Clarifying main nutritional aspects and resting energy expenditure in children with Smith-Magenis syndrome.

Our study aims to define resting energy expenditure (REE) and describe the main nutritional patterns in a single-center cohort of children with Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS). REE was calculated using indirect calorimetry. Patients' metabolic status was assessed by comparing measured REE (mREE) with predictive REE (pREE). Patients also underwent multidisciplinary evaluation, anthropometric measurements and an assessment of average energy intake, using a 3-day food diary, which was reviewed by a specialized dietitian. Twenty-four patients (13 M) were included, the median age was 9 years (IC 95%, 6-14 years), 84% had 17p11.2 deletion, and 16% had RAI1 variants. REE was not reduced in SMS pediatric patients, and the mREE did not differ from the pREE. In patients with RAI1 variants (16%, n = 3/24), obesity was more prevalent than those with 17p11.2 deletion (100% vs 38%). Lower proteins intake and higher total energy intake were reported in obese and overweight patients, compared to healthy weight children. No significant difference was found between males and females in energy or macronutrient intake. CONCLUSIONS: In SMS, the onset of obesity is not explained by REE abnormalities, but dietary factors seem to be crucial. Greater concern should be addressed to patients with RAI1 variants. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms causing obesity in SMS patients could set the basis for possible future targeted therapies. WHAT IS KNOWN: • More than 90% of SMS patients after the age of 10 are overweight or obese. WHAT IS NEW: • Onset of overweight and obesity in SMS pediatric patients is not explained by abnormal resting energy expenditure. • The development of syndrome-specific dietary guidelines for SMS patients should be of utmost relevance and are highly needed.

Real-world retrospective study of KRAS mutations in advanced non-small cell lung cancer in the era of immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND: KRAS mutation-positive (KRAS-positive), advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is characterized by a poor prognosis. KRAS mutations are extremely heterogeneous from a biologic point of view, and real-world data by mutation subtype in the era of immunotherapy are still incomplete. METHODS: The objective of this study was to retrospectively analyze all consecutive patients with advanced/metastatic, KRAS-positive NSCLC who were diagnosed at a single academic institution since the advent of immunotherapy. The authors report on the natural history of the disease as well as the efficacy of first-line treatments in the entire cohort and by KRAS mutation subtypes as well as the presence/absence of co-mutations. RESULTS: From March 2016 to December 2021, the authors identified 199 consecutive patients who had KRAS-positive, advanced or metastatic NSCLC. The median overall survival (OS) was 10.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.5-12.9 months), and there were no differences by mutation subtype. Among 134 patients who received first-line treatment, the median OS was 12.2 months (95% CI, 8.3-16.1 months), and the median progression-free survival was 5.6 months (95% CI, 4.5-6.6 months). At multivariate analysis, only an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 was associated with significantly shorter progression-free survival and OS. CONCLUSIONS: KRAS-positive, advanced NSCLC is characterized by a poor prognosis despite the introduction of immunotherapy. Survival was not associated with KRAS mutation subtype. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: This study evaluated the efficacy of systemic therapies for advanced/metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer harboring KRAS mutations, along with the potential predictive and prognostic role of mutation subtypes. The authors found that advanced/metastatic, KRAS-positive nonsmall cell lung cancer is characterized by a poor prognosis and that first-line treatment efficacy is not related to different KRAS mutations, although a numerically shorter median progression-free survival was observed in patients who had p.G12D and p.G12A mutations. These results underline the need for novel treatment options in this population, such as next-generation KRAS inhibitors, which are in clinical and preclinical development.

Predicting the clinical trajectory of feeding and swallowing abilities in CHARGE syndrome.

