Mucosal-associated invariant T-cell tumor infiltration predicts long-term survival in cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignancy arising from biliary epithelial cells of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts with dismal prognosis and few nonsurgical treatments available. Despite recent success in the immunotherapy-based treatment of many tumor types, this has not been successfully translated to CCA. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are cytotoxic innate-like T cells highly enriched in the human liver, where they are located in close proximity to the biliary epithelium. Here, we aimed to comprehensively characterize MAIT cells in intrahepatic (iCCA) and perihilar CCA (pCCA). APPROACH AND RESULTS: Liver tissue from patients with CCA was used to study immune cells, including MAIT cells, in tumor-affected and surrounding tissue by immunohistochemistry, RNA-sequencing, and multicolor flow cytometry. The iCCA and pCCA tumor microenvironment was characterized by the presence of both cytotoxic T cells and high numbers of regulatory T cells. In contrast, MAIT cells were heterogenously lost from tumors compared to the surrounding liver tissue. This loss possibly occurred in response to increased bacterial burden within tumors. The residual intratumoral MAIT cell population exhibited phenotypic and transcriptomic alterations, but a preserved receptor repertoire for interaction with tumor cells. Finally, the high presence of MAIT cells in livers of iCCA patients predicted long-term survival in two independent cohorts and was associated with a favorable antitumor immune signature. CONCLUSIONS: MAIT cell tumor infiltration associates with favorable immunological fitness and predicts survival in CCA.

The value of thioredoxin family proteins and proliferation markers in dysplastic and malignant gallbladders in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) have an increased risk for biliary and gallbladder malignancy and markers of early malignancy in PSC are lacking. The aims were to evaluate biomarkers to look for premalignancy/malignancy. METHODS: All available gallbladder specimens (n = 53) in patients with PSC at Karolinska University Hospital between 1985 and 2006 were reviewed. Immunohistochemical staining for p53, Ki-67, Cyclin D1 and the thioredoxin family redox proteins; Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1), isoform-TrxR1-v.2.3.5, Thioredoxin (Trx1) and Glutaredoxin1 (Grx1) was performed on tissues from patients with carcinoma (n = 6), dysplasia (n = 7) and non-cancerous gallbladder epithelium (n = 6). RESULTS: Dysplasia and carcinoma were found in 16/53 (30%) cases. Inflammation and fibrosis of the gallbladder wall were more common in tissue with gallbladder dysplasia/carcinoma than in benign tissue 12/25 (48%) versus 4/28 (12%) (p < 0.01) and in 13/21 (62%) versus 3/32 (9%) (p < 0.0001), respectively. Immunoreactivity for p53, Ki67, Cyclin D1 was detected in significantly more cases of dysplasia/carcinoma of the gallbladder than in non-cancerous epithelium. 2/19 (11%) of the samples were positive in non-cancerous epithelium versus 7/17 (41%) in dysplasia/carcinoma (p < 0.05) for TrxR1-v.2.3.5. Grx1 was down regulated; more specifically 15/19 (79%) positive cases in non-cancerous epithelium versus 7/17 (41%) in dysplasia/carcinoma. CONCLUSION: PSC patients have a frequency of gallbladder dysplasia/carcinoma of 30% in operative specimens. The overexpression of TrxR1-v2,3,5 and down regulation of Grx1 in dysplastic gallbladder epithelium suggest that these proteins should be further evaluated as possible future immunohistochemical markers in the early diagnosis of biliary malignancy in PSC.

Decreased survival of subjects with elevated liver function tests during a 28-year follow-up.

UNLABELLED: The long-term survival of subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in comparison with both individuals with elevated transaminases attributable to other causes and the general poulation is poorly characterized. This study was undertaken to determine the frequency of NAFLD in a cohort of subjects who underwent liver biopsy from 1980 to 1984 because of elevated liver enzymes, and to assess mortality among subjects with NAFLD in comparison with the general Swedish population. The 256 subjects (61% men) had a mean age of 45 +/- 12 years at the inclusion. Liver biopsies were blindly scored for NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Causes of death were ascertained from the national Swedish Cause of Death Registry. Fatty liver was detected in 143 of the 256 subjects, including 25 (10%) with alcoholic fatty liver disease and 118 (46%) exhibiting NAFLD. Of those, 51 (20%) were classified as NASH and 67 (26%) as nonalcoholic bland steatosis. Cirrhosis was present in 9% at inclusion. During the follow-up period, 113 (44%) of the total population and 47 (40%) of the 118 subjects diagnosed with NAFLD died. Of the 113 deaths, 37 were of cardiovascular disease and 16 of liver diseases. Compared with the total Swedish population, adjusted for sex, age, and calendar period, subjects with NAFLD exhibited a 69% increased mortality (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-2.25); subjects with bland steatosis, a 55% increase (SMR, 1.55; 95% CI, 0.98-2.32; P = 0.062); and subjects with NASH, 86% (SMR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.19-2.76; P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Patients with NASH are at increased risk of death compared with the general population. Liver disease is the third most common cause of death among patients with NAFLD.

