Medial orientation of the trochlear groove is a strong indicator of high-grade trochlear dysplasia.

PURPOSE: The objective is to evaluate the orientation of the trochlear groove in patients with objective patellar instability (OPI) compared to a control group. The hypothesis is that the trochlear groove angle (TGA) is correlated with the severity of the trochlear dysplasia. METHODS: From 2019 to 2023, magnetic resonance imaging of 82 knees with OPI were compared with 82 control knees. TGA quantified the angle between the femoral anatomical axis and the trochlear groove. The intraclass correlation coefficient for TGA was evaluated. Central spur in the sagittal plane (CSSP) and cranial trochlear orientation (CTO) angle were also measured. TGA, CSSP and CTO were compared between the two groups. A TGA subgroup analysis separating the OPI group into low-grade (CSSP < 5 mm or negative CTO) and high-grade dysplasia (CSSP ≥ 5 mm or positive CTO) was also performed. RESULTS: A significant difference (p < 0.001) was found between the TGA of the OPI group (mean [SD], 11.3 [3.7]°) and the control group (4.2 [2.5]°). TGA for patients with high-grade dysplasia (11.9 [3.8]°) was significantly higher than patients with low-grade dysplasia (9.6 [3.9]°). CONCLUSION: Patients with OPI have a TGA of 11°, compared to the control group, which exhibits a TGA of 4°. The femoral mechanical axis can be considered an appropriate threshold for separating these two groups. Furthermore, TGA is correlated with the severity of dysplasia. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

The role of the most cranial trochlear orientation in patellar maltracking to better characterise trochlear morphology.

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study is to describe a magnetic resonance imaging quantitative parameter to assess the morphology of the trochlea that could be measurable from normal to high-grade trochlear dysplasia while evaluating the most proximal slice with trochlear cartilage. METHODS: Two groups of patients have been compared: patients with no patellofemoral pain, no previous trauma and undergoing surgery for a suspected isolated meniscal tears (group A) and patients with objective patellar instability (group B). The cranial trochlear orientation (CTO) angle is defined as the angle between the posterior bicondylar line and the most lateral and most medial points on the subchondral bone covered by cartilage digitised on the first and most cranial image with the trochlear cartilage clearly visible. RESULTS: The final cohort included 253 patients (109 in group A and 144 in group B). CTO was significantly higher in group B (-2.5 ± 8.4 vs. -10.8 ± 5,1; p < .001). Moreover, 75% of knees in group B had a CTO > -7°, while 75% of knees in group A had a CTO < -7°. CTO was measurable in all 253 knees, whereas the lateral trochlear inclination and the sulcus angle were measurable in only 202 knees. The entire cohort was also divided into knees with CTO ≤ 0° and CTO > 0°. All knees with a CTO > 0 were in group B, and 49% of knees with CTO < 0 were in group B. CTO was positively correlated with lateral patellar tilt. CONCLUSIONS: CTO is the only parameter that can be measured on the most cranial slice, in every patient, even in high-grade trochlear dysplasia. According to this new system, the axial trochlear shape may be divided into two types: a positive CTO and a negative CTO, with the trochlea serving, respectively, as a medial and lateral barrier. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

A Supratuberosity Anterior Closing-Wedge Proximal Tibial Osteotomy Increases Patellar Height: A Simulated Time Zero Uniplanar Radiographic Study.

PURPOSE: To simulate the effect of supratuberosity tibial anterior closing-wedge osteotomy (ACWO) in knees with posterior tibial slope (PTS) ≥12° on patellar height when aiming for a target PTS of 5°. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed true lateral radiographs of the knees of skeletally mature patients scheduled for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and included all knees with excessive PTS (≥12°). Coordinates of 11 landmarks were digitized to calculate patellar height (Caton-Deschamps index, CDI) and mid-shaft posterior tibial slope (mPTS). The change in patellar height following a simulated supratuberosity ACWO was calculated and compared for knees with patella norma versus alta. A linear univariable regression model predicted the effect of change in mPTS on CDI. RESULTS: In the final cohort of 83 patients, a simulated supratuberosity ACWO increased CDI from 1.13 (range, 0.73-1.74) to 1.29 (range, 0.84-1.91; P < .001). In 56 patients with patella norma, a simulated supratuberosity ACWO increased CDI from 1.02 (range, 0.73-1.19) to 1.18 (range, 0.84-1.41; P < .001), whereas in patients with patella alta, a simulated supratuberosity ACWO increased CDI from 1.33 (range, 1.20-1.74) to 1.52 (range, 1.36-1.91; P < .001). The linear regression model revealed that a 1° decrease in mPTS increased CDI by 0.02. CONCLUSIONS: Simulation of a supratuberosity ACWO revealed that the procedure increases patellar height in all knees but did not induce significant differences in patellar height characteristics between knees with patella norma versus alta. A linear regression model revealed that a 1° decrease in mPTS could theoretically increase CDI by 0.02. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: If preoperative planning indicates that supratuberosity ACWO would increase patellar height from norma (CDI <1.2) to alta (CDI ≥1.2), the surgeon could consider a trans- or infra-tuberosity ACWO, which is less likely to increase patellar height.