To date, the feeding and oral-motor abilities of patients with CHARGE syndrome (CS) have not been longitudinally assessed. This study aims to investigate the level of these abilities at different ages and evaluate how they evolve during growth. We retrospectively analysed oral-motor features of 16 patients with molecularly confirmed CS (age range 4-21 years old; mean 11 years; SD 6 years; median 10 years). Nearly 100% of CS new-borns had weak sucking at birth, and half of them demonstrated poor coordination between breathing and swallowing. Over time, the percentages of children with tube feeding dependence (60% at birth) faced a slow but steady decrease (from 33% at 6 months, 25% at 12 months, to 13% at school age) in tandem with the decreasing risk of aspiration. The ability of eating foods requiring chewing was achieved at school age, after the acquisition of an adequate oral sensory processing. A mature chewing pattern with a variety of food textures was not achieved by more than half of patients, including those requiring artificial enteral nutrition. Most patients started prolonged oral-motor treatments with speech language therapists in early childhood. CONCLUSIONS: Although feeding and swallowing disorders are constant features in CS patients, a slow and gradual development of feeding abilities occurs in most cases. Rehabilitation plays a key role in overcoming structural and functional difficulties and attaining appropriate eating skills. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Feeding problems and swallowing dysfunction have been noted in CHARGE syndrome. • The involvement of multiple factors, including structural problems in the mouth, throat, or esophagus, and neurological impairment, make feeding a complicated task in CHARGE individuals. WHAT IS NEW: • Dysphagia gradually improves in most CHARGE children over time, though with a wide interindividual variability. • The percentages of children with tube feeding dependence decrease over time from 60% at birth to 33% at 6 months and 13% at school age.

Talazoparib, a Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor, for Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer and DNA Damage Response Alterations: TALAPRO-1 Safety Analyses.

BACKGROUND: The phase II TALAPRO-1 study (NCT03148795) demonstrated durable antitumor activity in men with heavily pretreated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Here, we detail the safety profile of talazoparib. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Men received talazoparib 1 mg/day (moderate renal impairment 0.75 mg/day) orally until radiographic progression, unacceptable toxicity, investigator decision, consent withdrawal, or death. Adverse events (AEs) were evaluated: incidence, severity, timing, duration, potential overlap of selected AEs, dose modifications/discontinuations due to AEs, and new clinically significant changes in laboratory values and vital signs. RESULTS: In the safety population (N = 127; median age 69.0 years), 95.3% (121/127) experienced all-cause treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Most common were anemia (48.8% [62/127]), nausea (33.1% [42/127]), decreased appetite (28.3% [36/127]), and asthenia (23.6% [30/127]). Nonhematologic TEAEs were generally grades 1 and 2. No grade 5 TEAEs or deaths were treatment-related. Hematologic TEAEs typically occurred during the first 4-5 months of treatment. The median duration of grade 3-4 anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia was limited to 7-12 days. No grade 4 events of anemia or neutropenia occurred. Neither BRCA status nor alteration origin significantly impacted the safety profile. The median (range) treatment duration was 6.1 (0.4-24.9) months; treatment duration did not impact the incidence of anemia. Only 3 of the 15 (11.8% [15/127]) permanent treatment discontinuations were due to hematologic TEAEs (thrombocytopenia 1.6% [2/127]; leukopenia 0.8% [1/127]). CONCLUSION: Common TEAEs associated with talazoparib could be managed through dose modifications/supportive care. Demonstrated efficacy and a manageable safety profile support continued evaluation of talazoparib in mCRPC. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT03148795.

Drooling outcome measures in paediatric disability: a systematic review.

Drooling, or sialorrhea, is a common condition in patients with cerebral palsy, rare diseases, and neurodevelopmental disorders. The goal of this review was to identify the different properties of sialorrhea outcome measures in children. Four databases were analysed in search of sialorrhea measurement tools, and the review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist was used for quality appraisal of the outcome measures. The initial search yielded 891 articles, 430 of which were duplicates. Thus, 461 full-text articles were evaluated. Among these, 21 met the inclusion criteria, reporting 19 different outcome measures that encompassed both quantitative measures and parent/proxy questionnaires.   Conclusions: Among the outcome measures found through this review, the 5-min Drooling Quotient can objectively discriminate sialorrhea frequency in patients with developmental disabilities. The Drooling Impact Scale can be used to evaluate changes after treatment. The modified drooling questionnaire can measure sialorrhea severity and its social acceptability. To date, the tests proposed in this review are the only tools displaying adequate measurement properties. The acquisition of new data about reliability, validity, and responsiveness of these tests will confirm our findings. What is Known: • Although sialorrhea is a recognized problem in children with disabilities, especially those with cerebral palsy (CP), there is a lack of confidence among physicians in measuring sialorrhea. What is New: • Few sialorrhea measures are available for clinicians that may guide decision-making and at the same time have strong evidence to provide confidence in the results. • A combination of both quantitative measures and parent/proxy questionnaires might provide an adequate measurement of sialorrhea in children.

