Colistin bladder instillation, an alternative way of treating multi-resistant Acinetobacter urinary tract infection: a case series and review of literature.

The multiresistant Acinetobacter species bacteria are frequently involved in urinary or respiratory tract infections, and one of the most effective drugs, colistine, is associated with significant nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Given that very high concentrations of colistine into biological fluids are safe for the human organism, attempts have been made at delivering the drug topically, by aerosol, or, occasionally, intratechally or intraventricularly for meningitis. These topical treatments could eradicate the Pseudomonas sp. from the lung of patients with cystic fibrosis or bronchiectasis and the Acinetobacter baumannii from lung and meninges. However, only one case of colistin topic treatment in urinary tract infection is described. We report a case series of three patients successfully undergone colistin bladder instillations for multi drug resistant Acinetobacter urinary tract infection, and we review the literature about colistin topic treatment.

[Source apportionment of benzo(a)pyrene in Taranto and carcinogenic risk estimate in general population]. / Individuazione e caratterizzazione delle sorgenti di benzo(a)pirene nel comune di Taranto e stima del rischio cancerogeno associato all'esposizione della popolazione generale.

INTRODUCTION: In 2009 the limit value of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in ambient air of 1.0 ng/m3 has been exceeded in the urban district of Taranto near to the industrial area, where a several large plants are located, including an integrated cycle steel plant. OBJECTIVE: To identify emission sources and quantify relative contribution to the PAHs levels; to estimate health impact associated to PAHs exposure in general population. METHODS: Multivariate receptor models have been used. Concentration of PAHs measured in 4 location in Taranto in 2008-2009 have been analyzed. 5 different models estimated profiles of unknown sources and identified significant chemical species. To compute the lung cancer risk the WHO unit risk estimate for BaP (8.7 x 10(5) ng/m3) has been adopted. RESULTS: Models employed identify 3 to 4 emission sources. Estimated profiles have been compared with measured ones. Based on the average annual BaP level measured (1.3 ng/m3), 2 attributable cancer cases in the district Taranto population are estimated to result from a life-time exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Among different emissive sources, the analysis identifies theoretical sources whose profiles, compared with observed data, allow to identify dominant contributions to PAHs pollution and to design corrective actions to reduce environmental and health impact.

Occurrence of nocturia is not mediated by nocturnal hypoxia length and severity in patients with sleep-disordered breathing.

BACKGROUND: Nocturia is highly prevalent in subjects with respiratory sleep disturbances (ie obstructive sleep apnea). The aim of our study is to evaluate whether nocturia is associated with intermittent desaturations or hypoxia length and severity in people undergoing polysomnography. METHODS: We recruited 275 consecutive subjects attending the outpatient clinic for respiratory diseases at Campus Bio-Medico Teaching Hospital. Nocturia was defined as a self-reported voiding frequency ≥ two per night. The groups with and without nocturia were compared with parametric and non-parametric tests, as appropriated. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of nocturia with patients' characteristics, including oxygen desaturation index (ODI), respiratory efforts (RE) and oxygen saturation below 90% (TST90). RESULTS: Sixty-six (24%) subjects reported nocturia, the median ODI was 15 (8-31), the median RE was 22 (12-38) and the median TST90 was 4.7 (0.3-20.6). ODI and RE were significantly higher in subjects with nocturia as compared with controls. In the multivariable model, ODI was associated with an increased probability of nocturia (OR = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.01-1.06), and the higher the ODI score, the higher the probability to have nocturia (P for trend = 0.038). No significant association was found between TST90 and the occurrence of nocturia. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent desaturations and not hypoxia length and severity, expressed by TST90, are associated with the occurrence of nocturia in subjects complaining sleep disturbances.

An intensive monitoring campaign of PAHs for assessing the impact of a steel plant.