Neck shaft angle in reverse shoulder arthroplasty: 135 vs. 145 degrees at minimum 2-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The most common complication with reverse shoulder arthroplasty Grammont based design with a 155° neck shaft angle (NSA) is scapular notching. Scapular notching has been associated with reduced clinical outcomes. Reducing the humeral NSA from 155° has been shown to reduce the incidence of scapular notching however it is unknown whether there is a difference in scapular notching between a 145° and 135° NSA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of decreasing the NSA on scapular notching rate and postoperative range of motion comparing 145° and 135° NSA stems at minimum 2 yr of follow-up. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty with a NSA of either 145° or 135° between January 2014 and February 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were included if they were over the age of 18, had minimum clinical follow-up of 24 mo with true postoperative anteroposterior radiographic view. RESULTS: One hundred and three patients were included for the final analysis: 73 with a 145° NSA and 30 with a 135° NSA stem. The mean age and mean follow-up were respectively 70.9 yr (range, 52.0-89.0) and 32.1 mo. The overall incidence of scapular notching was 46.6 %. There was a statistically significant difference in scapular notching between the 145° (53.4%) and 135° (30%) NSA groups (P = .028). There was no difference in terms of postoperative Constant-Murley Score (mean, 66.1 vs. 68.2; P = .395), Subjective Shoulder Value (mean, 76.5 vs. 83.1%, P = .167), forward flexion (mean, 140° vs. 142°, P = .704), abduction (mean, 123.2° vs. 121.5°, P = .771), external rotation with the arm at the side (mean, 34.1° vs. 37.3°, P = .341) and internal rotation (mean, 5.3 vs. 5.4 pts P = .336) between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to compare the effect of a 145° vs. 135° NSA on scapular notching rates. The key finding of this study is that scapular notching rate was significantly reduced from 53% to 30% in 135° NSA compared to 145° NSA, after at least 24 mo of follow-up. Our data also show that glenoid lateralization and inferiorization has an influence on scapular notching. We are unable to state that the reduced scapular notching rate was due to a reduction in NSA alone. Despite a lower rate of scapular notching, the 135° NSA group has not shown any significant better clinical and functional outcomes.

Shoulder Prosthetic Infection and Humerus Osteomyelitis From Cutibacterium Following Eden-Hybinette Procedure.

We describe the case of a patient who recently underwent a guided arthroscopic Eden-Hybinette procedure for the revision of a previous failed procedure of Latarjet and resurgence of shoulder instability. The subsequent development of painful infectious arthritis of the left shoulder complicated by osteomyelitis of the humerus, caused by Cutibacterium acnes, and accompanied by high fever was resolved only after the removal of synthetic screws and bone grafting and thanks to prolonged intravenous antibiotic treatment. The antibiotic regime was continued, both intramuscularly and orally, after discharge, allowing the full healing of the severe osteoarticular infection of the shoulder.

Reverse Shoulder Prosthesis for Proximal Humeral Fractures: Primary Treatment vs. Salvage Procedure.