Talazoparib monotherapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with DNA repair alterations (TALAPRO-1): an open-label, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have antitumour activity against metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers with DNA damage response (DDR) alterations in genes involved directly or indirectly in homologous recombination repair (HRR). In this study, we assessed the PARP inhibitor talazoparib in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers with DDR-HRR alterations. METHODS: In this open-label, phase 2 trial (TALAPRO-1), participants were recruited from 43 hospitals, cancer centres, and medical centres in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, South Korea, the UK, and the USA. Patients were eligible if they were men aged 18 years or older with progressive, metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancers of adenocarcinoma histology, measurable soft-tissue disease (per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 [RECIST 1.1]), an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-2, DDR-HRR gene alterations reported to sensitise to PARP inhibitors (ie, ATM, ATR, BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, FANCA, MLH1, MRE11A, NBN, PALB2, RAD51C), had received one or two taxane-based chemotherapy regimens for metastatic disease, and progressed on enzalutamide or abiraterone, or both, for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers. Eligible patients were given oral talazoparib (1 mg per day; or 0·75 mg per day in patients with moderate renal impairment) until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, investigator decision, withdrawal of consent, or death. The primary endpoint was confirmed objective response rate, defined as best overall soft-tissue response of complete or partial response per RECIST 1.1, by blinded independent central review. The primary endpoint was assessed in patients who received study drug, had measurable soft-tissue disease, and had a gene alteration in one of the predefined DDR-HRR genes. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of the study drug. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03148795, and is ongoing. FINDINGS: Between Oct 18, 2017, and March 20, 2020, 128 patients were enrolled, of whom 127 received at least one dose of talazoparib (safety population) and 104 had measurable soft-tissue disease (antitumour activity population). Data cutoff for this analysis was Sept 4, 2020. After a median follow-up of 16·4 months (IQR 11·1-22·1), the objective response rate was 29·8% (31 of 104 patients; 95% CI 21·2-39·6). The most common grade 3-4 treatment-emergent adverse events were anaemia (39 [31%] of 127 patients), thrombocytopenia (11 [9%]), and neutropenia (ten [8%]). Serious treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 43 (34%) patients. There were no treatment-related deaths. INTERPRETATION: Talazoparib showed durable antitumour activity in men with advanced metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers with DDR-HRR gene alterations who had been heavily pretreated. The favourable benefit-risk profile supports the study of talazoparib in larger, randomised clinical trials, including in patients with non-BRCA alterations. FUNDING: Pfizer/Medivation.

The evolving paradigm of precision medicine in lung cancer.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In this review, we report a complete and updated summary of the most recent treatment advances in the fields of oncogene-addicted disease and provide expert perspectives on the evolving paradigm of precision medicine in lung cancer patients. RECENT FINDINGS: The advent of innovative genome sequencing technologies is rapidly increasing the number of targetable molecular alterations in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), leading to the introduction of novel selective inhibitors into the clinical arena, showing unprecedent tumor responses against rare and elusive NSCLC targets. The results of the ADAURA trial suggested that targeting EGFR pathway in the adjuvant setting is a feasible and effective strategy. The routine use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) is currently recommended as new standard approach to profile advanced NSCLC samples while recent findings suggest the potential application of a plasma-based first approach for tumor genotyping. Innovative umbrella trials provide the right infrastructure to investigate the role of precision medicine in advanced NSCLC, but failed to show clinical benefit. SUMMARY: Implementing NGS-based molecular screening, increasing patients' access to biomarker driven-clinical trials, ensuring equal access to molecular testing and innovative treatments, overcoming disparities and preserve health systems' financial sustainability represents the main challenges of precision medicine worldwide.