This study provided a useful approach for assessing the impact of industrial sources on surrounding, especially in a sensitive industrial area as Taranto (South of Italy). Taranto is one of the most industrialized Italian towns, where several emission sources operate simultaneously in proximity to the urban settlement. An intensive monitoring campaign of PAHs was carried out from January 28th to July 30th, 2011, in seven sites located in residential settlement around the industrial area and in the city center. The collected data were integrated with the information about wind direction and speed by means bivariate polarplot in order to characterize and localize the industrial sources. High BaP concentrations were detected especially when Benzene to Toluene ratio (B/T ratio) values excedeed 1 and all receptor sites were downwind to the steel plant. Moreover, in order to discriminate among PAH sources and quantify their contributions, a source apportionment analysis of the collected data was provided by means Principal component Analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) methods. Finally, the processing of PMF5.0 output by bivariate polar plot, confirmed the impact of steel plant on both industrial sites downwind the steel plant and the city center. B[a]P apportionment was quite similar for industrial and urban sites: the traffic source contributed only 11% and 24% to B[a]P measured at two sites, respectively. Therefore, the proximity of Taranto downtown to industrial pole makes negligible all other source contributions to PAH concentrations.

Chest wall involvement by lung cancer: computed tomographic detection and results of operation.

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate: (1) the role of computed tomographic scanning in predicting chest wall invasion by peripheral lung cancer and (2) the results of operation according to the depth of chest wall involvement and other potential indicators of long-term survival. One hundred twelve patients with non-small cell lung cancer adjacent to the pleural surface who underwent computed tomographic scanning and subsequent thoracotomy were entered into this study. Tumor invasion was confined to the visceral pleura in 53 patients, to the parietal pleura in 18 patients, and to intercostal muscles in 25 patients; invasion extended beyond this layer in 16 patients. The computed tomographic criteria for chest wall invasion were (1) obliteration of the extrapleural fat plane, (2) the length of the tumor-pleura contact, (3) the ratio between the tumor-pleura contact and the tumor diameter, (4) the angle of the tumor with the pleura, (5) a mass involving the chest wall, and (6) rib destruction. The computed tomographic criteria 1 and 3 were significantly related to pathologic findings. Sensitivity was 85% for criterion 1 and 83% for criterion 3, specificity being 87% and 80%, respectively. Long-term survival of patients with T3 disease critically depended on the lymph node state and completeness of resection. The adenocarcinoma cell type and the T4 category were unfavorable prognostic factors. The depth of chest wall invasion did not affect survival, except for extensive rib and soft tissue infiltration. En bloc resection yielded better results than discontinuous resection.

[Mediastinal goiters. A clinical case series]. / I gozzi mediastinici. Contributo clinico casistico.

The paper described the treatment of a series of 47 mediastinal goitres. The importance of a thorough preoperative assessment of the lesion and of careful planning of the operative technique are underlined. Cervical collar incision provided adequate exposure in most patients. The Authors conclude that surgical treatment should be recommended in all cases.

[Thoracic surgery with a video endoscopic technic. The authors' own experience]. / Chirurgia toracica con tecnica video-endoscopica. Esperienza personale.

The authors illustrate the current possibilities and limitations of a leading-edge technique, thoracoscopic surgery, made possible by the enormous technical progress which has led to the creation of specific visual and surgical instruments. On the strength of their personal experience, they list the different diseases which may be treated using video thoracoscopic surgery.

[Tracheobronchial reconstructive surgery: protection of the tracheal anastomosis. Our experience]. / Chirurgia ricostruttiva tracheobronchiale: protezione dell'anastomosi tracheale. Nostra esperienza.

In line with data reported in the literature, the authors consider that the careful protection of the tracheal suture with abundant vital tissue is of fundamental importance in the prevention of complications in tracheal resective-reconstructive surgery. This procedure in fact reduces the risk of necrosis and subsequent fistulization of tracheal tissue and prevents decubitus of the suture on the innominate arterial wall, avoiding possible ulceration with fistulization and tracheal hemorrhage.

