Reanalysis of the ß-ν[over ¯]_{e} Angular Correlation Measurement from the aSPECT Experiment with New Constraints on Fierz Interference.

On the basis of revisions of some of the systematic errors, we reanalyzed the electron-antineutrino angular correlation (a coefficient) in free neutron decay inferred from the recoil energy spectrum of the protons which are detected in 4π by the aSPECT spectrometer. With a=-0.104 02(82) the new value differs only marginally from the one published in 2020. The experiment also has sensitivity to b, the Fierz interference term. From a correlated (b,a) fit to the proton recoil spectrum, we derive a limit of b=-0.0098(193) which translates into a somewhat improved 90% confidence interval region of -0.041≤b≤0.022 on this hypothetical term. Tighter constraints on b can be set from a combined [shown as superscript (c)] analysis of the PERKEO III (ß asymmetry) and aSPECT measurement which suggests a finite value of b with b^{(c)}=-0.0181±0.0065 deviating by 2.82σ from the standard model.

New Constraint on the Local Relic Neutrino Background Overdensity with the First KATRIN Data Runs.

We report on the direct search for cosmic relic neutrinos using data acquired during the first two science campaigns of the KATRIN experiment in 2019. Beta-decay electrons from a high-purity molecular tritium gas source are analyzed by a high-resolution MAC-E filter around the end point at 18.57 keV. The analysis is sensitive to a local relic neutrino overdensity ratio of η<9.7×10^{10}/α (1.1×10^{11}/α) at a 90% (95%) confidence level with α=1 (0.5) for Majorana (Dirac) neutrinos. A fit of the integrated electron spectrum over a narrow interval around the end point accounting for relic neutrino captures in the tritium source reveals no significant overdensity. This work improves the results obtained by the previous neutrino mass experiments at Los Alamos and Troitsk. We furthermore update the projected final sensitivity of the KATRIN experiment to η<1×10^{10}/α at 90% confidence level, by relying on updated operational conditions.

Bound on 3+1 Active-Sterile Neutrino Mixing from the First Four-Week Science Run of KATRIN.

We report on the light sterile neutrino search from the first four-week science run of the KATRIN experiment in 2019. Beta-decay electrons from a high-purity gaseous molecular tritium source are analyzed by a high-resolution MAC-E filter down to 40 eV below the endpoint at 18.57 keV. We consider the framework with three active neutrinos and one sterile neutrino. The analysis is sensitive to the mass, m_{4}, of the fourth mass state for m_{4}^{2}≲1000 eV^{2} and to active-to-sterile neutrino mixing down to |U_{e4}|^{2}≳2×10^{-2}. No significant spectral distortion is observed and exclusion bounds on the sterile mass and mixing are reported. These new limits supersede the Mainz results for m_{4}^{2}≲1000 eV^{2} and improve the Troitsk bound for m_{4}^{2}<30 eV^{2}. The reactor and gallium anomalies are constrained for 100<Δm_{41}^{2}<1000 eV^{2}.

The Beta-, Neutrino- and Proton-Asymmetry in Neutron ß-Decay.

This article describes measurements of angular-correlation coefficients in the decay of free neutrons with the superconducting spectrometer PERKEO II. A method for measuring the ß-asymmetry coefficient A is presented, as well as a new method for determining the neutrino-asymmetry coefficient B, which allows a value for the proton-asymmetry coefficient C to be obtained for the first time. An ongoing experiment is trying to improve the accuracy of these quantities.

Morbid obesity: problems associated with operative management.

A review of the problems associated with extensive jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity in a series of 175 carefully selected patients is presented. Five postoperative deaths occurred (3%). Nonfatal complications occurred in 21%, with wound infections (14 patients) being the most common. Good results marked by weight reduction to the range of ideal weight without significant electrolyte or metabolic aberrations was observed in 82% of the patients receiving the current dimensional modificatiom of end-to-end jejunoileal bypass (30 cm to 20cm). An additional 13% had fair results and only 5% had poor results. There were six deaths during follow-up: liver failure in four patients (secondary to alcohol abuse in two), myocardial infarction in one, and one from unknown causes. Bypass reversal was necessary for refractory liver failure in three patients (two from alcohol abuse), and for persistent diarrhea with secondary electrolyte depletion in two patients. One of these patients was complicated by severe emotional instability. This experience suggests that the majority of carefully selected patients will have a good response to jejunoileal bypass.