Background: The optimal treatment for complex proximal humerus fractures (PHFs) lacks consensus, with reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) often being a final resort rather than a primary approach. This study aimed to compare outcomes and satisfaction rates of primary RTSA for PHFs versus salvage RTSA for previously unsuccessful treatments. We hypothesized that primary RTSA would yield superior clinical outcomes, functional scores, and patient satisfaction. Methods: A retrospective analysis of RSA procedures between 2011 and 2021 was conducted, focusing on primary RTSA for PHFs or salvage RTSA for failed osteosynthesis. Patients meeting inclusion criteria underwent clinical and radiological follow-up for at least two years. Demographic characteristics, outcomes scores, and range of motion (ROM) were assessed. Results: Of 63 patients, 42 underwent primary RTSA and 21 underwent salvage RTSA. The median follow-up was 50 months. Statistically significant differences favored primary RTSA in forward flexion, abduction, internal rotation, and Constant shoulder score. Patient satisfaction levels did not significantly differ between groups. Complications occurred in 7.15% of primary RTSA cases and 14.28% of salvage RTSA cases. Conclusions: Primary RTSA may yield slightly better outcomes and lower complication rates compared to salvage RTSA. Further prospective studies are necessary to validate these findings.

The Original Technique for Tibial Deflexion Osteotomy During Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Surgical Technique.

The original technique for tibial deflexion osteotomy (TDO) was first described by Henri Dejour during the Lyon knee meeting in 1991 to reduce excessive posterior tibial slope during second revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The technique is nowadays increasingly performed during first-revision ACLR in patients at risk for graft retear. This Technical Note describes and updates the original TDO technique.

Medial Closing-Wedge Patellar Osteotomy in Patients With Patellofemoral Instability.

Trochlear dysplasia is the main anatomical risk factor for objective patellar instability. Surgical correction of trochlea dysplasia via a trochleoplasty has been described with good clinical results reported. Concerns remain for who have abnormal patellofemoral tracking post a trochleoplasty due to incongruence between the two articulating surfaces. We described a medial closing wedge patellar osteotomy to improve congruency of the patellofemoral joint post-trochleoplasty.

Bone Density Changes at the Origin of the Deltoid Muscle following Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty.

Background: Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) significantly impacts deltoid length, tension, and structure. Studies have extensively investigated various modifications in deltoid characteristics, such as perfusion, elasticity, caliber, histological changes, and strength post-RSA. However, to date, there is a notable absence of research evaluating changes in bone mineral density (BMD) at the deltoid muscle origin after the RSA procedure. Methods: A retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of RSAs performed between May 2011 and May 2022 was conducted. Inclusion criteria comprised primary RSAs with both preoperative and last follow-up shoulder CT scans and a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Trabecular attenuation measured in Hounsfield units (HU) was calculated using a rapid region-of-interest (ROI) method. BMD analysis involved segmenting three ROIs in both pre- and postoperative CT scans of each patient: the acromion, clavicle, and spine of the scapula. Results: A total of 44 RSAs in 43 patients, comprising 29 women and 14 men, were included in this study. The mean follow-up duration was 49 ± 22.64 months. Significant differences were observed between preoperative and postoperative HU values in all analyzed regions. Specifically, BMD increased in the acromion and spine, while it decreased in the clavicle (p-values 0.0019, <0.0001, and 0.0088, respectively). Conclusions: The modifications in shoulder biomechanics and, consequently, deltoid tension post-implantation result in discernible variations in bone quality within the analyzed regions. This study underscores the importance of thorough preoperative patient planning. By utilizing CT images routinely obtained before reverse shoulder replacement surgery, patients at high risk for fractures of the acromion, clavicle, and scapular spine can be identified.

All-Arthroscopic Trillat Procedure Using Screw Fixation for Recurrent Shoulder Instability.

The Trillat procedure has been described for the management of shoulder instability in younger patients but also for shoulder instability in older patients with irreparable rotator cuff tears. We describe an all-arthroscopic technique using screw fixation. This technique allows for safe dissection, clearance and osteotomy of the coracoid, and direct visualization during screw tensioning and fixation to minimize the risk of subscapularis impingement. We outline our stepwise approach to medialize and distalize the coracoid process using arthroscopic screw fixation and present pearls to avoid fracture through the superior bone bridge.

Posterior tibial slope correlated with metaphyseal inclination more than metaphyseal height.

