RESUMEN
The objective of the study was to evaluate the safety and tolerance of an infant formula supplemented with Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716, a probiotic strain isolated from breast milk, in infants of 1-6 months of age. A randomized double blinded controlled study including healthy infants was conducted. One month aged infants received a prebiotic infant formula supplemented with L. fermentum (experimental group) or the same formula without the probiotic strain (control group) for 5 months. The primary outcome of the study was average daily weight gain between baseline and 4 months of age. Secondary outcomes were other anthropometric data (length and head circumference), formula consumption, and tolerance. Incidence of infections was also recorded by pediatricians. No significant differences in weight gain were observed between both groups, neither at 4 months of age (29.0±7.8 vs 28.9±5.7g/day) nor at 6 months (25.1±6.1 vs 24.7±5.2g/day). There were no statistically significant differences in the consumption of the formulae or symptoms related to the tolerance of the formula. The incidence rate of gastrointestinal infections in infants of the control group was 3 times higher than in the probiotic group (p=0.018). Therefore, consumption of a prebiotic infant formula enriched with the human milk probiotic strain L. fermentum CECT5716 from 1 to 6 months of life is well tolerated and safe. Furthermore, the consumption of this formula may improve the health of the infants by reducing the incidence of gastrointestinal infections.
Asunto(s)
Fórmulas Infantiles , Limosilactobacillus fermentum , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Probióticos/efectos adversos , Antropometría/métodos , Heces/química , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Leche Humana/microbiología , Aumento de PesoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to examine the effects of a follow-on formula containing Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 (L. fermentum) on the incidence of infections in infants between the ages of 6 and 12 months. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A randomized double-blinded controlled study including infants at the age of 6 months was conducted. Infants were assigned randomly to either follow-on formula supplemented with L. fermentum plus galactooligosaccharide (experimental group, EG), or the same formula supplemented with only galactooligosaccharide (control group, CG). The main outcome was the incidence of infections for the 6-month duration of the study. RESULTS: The EG showed a significant 46% reduction in the incidence rate (IR) of gastrointestinal infections (EG: 0.196â±â0.51, CG: 0.363â±â0.53, IR ratio 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.307-0.950, Pâ=â0.032), 27% reduction in the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (EG: 0.969â±â0.96, CG: 1.330â±â1.23, IR ratio 0.729, 95% CI 0.46-1.38, Pâ=â0.026), and 30% reduction in the total number of infections (EG: 1.464â±â1.15, CG: 2.077â±â1.59, IR ratio 0.70, 95% CI 0.46-1.38, Pâ=â0.003), at the end of the study period compared with CG. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of a follow-on formula with L. fermentum CECT5716 may be useful for the prevention of community-acquired gastrointestinal and upper respiratory infections.
Asunto(s)
Microbiología de Alimentos , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/prevención & control , Fórmulas Infantiles , Limosilactobacillus fermentum , Leche Humana/microbiología , Probióticos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/prevención & control , Suplementos Dietéticos , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Masculino , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The norepinephrine transporter is responsible for the intracellular uptake of (131)I- iodometaiodobenzylguanidine ((131)I-MIBG), which is used for the diagnostic localization and treatment of pheochromocytomas as well as other tumors such as neuroblastomas and carcinoids. This agent is variably delivered into tumor cells by the norepinephrine transporter, but few studies have shown treatments that work to increase norepinephrine transporter activity. The objective of the present study was to test the possible beneficial effects of hydroxytyrosol in enhancing norepinephrine transporter function, which may have implications for its combined use with (131)I-MIBG in the diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytomas. METHODS: Rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells were labeled with [(3)H]-norepinephrine in the presence or absence of different concentrations of