Plasma dosage of ghrelin, IGF-1, GLP- 1 and leptin related to gastric emptying and esophageal pH-impedance in children with obesity.

PURPOSE: The main aim of the study was to assess the relationship between leptin, ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) blood levels and gastric motility in children with obesity compared to healthy children. Secondary aims were to assess the possible association between these hormones and obesity, reflux impedance parameters, reflux symptoms, other GI disorders, and quality-of-life scores within the same groups. METHODS: Children with obesity plus GERD symptoms and 2 control groups of children with obesity without GERD and healthy lean children aged 4-17 years underwent an auxological evaluation, an assessment of gastro-intestinal symptoms and quality of life, hormonal dosages, and an evaluation of gastric emptying time (GET) through 13C-octanoic acid breath test. RESULTS: No significant association was found between hormones and gastric motility. Leptin and ghrelin levels were significantly associated with obesity parameters. No significant differences were found between GET and hormones of the patients with obesity, either with or without GERD. CONCLUSION: Although we found an association between auxological parameters and both leptin and ghrelin levels, this association did not imply an effect on the upper GI motility. Therefore, our hypothesis that alterations of these hormones in children with obesity could affect gastric emptying, triggering GERD, was not supported by our data.

Wnt/IL-1ß/IL-8 autocrine circuitries control chemoresistance in mesothelioma initiating cells by inducing ABCB5.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a tumor with high chemoresistance and poor prognosis. MPM-initiating cells (ICs) are known to be drug resistant, but it is unknown if and how stemness-related pathways determine chemoresistance. Moreover, there are no predictive markers of IC-associated chemoresistance. Aim of this work is to clarify if and by which mechanisms the chemoresistant phenotype of MPM IC was due to specific stemness-related pathways. We generated MPM IC from primary MPM samples and compared the gene expression and chemo-sensitivity profile of IC and differentiated/adherent cells (AC) of the same patient. Compared to AC, IC had upregulated the drug efflux transporter ABCB5 that determined resistance to cisplatin and pemetrexed. ABCB5-knocked-out (KO) IC clones were resensitized to the drugs in vitro and in patient-derived xenografts. ABCB5 was transcriptionally activated by the Wnt/GSK3ß/ß-catenin/c-myc axis that also increased IL-8 and IL-1ß production. IL-8 and IL-1ß-KO IC clones reduced the c-myc-driven transcription of ABCB5 and reacquired chemosensitivity. ABCB5-KO clones had lower IL-8 and IL-1ß secretion, and c-myc transcriptional activity, suggesting that either Wnt/GSK3ß/ß-catenin and IL-8/IL-1ß signaling drive c-myc-mediated transcription of ABCB5. ABCB5 correlated with lower time-to-progression and overall survival in MPM patients treated with cisplatin and pemetrexed. Our work identified multiple autocrine loops linking stemness pathways and resistance to cisplatin and pemetrexed in MPM IC. ABCB5 may represent a new target to chemosensitize MPM IC and a potential biomarker to predict the response to the first-line chemotherapy in MPM patients.

Long-term disease control in a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity treated with maintenance metronomic capecitabine.

Recurrent or metastatic disease occurs in two-thirds of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and it is associated with poor prognosis. Systemic treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with the epidermal growth factor receptor-targeting monoclonal antibody cetuximab represents a preferred option for these patients. Upon the achievement of tumor response by combined treatment, maintenance with single-agent cetuximab is usually administered with the aim of prolonging disease control at the price of reasonable toxicity. Although rarely, however, cetuximab needs to be discontinued in the absence of disease progression because of intolerable side effects. Here we describe the case of a 66-year-old man with a metastatic cancer of oral cavity, who had to discontinue maintenance cetuximab and who achieved prolonged disease control with metronomic capecitabine. We suggest that capecitabine could be an effective and safe maintenance option in case of cetuximab intolerance.