BACKGROUND: Excessive posterior tibial slope (PTS) is an independent risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) failure, but it remains unclear how PTS relates to other proximal tibial morphologic parameters. The purpose of this study was to analyse sagittal tibial metaphysis morphology, and to calculate the correlation coefficients of PTS with anatomical features. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed lateral radiographs of 350 patients that were scheduled to receive primary ACLR to digitize 15 landmarks on the patella, femur, fibula, and tibia, and measure PTS, patellar height, as well as metaphysis height and inclination. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were computed to assess the linear relationship of PTS with other parameters. RESULTS: The PTS was 9.8 ± 3.1° (mid-shaft axis), anterior metaphyseal height and inclination was 30.9 ± 4.6 mm and 33.9 ± 7.2°, and posterior metaphyseal height and inclination was 16.1 ± 4.0 mm and 22.0 ± 5.8°. PTS had a low correlation with anterior (r, 0.225) and posterior metaphyseal heights (r, -0.183). PTS had moderate correlations with anterior (r, 0.385) and posterior metaphysis inclination (r, 0.417). CONCLUSION: PTS has a low correlation with anterior metaphyseal height, but a moderate correlation with anterior and posterior metaphyseal inclination. The moderate correlation between PTS and metaphysis inclination sheds light on the origin of the deformity, and knees with higher PTS are therefore likely to have metaphyses with greater posterior inclinations. The clinical relevance of these findings is that tibial deflexion osteotomy techniques should attempt to address the underlying deformity of excessive PTS by adjusting metaphyseal inclination rather than making diaphyseal resections.

Rotator Cuff Repair in Pediatric and Adolescent Athletes: Indications and Outcomes.

Rotator cuff (RC) tears in pediatric and adolescent athletes are rare events. In these patients, RC tears are more likely to be traumatic or related to overuse among overhead. Repeated movements of abduction and external rotation are frequent mechanisms of injury. The supraspinatus is the most commonly involved tendon and the articular-sided tears are more common than the bursal side. Magnetic resonance imaging is considered the gold standard for diagnosing RC tears. Conservative treatment, arthroscopic, and open repair are all effective treatment methods depending on the type of injury. The risk of growth plate injury in these patients should be always considered when planning surgical interventions. Return to sport for competitive-level throwing athletes represents the greatest challenge in the treatment of these injuries.

Return to Sport After Total Shoulder Arthroplasty and Hemiarthroplasty: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: One of the most frequent concerns of the increasing number of patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty is the possibility to resume sport after surgery. This systematic review determined the rate of return to sport after total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and hemiarthroplasty (HA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed to perform this systematic review. A systematic electronic search was performed using the PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. All the studies analyzing the rates of reverse shoulder arthroplasties were pooled; data were extracted and statistically analyzed. Only studies with at least 10 adult patients recruited were considered. All studies had to relate return to sport after TSA or HA. RESULTS: A total of 76 studies were included for a total of 694 patients. The mean age and average follow-up were, respectively, 64.5 years (range: 24 to 92 y) and 4.5 years (range: 0.5 to 12 y). The mean rate of return to sport ranged from 49.3% to 96.4%. The mean time to resume sports was 8.1 months. The overall rate of return to sport after the procedures, according to a random effect model, was 83%. The mean level of sports at the time of the survey was worsened in 9.4% (±2.82%), improved or reported from good to excellent in 55.6% (±13.6%), and did not change in 40% (±1.4) of patients. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of current available data, return to sports after TSA and HA is possible and is highly frequent. The subjective level of practice does not change or improve in most patients. More studies and better designed trials are needed to enrich the evidence on specific sport recovery after the procedure.

Evaluation of the range of motion of scapulothoracic, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints: State of the art.

The scapulothoracic, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints play a fundamental role in the shoulder function. Shoulder complex kinematics have been studied with different methods using: goniometers, 2 static radiographs, 3D motion analyzers (invasive or noninvasive) and digital inclinometers. Goniometers have been used traditionally to assess scapular rotation in relation to the thorax. The intrinsic limit of multiple static two-dimensional shoulder radiographs is the attempt of describing in two what is occurring in three dimensions. Technology innovations have led to the development of the 3D shoulder complex kinematics analysis ETS (Electromagnetic tracking systems) using sensors (invasive bone-pin markers or noninvasive skin surface marker) stitched to the scapula/clavicula, thorax, and humerus. Despite being uncomfortable, invasive 3D motion cortical pins analyzers still represent the current gold standard for tracking shoulder complex kinematics. Therefore, access to three-dimensional biomechanical instrumentations for collecting kinematic data represents an active problem for many physicians. A precise, easy to use and low-cost non-invasive method able to draw and analyze the kinematics of the shoulder complex has not been developed yet. Further researches are necessary to design a new non-invasive method able to draw and analyze the kinematics of the scapula and the whole shoulder complex, precisely.

