Morphological and morphometric study of the androgenetic alopecic scalp using two- and three-dimensional analysis comparing regional differences.

BACKGROUND: Androgenetic (male-type) alopecia (AGA) is caused by genetic and androgenetic effects. The progression of baldness results in smaller hair papillae, thinner hair and a shortened hair cycle. Alopecia occurs mainly in the frontal region and, to a lesser extent, in the occipital region. OBJECTIVES: The morphological differences in the hair follicular units between the alopecic frontal scalp and the vertex and occipital regions were compared using cross-sectional histology and three-dimensional reconstruction. METHODS: Skin specimens were obtained from the frontal, vertex and occipital regions of 24 male human cadavers with fully progressed AGA, and from the frontal region of 32 normal cadaveric scalps. These specimens were fixed, processed using routine histological methods, serially sectioned at a thickness of 10 µm and then stained with Masson's trichrome. The serial sections were reconstructed three-dimensionally using 'Reconstruct' software. RESULTS: The ratios between the numbers of terminal and vellus hairs in the frontal and occipital regions in the AGA scalps were 0·2 : 1 and 3·5 : 1, respectively. Almost all of the hair follicles in the frontal region were vellus hair follicles. The sebaceous gland and arrector pili muscle were larger in the frontal region than in the occipital region. CONCLUSIONS: The morphology of the AGA scalp has been characterized. The terminal-to-vellus hair ratio in the occipital (normal) region was different from that in the frontal (alopecic) region. Moreover, sebaceous glands were larger in the frontal alopecic region than in the occipital region. These larger glands may be associated with other dermatological pathologies, such as seborrhoeic dermatitis.

Anatomy of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to provide a clear description of the course, precise branching pattern and distribution of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. A total of 36 hands from 18 preserved cadavers were dissected. The vertical distance from the pisoscaphoid line to the crossing points between the deep branch of the ulnar nerve and each metacarpal was about 4 cm. The deep branch of the ulnar nerve gave off two types of muscular branches: (1) trunks that innervate more than two intrinsic hand muscles; and (2) multiple separate branches innervating only a single muscle. The median numbers of trunks and separate branches were 5 and 6, respectively. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: N/A.