Retrospective Assessment of a Serum Proteomic Test in a Phase III Study Comparing Erlotinib plus Placebo with Erlotinib plus Tivantinib (MARQUEE) in Previously Treated Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The VeriStrat test provides accurate predictions of outcomes in all lines of therapy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated the predictive and prognostic role of VeriStrat in patients enrolled on the MARQUEE phase III trial of tivantinib plus erlotinib (T+E) versus placebo plus erlotinib (P+E) in previously treated patients with advanced NSCLC. METHODS: Pretreatment plasma samples were available for 996 patients and were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry to generate VeriStrat labels (good, VS-G, or poor, VS-P). RESULTS: Overall, no significant benefit in overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were observed for the addition of tivantinib to erlotinib. Regardless of treatment arm, patients who were classified as VS-G had significantly longer PFS (3.8 mo for T+E arm, 2.0 mo for P+E arm) and OS (11.6 mo for T+E, 10.2 mo for P+E arm) than patients classified as VS-P (PFS: 1.9 mo for both arms, hazard ratio [HR], 0.584; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.468-0.733; p < .0001 for T+E, HR, 0.686; 95% CI, 0.546-0.870; p = .0015 for P+E; OS: 4.0 mo for both arms, HR, 0.333; 95% CI, 0.264-0.422; p < .0001 for T+E; HR, 0.449; 95% CI, 0.353-0.576; p < .0001 for P+E). The VS-G population had higher OS than the VS-P population within Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score (PS) categories. VS-G patients on the T+E arm had longer PFS, but not OS, than VS-G patients on the P+E arm (p = .0108). Among EGFR mutation-positive patients, those with VS-G status had a median OS more than twice that of any other group (OS: 31.6 mo for T+E and 22.8 mo for P+E), whereas VS-P patients had similar survival rates as VS-G, EGFR-wild type patients (OS: 13.7 mo for T+E and 6.5 mo for P+E). CONCLUSION: In these analyses, VeriStrat showed a prognostic role within EGOC PS categories and regardless of treatment arm and EGFR status, suggesting that VeriStrat could be used to identify EGFR mutation-positive patients who will have a poor response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study suggests that VeriStrat testing could enhance the prognostic role of performance status and smoking status and replicates findings from other trials that showed that the VeriStrat test identifies EGFR mutation-positive patients likely to have a poor response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Although these findings should be confirmed in other populations, VeriStrat use could be considered in EGFR mutation-positive patients as an additional prognostic tool, and these results suggest that EGFR mutation-positive patients with VeriStrat "poor" classification could benefit from other therapeutic agents given in conjunction with TKI monotherapy.

Lung cancer: current therapies and new targeted treatments.

Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Every year, 1·8 million people are diagnosed with lung cancer, and 1·6 million people die as a result of the disease. 5-year survival rates vary from 4-17% depending on stage and regional differences. In this Seminar, we discuss existing treatment for patients with lung cancer and the promise of precision medicine, with special emphasis on new targeted therapies. Some subgroups, eg-patients with poor performance status and elderly patients-are not specifically addressed, because these groups require special treatment considerations and no frameworks have been established in terms of new targeted therapies. We discuss prevention and early detection of lung cancer with an emphasis on lung cancer screening. Although we acknowledge the importance of smoking prevention and cessation, this is a large topic beyond the scope of this Seminar.

Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial for the Diagnosis of Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity in Children.

OBJECTIVES: Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is characterized by intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms that are related to the ingestion of gluten in subjects who are not affected by either celiac disease (CD) or wheat allergy (WA). In this multicenter study, we aim for the first time to evaluate the prevalence of NCGS in pediatric subjects with chronic functional gastrointestinal symptoms associated with gluten ingestion using a double-blind placebo-controlled (DBPC) gluten challenge with crossover. METHODS: Among 1,114 children with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms (negative CD and WA), those exhibiting a positive correlation between symptoms and gluten ingestion were eligible for a diagnostic challenge including the following phases: run-in, open gluten-free diet (GFD) and DBPC crossover gluten challenge. Patients were randomized to gluten (10 g/daily) and placebo (rice starch) for 2 weeks each, separated by a washout week. The gluten challenge was considered positive in the presence of a minimum 30% decrease of global visual analogue scale between gluten and placebo. RESULTS: Out of 1,114 children, 96.7% did not exhibit any correlation with gluten ingestion. Thirty-six children were eligible; after the run-in and open GFD, 28 patients entered the gluten challenge. Eleven children (39.2%; 95% CI: 23.6-53.6%) tested positive. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first demonstration of the existence of NCGS in children that reinforce the need for a DBPC for the diagnosis as the diagnosis is ruled out in >60% of cases. The registration identifier in ClinicalsTrials.gov is NCT02431585.