A familial glucagonoma syndrome: genetic, clinical and biochemical features.

A family with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN-I) is described in which three members had A-cell pancreatic tumors. Two of these members had classic glucagonoma syndromes. The proband, a 62 year old woman, had a high (less than or equal to 9.2 ng/ml) basal plasma glucagon level, most of which eluted in the 3,500 dalton fraction. Plasma glucagon increased following the ingestion of mixed meals and arginine. Secretin, which, in the dog, has been reported to inhibit normal glucagon secretion, provoked a twofold increase in 3,500 dalton plasma glucagon concentration. Increased plasma glucagon in the proband was associated with mild hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Somatostatin infusion suppressed peripheral glucagon and insulin levels, and increased blood glucose levels. The unique responses to secretin and somatostatin observed in this patient may be diagnostically important in syndromes of inappropriate or autonomous glucagon secretion.

Effects of halofenate on glucose tolerance in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia.

Halofenate, a triglyceride- and uric acid-lowering drug, potentiated the effect of oral hypoglycemics. Its effect on serial glucose tolerance was evaluated in ten patients with hypertriglyceridemia without overt diabetes. Six-hour oral glucose tolerance tests were done during a control period and every 24 weeks over two years of halofenate treatment. Abnormal glucose tolerance (chemical diabetes) was observed during the control period in six of ten patients. The number of abnormal tests gradually decreased to none by 48 weeks. Plasma glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid values during the glucose tolerance tests were reduced significantly. Halofenate induced significant serum uric acid reduction. No significant regressions were observed among levels of lipids, hormones, glucose, and uric acid. The mechanisms by which lipid-lowering drugs improve glucose tolerance are as yet unexplained.

Ion source for tests of ion behavior in the Karlsruhe tritium neutrino experiment beam line.

An electron-impact ion source based on photoelectron emission was developed for ionization of gases at pressures below 10(-4) mbar in an axial magnetic field in the order of 5 T. The ion source applies only dc fields, which makes it suitable for use in the presence of equipment sensitive to radio-frequency (RF) fields. The ion source was successfully tested under varying conditions regarding pressure, magnetic field, and magnetic-field gradient, and the results were studied with the help of simulations. The processes in the ion source are well understood, and possibilities for further optimization of generated ion currents are clarified.

Measurement of the proton asymmetry parameter in neutron beta decay.

The proton asymmetry parameter C in neutron decay describes the angular correlation between neutron spin and proton momentum. In this Letter, the first measurement of this quantity is presented. The result C= -0.2377(26) agrees with the standard model expectation. The coefficient C provides an additional parameter for new and improved standard model tests.

Measurement of the neutrino asymmetry parameter B in neutron decay.

A new measurement of the neutrino asymmetry parameter B in neutron decay, the angular correlation between neutron spin and antineutrino momentum, is presented. The result, B=0.9802(50), confirms earlier measurements but features considerably smaller corrections. It agrees with the standard model expectation and permits updated tests on "new physics" in neutron decay.

Scalar interaction limits from the beta-nu correlation of trapped radioactive atoms.

We have set limits on contributions of scalar interactions to nuclear beta decay. A magneto-optical trap provides a localized source of atoms suspended in space, so the low-energy recoiling nuclei can freely escape and be detected in coincidence with the beta. This allows reconstruction of the neutrino momentum, and the measurement of the beta-nu correlation, in a more direct fashion than previously possible. The beta-nu correlation parameter of the 0(+)-->0(+) pure Fermi decay of (38)K(m) is a =0.9981+/-0.0030+0.0032 / -0.0037, consistent with the standard model prediction a =1.

A puzzling case of giardiasis.

A serious case of infection by Giardia lamblia was difficult to diagnose.

Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, and low radioactive iodine uptake. Report of four cases.