The Femoral Sulcus Deepening Trochleoplasty of Lyon.

The sulcus deepening trochleoplasty procedure has been described for the management of patellofemoral instability in patients with severe trochlear dysplasia. Here, we describe the updated Lyon sulcus deepening trochleoplasty technique. This technique with a stepwise approach allows one to prepare the trochlea, remove the subchondral bone, osteotomize the articular surface, and fix the facets with 3 anchors while minimizing the risk of complications.

Angled BIO-RSA leads to better inclination and clinical outcomes compared to Standard BIO-RSA and eccentric reaming: A comparative study.

Background: Two surgical techniques were compared : Standard BIO-RSA, performed with a glenoid eccentric reaming along with a cylindric bone graft augmentation vs. the Angled BIO-RSA, performed with a glenoid concentric reaming and a defect correction with an angled bone graft. Methods: Patients undergoing RSA from January 2016 to April 2019, with one of the two techniques being performed, were retrospectively reviewed. Glenoids were classified according to Favard. Clinical (Constant-Murley, VAS and ROM) and radiographic (superior tilt correction) data were collected pre-operatively and at 12 months post-operatively. Results: 141 shoulders were included. Angled BIO-RSA group showed statistically significant better outcomes in terms of forward flexion (149.9° Vs 139.3°) and abduction (136.4° Vs 126.7°). The use of an Angled BIO-RSA showed a statistically significant better superior tilt correction (1.252° Vs 4.09°). Angled BIO-RSA, leads to a better inclination correction and a mean postoperative tilt value inferior to 5° in E1 and E3 differently from standard BIO-RSA. Discussion: Both techniques were able to correct glenoid superior inclination with excellent postoperative short-term results. However, angled BIO-RSA technique appears to be more effective in ensuring a correct inclination of the prosthetic glenoid component with better clinical outcomes.

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty: State-of-the-art.

The reverse shoulder arthroplasty conceived by Paul Grammont in 1985 has gradually gained popularity as a treatment for multiple shoulder diseases. Unlike previous reverse shoulder prosthesis characterized by unsatisfactory results and a high glenoid implant failure rate, the Grammont design has immediately shown good clinical outcomes. This semi constrained prosthesis solved the issues of the very first designs by medializing and distalizing the center of rotation with an increased stability of the replacement of the component. The indication was initially limited to cuff tear arthropathy (CTA). It has then been expanded to irreparable massive cuff tears and displaced humeral head fractures. The most frequent problems of this design are a limited postoperative external rotation and scapular notching. Different modifications to the original Grammont design have been proposed with the aim of decreasing the risk of failure and complications and improving the clinical outcomes. Both the position and version/inclination of the glenosphere and the humeral configuration (e.g. neck shaft angle) influence the RSA outcomes. A lateralized glenoid (whether with bone or metal) and a 135° Inlay system configuration leads to a moment arm which is the closest to the native shoulder. Clinical research will focus on implant designs reducing bone adaptations and revision rate, strategies to prevent more effectively infections. Furthermore, there is still room for improvement in terms of better postoperative internal and external rotations and clinical outcomes after RSA implanted for humeral fracture and revision shoulder arthroplasty.

Sufficient Metaphyseal Bone for Wedge Removal and Fixation Hardware During Supratuberosity Tibial Deflexion Osteotomy in Knees With Excessive Posterior Tibial Slope.