FOLFOX activity in a rare case of metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma of the tongue: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Adenocarcinomas of the oral cavity are rare neoplasms, and only four cases of primary colonic adenocarcinoma of the tongue have ever been described in literature. Very few information about chemotherapy sensitiveness of this type of neoplasia is available, with only one regimen that showed some activity in a metastatic patient. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the case of a patient bearing a metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma of the tongue submitted to a first-line chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid (FOLFOX regimen). After chemotherapy the patient obtained the complete disappearance of the primitive neoplasia located in the body of the tongue, and a tumor size reduction > 50% of liver and lung metastases. CONCLUSIONS: This case demonstrated the activity of the combination of oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil in this very rare neoplasia. The FOLFOX regimen might be considered either in advanced and especially in the neoadjuvant setting, when the reduction of the primary tumor is highly needed.

Thymidine phosphorylase: the unforeseen driver in colorectal cancer treatment?

5-Fluorouracil- and leucovorin-based chemotherapy regimens are the backbone of colorectal cancer treatment. The addition of oxaliplatin, irinotecan and monoclonal antibodies to this backbone has largely improved clinical outcomes, but has also led to new questions, with conflicting data frequently reported in studies. Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is a nucleoside-metabolizing enzyme involved in 5-fluorouracil pharmacokinetics, as well as inflammatory responses, neoangiogenesis and apoptosis. TP expression is regulated by hypoxia, inflammatory cytokines and antitumoral agents. We hypothesize that TP could be the unforeseen driver in the conflicting data observed with different regimens commonly used in colorectal cancer treatment. Greater comprehension of the role of this enzyme in tumor progression and pyrimidine metabolism may lead to more accurate, patient-tailored therapy.

Prognostic impact of pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with first-line docetaxel.

BACKGROUND: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a measure of systemic inflammatory response, has been associated with poor outcome in several solid tumors, including prostate cancer. We retrospectively investigated the prognostic role of pretreatment NLR in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients treated with first-line docetaxel. METHODS: All CRPC patients treated with first-line docetaxel at two Italian institutions, with available data about baseline neutrophil and lymphocyte values, were included in this retrospective analysis. Patients were divided in two groups according to NLR ratio (low NLR: ≤3; high NLR: >3). Outcome measures were progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS), measured from the start of docetaxel treatment. Univariate and multivariate analysis (adjusting for baseline prostate-specific antigen, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin, albumin, performance status, use of opioids and presence of visceral disease) were performed. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-nine patients treated between 2004 and 2016 were analyzed and 110 had information about pretreatment NLR. Forty-six patients (42%) had low NLR and 64 (58%) had high NLR. Median PFS was 8.8 months in patients with low NLR versus 7.3 months in those with high NLR [hazard ratio (HR) 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75-1.69, p = .58]. Median OS was 34.9 months in patients with low NLR versus 20.2 months in those with high NLR (HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.07-3.19, p = .02). At multivariate analysis, NLR confirmed an independent impact on OS (HR 3.16, 95% CI 1.50-6.65, p = .002). CONCLUSION: In this retrospective series, metastatic CRPC patients who started first-line docetaxel with a low pretreatment NLR had a significantly better survival. In addition to known prognostic factors, NLR can be useful to improve prognostic evaluation of patients in this setting.