[Use of minitracheotomy in high-risk pulmonary resection surgery. Results of a comparative study]. / L'uso della minitracheotomia nella chirurgia resettiva polmonare a rischio. Risultati di uno studio comparativo.

Twenty patients undergoing lung resections were randomized into two groups: group 1 (n = 10) received mini-tracheotomy postoperatively and group 2 (n = 10) were control patients. The two groups were similarly matched in pulmonary functions (FEV1 < 1.8 1), performance status and surgical procedures (major pulmonary resections). All patients were monitored by serial chest X-ray examinations, arterial blood gases, clinical assessment and response to chest physiotherapy. Postoperative pulmonary complications of atelectasis/bronchopneumonia developed in 1 patient in group A and 4 patients in group B. Two patients of this last group required mini-tracheotomy to treat the pneumonia. The mean overall duration of mini-tracheotomy was 6.3 days. Five patients presented minor temporary symptoms related to mini-tracheotomy, including voice changes, discomfort and stridor. No long term morbidity was observed. We concluded that the use of mini-tracheotomy is safe and effective in decreasing postoperative respiratory morbidity in high risk patients.

[Surgery in the treatment of pulmonary carcinoma with mediastinal lymph node metastasis (N2)]. / La chirurgia nel trattamento del carcinoma polmonare con metastasi linfonodali mediastiniche (N2).

This study is based on the analysis of the survival data in patients with N2 disease reported by Martini, Pearson, Shields et al. Many factors appear to influence survival of this group of patients. We made a retrospective analysis of a series of 91 patients with N2 disease between January 1980 and March 1985. Sixty-nine patients (71.5%) presented clinically N2 disease; 44 patients (63.7%) were treated with complete resection and postoperative irradiation, the actuarial five year survival was 11%. Twenty-two patients (24.2%) were discovered to have N2 disease at thoracotomy. Twenty-one patients underwent resection and the actuarial five year survival was 29%. We conclude that surgery can be effective in a highly selective group of patients.

[The surgical therapy of pulmonary aspergilloma. Our experience]. / La terapia chirurgica dell'aspergilloma polmonare. Nostra esperienza.

Between 1971 and 1986 11 patients suffering from pulmonary aspergilloma were seen in the thoracic surgery service at Genova-Sampierdarena Hospital. Nine patients underwent thoracotomy. Lobectomy was the most frequent operation. Complications occurred in 3 patients (33%). There were no recurrent symptoms in any of them over a mean follow-up of 4 years. The remaining two patients were treated by instillation of antifungal agents into the aspergilloma cavity. There was no systemic toxicity and in one patient the mycetoma resolved. The authors conclude that pulmonary resection can provide effective long-term treatment, while intracavity infusion of antifungal agent can be a successful nonoperative method in critically ill patients.

[A case of gastric neurinoma: a rare cause of digestive hemorrhage]. / Un caso di neurinoma gastrico: una rara causa di emorragia digestiva.

The Authors, after shortly explaining the main anatomo-pathological and clinical features of gastric neurinoma, describe a case they had the opportunity to observe, and appearing, in full welfare, exclusively through the symptoms of a serious gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

[Remote results in 214 cases of surgically treated breast carcinoma]. / Risultati a distanza di 214 casi di carcinoma mammario operato.

The Authors report the remote results of 214 cases of breast cancer, operated in the period August 1963-December 1974, after subdividing the cases they had the opportunity to observe on the basis of the stage of the disease, the surgical treatment and the eventual post-mastectomy precautionary therapy.

[A rare case of glomus tumor of the fingers]. / Su di un raro caso di tumore glomico delle dita.

The Authors report an observation of glomic tumour of fingers in a man aged 68. After a reviewing of the literature thereabout, they dwell upon the rareness of this disease and upon its main clinical manifestations. The angiographic study completed is remarkable. The Authors, as a conclusion, confirm the need of a surgical treatment.

[Our experience in the surgical therapy of myasthenia gravis]. / La nostra esperienza in tema di terapia chirurgica della miastenia grave.