BACKGROUND: Tibial deflexion osteotomy (TDO) is sometimes indicated for revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in knees with posterior tibial slope (PTS) ≥12° and aims to decrease PTS to around 5°. When planning TDO, measuring the anterior tibial metaphyseal height (aHt) could help ascertain whether the available metaphyseal bone would be sufficient to create the wedge and leave adequate residual bone. PURPOSE: To (1) determine whether, compared with knees with normal native PTS (<12°), aHt is greater in knees with excessive native PTS (≥12°), and (2) verify if, aiming to decrease PTS to 5°, supratuberosity TDO in knees with excessive native PTS could be performed without tibial tuberosity osteotomy, leaving a minimum of 15 mm of residual bone for fixation staples or plates. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: True lateral radiographs of 350 consecutive patients scheduled for ACL reconstruction were digitized to measure PTS, tibial medial plateau length, tibial anterior and posterior metaphyseal heights and inclinations, and patellar height. Measurements were compared between knees with PTS <12° and those with ≥12°. The wedge height required for supratuberosity TDO was estimated for knees with excessive PTS, aiming for a target PTS of 5°, to determine the proportion of knees that would have residual aHt <15 mm. RESULTS: A total of 326 knees had adequate true lateral radiographs. The mean PTS was 9.8°± 3.1° (range, 1°-20°) and exceeded 12° in 83 (25%) knees. There were no significant differences between knees with normal versus excessive PTS when comparing aHt (30.7 ± 4.5 mm vs 31.6 ± 4.9 mm; P = .270) and medial tibial plateau length (43.1 ± 5.4 mm vs 43.3 ± 5.6 mm; P = .910). Setting the target mPTS at 5° for supratuberosity TDO, the mean residual aHt was 25.0 ± 4.4 mm, and 7 (8%) knees had a residual aHt <20 mm, of which only 1 (1%) had residual aHt <15 mm. Setting the target mPTS at 0°, the mean residual aHt was 21.3 ± 4.2 mm, and 36 (43%) knees had a residual aHt <20 mm, of which only 4 (5%) had residual aHt <15 mm. CONCLUSION: aHt was not significantly different between knees with normal versus excessive PTS. Estimation of the wedge height required for supratuberosity TDO to reduce excessive PTS to 5° revealed sufficient metaphyseal bone for wedge removal in all knees. Furthermore, 99% of knees would have sufficient residual bone (aHt, ≥15 mm) to accommodate fixation staples or plates, without the need for tibial tuberosity osteotomy.

The management of the long head of the biceps in rotator cuff repair: A comparative study of high vs. subpectoral tenodesis.

BACKGROUND: Tenodesis of the long head of the biceps (LHB) is commonly undertaken during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. We assessed the clinical and structural outcomes after high arthroscopic tenodesis (HAT) or mini-open subpectoral tenodesis (ST). We hypothesized that the clinical and structural results after HAT and ST are similar. METHODS: We included 40 patients with rotator cuff tear and LHB tendinopathy. Twenty patients (7 women and 13 men; mean age: 57.9 years; range: 56-63 years) were treated using HAT, and 20 patients (8 women and 12 men; mean age: 58.5 years; range: 55-64 years) were treated using ST. Functional evaluation was performed preoperatively and at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery, using the Constant Murley Score and Simple Shoulder Test scores; the LHB was evaluated using the LHB score. A Visual Analogue Scale was administered to all patients preoperatively and 2 days after surgery. RESULTS: The postoperative total and pain subscale's Constant scores were significantly higher in the ST group. Moreover, 2 LHB score values were significantly different between the groups. The postoperative LHB total score in the ST and HAT groups averaged 86.9 ± 4.1 (mean ± SD) points and 73.3 ± 6.4 points, respectively. The Pain/Cramps subscale in the ST and HAT groups averaged 47.1 ± 5.9 and 33.2 ± 4.6 points, respectively. The 2 groups showed no difference in Visual Analogue Scale values (5.5 in the HAT group; 5.8 in the ST group) postoperatively. One patient in the HAT group reported a secondary onset of Popeye deformity. CONCLUSION: Both high arthroscopic and mini-open ST of the LHB tendon produced reliably good functional results, but the ST group was associated with better postoperative clinical outcomes.

Trochlear Dysplasia: When and How to Correct.

When? Only patients with high-grade trochlear dysplasia types B and D, in which the prominence of the trochlea (supratrochlear spur) is over 5 mm, recurrent patellar dislocation, and maltracking. How? Sulcus deepening trochleoplasty: modifies the trochlear shape with a central groove and oblique medial and lateral facets; decreases the patellofemoral joint reaction force by reducing the trochlear prominence (spur); and reduces the tibial tubercle and the trochlear groove value by a proximal realignment. Pros: This procedure is highly effective in restoring patellofemoral stability and satisfying the patients. Cons: The patients must be aware of the risk of continuing residual pain and range-ofmotion limitation and that the development of patellofemoral osteoarthritis is not predictable.