Unusual paraneoplastic neurological syndrome secondary to a well differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS) is a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting any part of the nervous system, in a patient affected by cancer. PNS is estimated to occur in 0.01 to 8% of cancer patients, with higher incidence in those with small cell lung cancer, gynecological tumours or hematological disease. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is the most common PNS, but it has never been reported in patients with pancreatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours. CASE PRESENTATION: A 61-year-old man presented with an unusual PNS and absence of circulating neural auto-antibodies. Subsequently, contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a large pancreatic mass, together with multiple liver metastases, histologically diagnosed as a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor. Initial treatment with long-acting somatostatin analogue (octreotide LAR) and prednisone achieved a biochemical response (reduction of chromogranin A level) and a radiological disease control, but patient experienced only a brief improvement of neurological symptoms. Seven months after the onset of the symptoms, he died from neurological impairment. CONCLUSIONS: PNS can be associated with metastatic non-functioning well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors may be unresponsive to treatment with somatostatin analogues and an early neurological treatment should be considered for the optimal management of these uncommon cases.

Identification of MicroRNAs Differentially Expressed in Lung Carcinoid Subtypes and Progression.

AIM: To extensively explore microRNA expression profiles in lung carcinoids in correlation with clinical and pathological features. METHODS: A PCR-based array was employed in the screening phase to analyze 752 microRNAs in a discovery set of 12 lung carcinoids, including 6 typical (3 with lymph node metastasis) and 6 atypical (3 with lymph node metastasis). The results were validated by means of real-time PCR in 37 carcinoids, including 22 typical (4 with lymph node metastasis) and 15 atypical (7 with lymph node metastasis), and 19 high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas. RESULTS: Unsupervised cluster analysis segregated the pilot cases into 3 distinct groups. Twenty-four microRNAs were differentially regulated in atypical versus typical carcinoids, and 29 in metastatic versus nonmetastatic cases. Eleven microRNAs were selected for validation. All but 1 were significantly different among lung neuroendocrine tumor histotypes. Moreover, 5 (miR-129-5p, miR-409-3p, miR-409-5p, miR-185 and miR-497) were significantly upregulated in typical compared to atypical carcinoids. MiR-409-3p, miR-409-5p and miR-431-5p were also significantly downregulated in carcinoids metastatic to the lymph nodes. Predictive in silico analysis of specific target genes showed that these 3 latter microRNAs linked to metastatic potential are implicated in several cellular functions and highlighted several novel genes which may be worth exploring. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that lung carcinoids have distinct microRNA expression profiles as compared to high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas and that specific microRNAs might have potential implications as diagnostic tools or clinical biomarkers.

Expression analysis of genes involved in DNA repair or synthesis in mixed neuroendocrine/nonneuroendocrine carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Mixed neuroendocrine/nonneuroendocrine carcinomas are heterogeneous tumors with poorly defined diagnostic and clinical features and without pathological or molecular markers of prognosis or markers predicting their response to therapy. We aimed at analyzing the pathological features and the expression of genes involved in DNA repair or synthesis in a cohort of patients with mixed carcinomas from different sites as compared to the patients' outcome. METHODS: Relative cDNA quantification of ribonucleotide reductase, large subunit 1, excision repair cross-complementation group 1, thymidylate synthase and topoisomerase IIa genes was tested using real-time PCR on microdissected neuroendocrine and nonneuroendocrine tumor components of 42 mixed cases (from the lung as well as the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts) and on 45 control cases of pure neuroendocrine and nonneuroendocrine carcinomas. RESULTS: The expression levels of all genes were stable comparing nonneuroendocrine and neuroendocrine components of mixed cases (except for topoisomerase IIa in lung samples) but significantly different as compared to control nonneuroendocrine and neuroendocrine tumors. In the multivariate analysis including all clinical and pathological parameters and gene expression levels available, a predominant nonneuroendocrine component, the administration of additional therapy other than surgery and a high thymidylate synthase expression in nonneuroendocrine tumor tissue were significantly associated with a lower risk of a patient's death. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that mixed neuroendocrine/nonneuroendocrine carcinomas are different at the molecular level from their pure neuroendocrine and nonneuroendocrine counterparts, and detailed analyses of their clinical, pathological and molecular features may improve the clinical strategies for the treatment of these rare and underestimated tumors.