hydroxytyrosol, a naturally occurring compound with strong antioxidant properties, followed by measurements of uptake and release of radiolabeled norepinephrine. RESULTS: Hydroxytyrosol pronouncedly increased norepinephrine transporter activity, with the rapid onset excluding effects on norepinephrine transporter expression levels. Concomitant with increased norepinephrine transporter activity, hydroxytyrosol caused a decrease of both spontaneous and evoked norepinephrine release, indicating that it affects pre-existing plasma membrane-associated norepinephrine transporter, rather than the incorporation of novel norepinephrine transporter molecules into the plasma membrane. CONCLUSION: Hydroxytyrosol potently enhances norepinephrine transporter activity in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, suggesting that combinatorial therapy employing hydroxytyrosol may improve the effectiveness of (131)I-MIBG as a diagnosis and treatment modality.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Transporte de Noradrenalina a través de la Membrana Plasmática/efectos de los fármacos , Alcohol Feniletílico/análogos & derivados , 3-Yodobencilguanidina , Animales , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Noradrenalina a través de la Membrana Plasmática/fisiología , Células PC12 , Alcohol Feniletílico/farmacología , Ratas , TritioRESUMEN
The neurotransmitter glycine is removed from the synaptic cleft by two Na(+)-and Cl(-)-dependent transporters: GLYT1 and GLYT2. GLYT1, expressed in glial processes of glycinergic areas and in glia and neurons of glutamatergic pathways that contain N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, is essential for regulating glycine levels both at glycinergic and NMDA-containing synapses. GLYT2 is the transporter present in glycinergic neurons and provides cytosolic glycine for vesicular release from glycinergic terminals. GLYT1 is selectively inhibited by the sarcosine derivative N[3-(4'-fluorophenyl)-3-(4'-phenylphenoxy)-propyl]sarcosine (NFPS). In the present report, GLYT1-GLYT2 chimeric transporters have been generated and their inhibition by NFPS has been studied. The introduction of GLYT2 transmembrane domains (TMs) 1 or 3, but not 2, on GLYT1 structure reduced the inhibition potency of NFPS and sarcosine. Binding studies and kinetic analysis of NFPS inhibition indicate lower affinity and smaller sensitivity of the chimeras to the compound. Opposite chimeras containing TM1 or TM3 of GLYT1 on GLYT2 structure became sensitive to NFPS. Individual substitution mutants of GLYT2 TM1 residues on GLYT1 and opposite GLYT1 TM1 residues on GLYT2 indicate that the more N-terminal portion of GLYT1 including residue E40 contributes to NFPS specificity. Our results demonstrate that TM1 and TM3, but not TM2, contain residues involved in the specific action of NFPS on GLYT1.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Transporte de Glicina en la Membrana Plasmática , Glicina/metabolismo , Sarcosina/análogos & derivados , Animales , Unión Competitiva/efectos de los fármacos , Transporte Biológico/efectos de los fármacos , Transporte Biológico/fisiología , Línea Celular , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Glicina/farmacología , Proteínas de Transporte de Glicina en la Membrana Plasmática/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas de Transporte de Glicina en la Membrana Plasmática/química , Proteínas de Transporte de Glicina en la Membrana Plasmática/metabolismo , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Mutagénesis/fisiología , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína/efectos de los fármacos , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína/fisiología , Sarcosina/química , Sarcosina/farmacología , Fracciones Subcelulares/efectos de los fármacos , Fracciones Subcelulares/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , Tritio/metabolismoRESUMEN
The subcellular localization of glycine transporters one (GLYT1) and two (GLYT2) stably expressed in PC12 cells has been studied. To facilitate visualization, enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) was fused to the amino terminus of both glycine transporters. Functional analysis of the GFP-GLYT1 and GFP-GLYT2 stable cell lines demonstrated that they exhibited high affinity for glycine and the characteristic properties of both glycine transporter subtypes. The GFP-coupled transporters were differently distributed throughout the cell. GFP-GLYT1 was mainly localized on the plasma membrane, whereas most of GFP-GLYT2 was present on large dense-core vesicles and endosomes. Both transporters were absent from the synaptic vesicle population in PC12 cells.