To characterize four patients with thyrotoxicosis and a low radioactive iodine uptake, thyroid biopsies were performed, and iodine metabolism was studied. Histologic examination showed the presence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, with no features of Graves's disease, in all. Detailed studies in one patient revealed insufficient metabolism of iodine to account for the clinical and chemical features of thyrotoxicosis, which implies that release of stored hormone by the inflammatory process causes the thyrotoxic state. The thyrotoxicosis in this entity subsides spontaneously. Thus, this form of thyrotoxicosis differs from the usual form found in Graves's disease in that histologie features of Graves's disease are absent, the radioactive iodine uptake is low, and specific antithyroid therapy is contraindicated. The observations further demonstrate that the radioactive iodine uptake remains a valuable tool in the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis and the differentiation of its various forms.

Primary hypothyroidism and pituitary insufficiency.

A 40-year-old man with primary hypothyroidism and sellar enlargement is described. There was deficiency of all pituitary tropic hormones except TSH which was elevated. TRH stimulation revealed responsiveness of pituitary thyrotropic cells, and thyroxine administration suppressed the elevated TSH. These findings are compatible with either a TSH-producing chromophobe adenoma resulting from primary hypothyroidism or, because of the suppressibility of the TSH secretion, thyrotropic hyperplasia secondary to hypothyroidism maintaining TSH secretion in the face of a non-TSH-secreting pituitary tumor.

Preoperative medical consultation and evaluation of surgical risk.

Internists are frequently asked to assess the surgical risk of patients with various medical problems. Numerous recent prospective studies have defined specific risk factors for increased morbidity and mortality in the preoperative evaluation of surgical patients. Careful attention to such factors as age, type of operation and anesthesia, underlying pulmonary, hypertensive, cardiac, renal, hepatic, endocrine, and hematologic diseases, and nutritional status can reduce the complication rate and death rate in surgical patients if specific preoperative, operative, and postoperative therapeutic maneuvers are instituted. A comprehensive comparative analysis by the internist, surgeon, and anesthesiologist should be made on all high-risk surgical patients to improve their medical care.

Results of jejunoileal bypass in two hundred patients with morbid obesity.

Two hundred massively obese patients were submitted to four variations of jejunoileal bypass during the last decade. The operative mortality rate was 2.5 per cent. Nonfatal postoperative complications occurred in patients who had the small intestine shortened to 18 to 20 inches by end-to-end jejunoileostomy. In follow-up periods up to ten years, there have been nine late fatalities, five of which were unrelated to jejunoileal bypass. Despite late complications which have included renal stones, enterohepatic syndrome and ventral hernia, 66 per cent of the survivors have achieved good results by the criteria used. Metabolic improvements include a profound and sustained reduction in plasma concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride.

Small cell nonkeratinizing carcinoma of the cervix associated with ACTH production.

The case of a 40-year-old woman with primary small cell carcinoma of the cervix is reported. She developed widespread metastates and florid Cushing's syndrome. Serum ACTH levels were greatly elevated and no site of production other than the tumor could be demonstrated at autopsy. The tumor cells demonstrated features characteristic of cells of the APUD series. Such cells have been demonstrated in normal cervical epithelium; it is likely that they may become malignant, giving rise to tumors with a potential to secrete polypeptide hormones. This case suggests that endocrine active "Apudomas" may arise from the uterine cervix. Certainly, patients with small cell carcinoma of the cervix should be investigated with appropriate serum assays for polypeptide hormones.

Is the unitarity of the quark-mixing CKM matrix violated in neutron beta-decay?

We report on a new measurement of neutron beta-decay asymmetry. From the result A(0) = -0.1189(7), we derive the ratio of the axial vector to the vector coupling constant lambda = g(A)/g(V) = -1.2739(19). When included in the world average for the neutron lifetime tau = 885.7(7) s, this gives the first element of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix V(ud). With this value and the Particle Data Group values for V(us) and V(ub), we find a deviation from the unitarity condition for the first row of the CKM matrix of Delta = 0.0083(28), which is 3.0 times the stated error.