The Authors, in the present work, describe the clinical and diagnostic features of Myasthenia Gravis, and, on the basis of their casuistry and the international scientific literature, remark the necessity of the surgical operation as the basic therapeutic chance for the resolution and improvement of the disease.

[Automatic sutures in bronchopulmonary surgery]. / Autosuture in chirurgia bronco-polmonare.

Efficacy of automatic staplers in broncho-pulmonary surgery was evaluated in a series of 316 consecutive patients. The results confirm that utilization of staplers has drastically reduced the incidence of post-resection bronchial fistulae; moreover on parenchymal tissue such instruments guarantee excellent haemostasis and air tightness. On the contrary, indications for their use on pulmonary vessels seem to be very limited.

[Laparoscopic or open appendectomy. Critical review of the literature and personal experience]. / Appendicectomia laparoscopica o a cielo aperto. Revisione critica della letteratura ed esperienza personale.

UNLABELLED: In the era of video-laparoscopic surgery there are a lot of surgeons that still continue to perform open appendectomy. This choice is the consequence of the good results of open appendectomy (clinical, cosmetic, hospital stays and hospital costs). Published trials on laparoscopic appendectomy don't show that it is superior to the open approach. The aim of this study is to critically review the literature on laparoscopic and traditional appendectomies and to report a clinical experience on 86 consecutive patients that underwent open appendectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From September 2000 to March 2001, in the Department of Emergency Surgery of Villa Scassi Hospital in Genoa, 86 patients underwent open appendectomy (32 men; mean age 29.8 years; range 15-54 years/54 women; mean age 22.4 years; range 13-80 years). All the patients underwent blood examinations, abdomino-pelvic ultrasonographys and the women gynecological evaluation. The Authors used, almost always, the Stropeni way of access (cutaneous Mac Burney and right para-rectal incision of the muscles). Discharge has been done as soon as possible. Removed appendices were submitted to histological examination and were classified as normal or pathologic according to the severity of the lesion. Review of articles has been done on Medline. RESULTS: Suspected appendicitis have been confirmed by histological examination that documented 1 normal appendix, 7 chronic appendicitis, 45 acute catharralis, 22 acute suppurative and 11 gangrenous or perforated appendicitis. The specificity of open appendectomy has been 97.6% (100% for men). Post-operative complications were: 2 wound infections and 1 recurrence of an abscess (2.58%). Open appendectomy did carry an hospital bill of 2,500,000 IT liras (1,200 USA dollars) for non complicated appendicitis and 2,000 USA dollars for perforated appendicitis. The early discharge allowed us to spend 119 millions IT liras less in 7 months (99,600 USA dollars in a year). DISCUSSION: The role of laparoscopic appendectomy isn't still established. After a critical review of the literature we can suggest that: 1) laparoscopic appendectomy increase operative time (63 vs 43 minutes: p < 0.0001); 2) laparoscopic approach can reduce the length of post-operative stay in hospital; 3) hospital bill is strongly reduced by open appendectomy (4,274 vs 7,923 USA dollars). On our experience the cost of the hospital for uncomplicated appendicitis is 2,500,000 IT liras (1,200 USA dollars). Otherwise it has been suggested that laparoscopic appendectomy has a better diagnostic accuracy respect to open appendectomy. Some Authors report a percentage of "negative" appendices of 16-50%. In Authors experience the percentage of "negative" appendices is 1.3% and so the diagnostic accuracy is 96% in women and 100% in men, probably because we systematically performed a preoperative abdomino-pelvic ultrasonography and, for the women, a gynecological evaluation. In conclusion, laparoscopic appendectomy should be done in case of suspected appendicitis in women. In the other cases, when there is a strong clinical suspect of appendicitis and, in particular, in case of suppurative appendicitis, the Authors recommend to perform an open appendectomy using the Stropeni approach. In case of perforated appendicitis with abdominal abscess they recommend to perform an open appendectomy using the right para-rectal approach or the median umbilical-pubis approach.