Global Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Elderly and Related Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study.

PURPOSE: The aims of current meta-analysis was to combine data and statistics on the global prevalence of OSA and related factors in older adults. DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: To find related studies, various databases were searched including Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), MagIran, and SID (two local databases) using appropriate keywords, MeSH and controlled vocabulary, with no time limitation up to June, 2021. Heterogeneity of studies was evaluated using I2, and Egger's regression intercept was used to detect publication bias. FINDINGS: 39 studies with a total sample size of 33,353 people were included. The pooled prevalence of OSA in older adults was 35.9% (95% confidence interval: 28.7%-43.8%; I2 = 98.81%). Considering the high heterogeneity of included studies, subgroup analysis was conducted and yielded the most prevalent in Asia continent with 37.0% (95% CI: 22.4%-54.5%; I2 = 97.32%). However, heterogeneity was remained at high level. In the majority of studies, OSA was significantly and positively related to obesity, increased BMI, age, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and daytime sleepiness. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study showed that global prevalence of OSA in older adults is high and is significantly related to obesity, increased BMI, age, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and daytime sleepiness. These findings can be used by experts working on the diagnosis and management of OSA in the geriatric population. These findings can be used by experts on the diagnosis and treatment of OSA in the older adults. Due to high heterogeneity, findings should be interpreted with great caution.

The effect of lavender on stress in individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Lavender is considered as one of the medicinal plants to manage stress. Although many preliminary studies evaluated the effect of lavender on individuals' stress level, to the best of our knowledge, we did not find a study that summarizes the results. Therefore, the present study aimed to estimate the Pooled effect of lavender on the stress level of individuals using systematic review and meta-analysis. METHOD: A systematic literature review based on PRISMA 2020 was performed on the SID, MagIran, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) databases, and Google Scholar motor engine using related MeSH/Emtree and Free Text words, including "Lavender*", "Lavandula*", "Stress*", "Stress Disorders, Traumatic", and "Stress, Psychological" with no time limitation until August 2021: We also searched two Iranain free local resourses including MagIran https://www.magiran.com and Scientific Information Database (SID) https://www.sid.ir. The quality assessment of studies was performed using JBI checklist. Heterogeneity among studies was quantified using I2 index and Random Effects model was used to combine the data and perform the meta-analysis. RESULTS: In the initial search, 1520 articles were found. After excluding the irrelevant studies, finally, 21 articles with a sample size of 791 in the intervention group and 804 in the control group were included in the meta-analysis. As a result of combining the studies, stress score after using lavender in the intervention group showed a significant decrease of 0.63 ± 0.13 (95% CI) more than that in the control group (P < 0.001). The results of subgroup analysis demonstrated that the highest standardized mean difference (SMD) before and after the intervention in the intervention group compared to the control group was related to L. angustifolia species with 0.73 ± 0.22, student groups with 2.27 ± 1.34, and diagnostic tool of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) with 0.82 ± 0.42, indicating that the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The pooled estimation of this systematic reiew and meta-analysis revealed that lavender significantly reduces individuals' stress. Therefore, it seems that the use of lavender can be considered as a part of a stress management programs, especially in student groups.