseudocapsule and from interface membrane were obtained from each patient. The histology was considered positive for infection when ≥5 neutrophils per high-power field ( × 40) were found. Definitive diagnosis of infection was considered when ≥2 cultures were positive for the same microorganism. According to the definition of infection, patients were classified in two groups: (A) patients with aseptic loosening in whom cultures obtained during surgery were negative and (B) patients with prosthetic joint infection. A total of 69 revisions were included in the study; 57 were classified in group A and 12 in group B. In group B, the percentage of positive interface membrane histology was significantly higher than the percentage of positive pseudocapsule histology (83 vs 42%, P=0.04, Fisher's exact test). The results suggest that periprosthetic interface membrane is the best specimen for the histological diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection.

Effect of Gaseous Ozone Process on Cantaloupe Melon Peel: Assessment of Quality and Antilisterial Indicators.

Fruit waste parts, particularly peel, are abundant sources of bioactive compounds. To be included in the formulation of value-added foods, peel needs to be transformed and subjected to a preservation process. Therefore, this study seeks to assess the effect of ozone on the quality and antilisterial indicators of cantaloupe melon peel paste, aiming at obtaining a product with the potential to be used as a food additive. Ozone was bubbled during 30 and 60 min, and some physicochemical characteristics (soluble solids content, pH and colour), bioactive compounds (total phenolics, chlorophylls and vitamin C) and antioxidant activity were analysed. Peel was also inoculated with Listeria innocua, used as a treatment efficiency indicator. The results indicated that, although ozone negatively affected antioxidant activity, it positively influenced all bioactive compounds analysed. An L. innocua reduction of 1.2 log cycle was achieved after ozone exposure. Ozone should be exploited as a promising technology to assure the quality/safety of cantaloupe melon peel. Indeed, if melon peel is conveniently converted into a suitable form that can be used as a food ingredient, this will promote the valorisation of waste materials with the consequent reduction of industrial by-products and new perspectives for market opportunities.

Obesity and Gray Matter Volume Assessed by Neuroimaging: A Systematic Review.

Obesity has become a major public and individual health problem due to its high worldwide prevalence and its relation with comorbid conditions. According to previous studies, obesity is related to an increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. This systematic review aims to further examine the present state of the art about the association between obesity and gray matter volume (GMV) as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A search was conducted in Pubmed, SCOPUS and Cochrane of those studies released before 1 February 2021 including MRIs to assess the GMVs in obese participants. From this search, 1420 results were obtained, and 34 publications were finally included. Obesity was mainly measured by the body mass index, although other common types of evaluations were used (e.g., waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and plasma leptin levels). The selected neuroimaging analysis methods were voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and cortical thickness (CT), finding 21 and 13 publications, respectively. There were 30 cross-sectional and 2 prospective longitudinal studies, and 2 articles had both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. Most studies showed a negative association between obesity and GMV. This would have important public health implications, as obesity prevention could avoid a potential risk of GMV reductions, cognitive impairment and dementia.

Reporting of suspected adverse drug reactions by nursing in Spain. An observational-descriptive retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to gain knowledge of the nurses' involvement in the spontaneous report of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADR) in the Spanish Pharmacovigilance System for Medicinal Products for Human Use (SEFV-H), describing the principal characteristics of the reported cases, identifying points of improvement. METHODS: A descriptive observational retrospective study was based on the data from FEDRA, the database created by the SEFV-H. The sample taken was the spontaneous adverse drug reactions reported to SEFV-H by nurses during the first 6 months of the 2018. RESULTS: Complete data was provided by 6,370 suspicions of ADR reported to SEFV-H by all healthcare professionals. Only 4,8% of the samples were taken by nurses, 62,7% came from medical centers. The majority of the ADR were not considered a serious disease (78%). The most frequently adverse drug reactions reported by nurses were local reactions. The patients most involved were children and vaccines were the most reported drugs (58,3%), followed by the intravenous contrast agents used in diagnostic tests. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses report very few cases to SEFV-H and are mostly related to the administration of vaccines and are sent by nurses working in the out-of-hospital setting. Most cases are not serious and usually report known adverse reactions to the suspected drug. This observed under-notification raises the need to promote increased pharmacovigilance training among these notifying nurses so that they can continue to report, and also for those who do not do so in their daily practice, so that they can begin to do so.

Reporting of suspected adverse drug reactions by nursing in Spain. An observational-descriptive retrospective study. / Notificación de sospechas de reacciones adversas a medicamentos por enfermeras en España. Un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to gain knowledge of the nurses' involvement in the spontaneous report of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADR) in the Spanish Pharmacovigilance System for Medicinal Products for Human Use (SEFV-H), describing the principal characteristics of the reported cases, identifying points of improvement. METHODS: A descriptive observational retrospective study was based on the data from FEDRA, the database created by the SEFV-H. The sample taken was the spontaneous adverse drug reactions reported to SEFV-H by nurses during the first 6 months of the 2018. RESULTS: Complete data was provided by 6,370 suspicions of ADR reported to SEFV-H by all healthcare professionals. Only 4,8% of the samples were taken by nurses, 62,7% came from medical centers. The majority of the ADR were not considered a serious disease (78%). The most frequently adverse drug reactions reported by nurses were local reactions. The patients most involved were children and vaccines were the most reported drugs (58,3%), followed by the intravenous contrast agents used in diagnostic tests. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses report very few cases to SEFV-H and are mostly related to the administration of vaccines and are sent by nurses working in the out-of-hospital setting. Most cases are not serious and usually report known adverse reactions to the suspected drug. This observed under-notification raises the need to promote increased pharmacovigilance training among these notifying nurses so that they can continue to report, and also for those who do not do so in their daily practice, so that they can begin to do so.