In situ characterization of intrahepatic non-parenchymal cells in PSC reveals phenotypic patterns associated with disease severity.

Liver-infiltrating T cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), however little information is available about changes in other cellular compartments in the liver during PSC. This study aimed to characterize non-parenchymal intrahepatic cells in PSC livers and to find associations between phenotypes and disease severity. Using immunohistochemistry, followed by automated image analysis and quantification and a principal component analysis, we have studied non-parenchymal intrahepatic cells in PSC-patient livers (n = 17) and controls (n = 17). We observed a significant increase of T cells in the PSC patients, localized to the fibrotic areas. MAIT cells, normally present at high numbers in the liver, were not increased to the same extent. PSC patients had lower expression of MHC class I than controls. However, the levels of NKp46+ NK cells were similar between patients and controls, nevertheless, NKp46 was identified as a phenotypic marker that distinguished PSC patients with mild from those with severe fibrosis. Beyond that, a group of PSC patients had lost expression of Caldesmon and this was associated with more extensive bile duct proliferation and higher numbers of T cells. Our data reveals phenotypic patterns in PSC patients associated with disease severity.

Microvesicular fat, inter cellular adhesion molecule-1 and regulatory T-lymphocytes are of importance for the inflammatory process in livers with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Great progress has been made in understanding the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but less is known about the mechanisms underlying the progress from steatosis to steatohepatitis (NASH). Our aim was to evaluate if the amount and type of storage of fat in hepatocytes is of importance for hepatocyte injury. We also wanted to show if not only the innate immunity but also the adaptive immunity is involved in NASH. Thirty-one patients with NASH or borderline NASH and 18 non-NASH patients were investigated. Liver biopsies were scored for NASH according to Kleiner et al. Paraffin-embedded liver biopsies were stained with antibodies against CD3, TLR4, CD68, Cleaved Caspase-3, ICAM1, Foxp3 and ApopTag by immunohistochemistry. Serum soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) were analysed by ELISA. The volume density of fat was 59% in the NASH patients and microvesicular fat, increased in high NAS score patients. ICAM-1 positive hepatocytes were seen in NASH patients and were localized in areas with microvesicular fat. Non-NASH biopsies were negative for ICAM-1 positive hepatocytes. The sICAM-1 were significantly higher in NASH-patients (339.8 ± 34.07) than in non-NASH patients (229.5 ± 12.14), p = 0.0015. Patients with NAS score over four had higher area of CD68 positive cells p = 0.0011 and Foxp3 positive cells (p = 0.024) than non-NASH patients. In liver tissue with NASH, hepatocytes with microvesicular steatosis seem to be expressing more inflammatory markers, and in this liver tissue an increased number of CD68 cells and regulatory T-cells (Tregs, e.g. Foxp3+ cells) were seen, indicating an involvement of, both the innate and the adaptive immunity.

High prevalence of small duct primary sclerosing cholangitis among patients with overlapping autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: Overlap syndrome is a term used for overlapping features of autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis or primary biliary cirrhosis and for autoimmune cholangitis. We describe a high prevalence of small duct primary sclerosing cholangitis among patients with overlapping autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. METHODS: We sought to retrieve all patients with overlap syndrome between primary sclerosing cholangitis and autoimmune hepatitis in six university hospitals in Sweden. The revised autoimmune hepatitis scoring system proposed by the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group was used to establish the diagnosis autoimmune hepatitis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and/or magnetic resonance cholangiography were used to separate the primary sclerosing cholangitis cases diagnosed through liver biopsy into small and large primary sclerosing cholangitis. A histological diagnosis compatible with both autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis was required for inclusion. RESULTS: 26 patients fulfilled our criteria for histological overlap of autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, 7 (27%) of which had small duct primary sclerosing cholangitis. The reliability of the diagnosis small duct primary sclerosing cholangitis was supported by a very close similarity between small and large duct primary sclerosing cholangitis patients in clinical and laboratory data, and by a poor response to immunosuppressive therapy in the small duct primary sclerosing cholangitis patients. Patients with large duct overlap syndrome had a good response to immunosuppressive therapy. In both groups, our limited experience from ursodeoxycholic acid was largely poor. CONCLUSIONS: Small duct primary sclerosing cholangitis is prevalent in the overlap syndrome between autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Transitions between variant forms of primary biliary cirrhosis during long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Conditions exhibiting features of two different autoimmune liver diseases are designated overlap syndromes. Variant forms display some, but not all, characteristics of a distinct autoimmune liver disease. We describe transitions over time between variant forms of PBC, i.e. AMA-negative PBC, autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)-PBC overlap and autoimmune cholangitis (AIC) in a large cohort of PBC patients in Sweden. METHODS: We retrieved all patients with variant forms of PBC in six university hospitals in Sweden, covering 60% of the Swedish population. The diagnosis of PBC and its variants was based on laboratory findings and compatible histological features. The revised autoimmune hepatitis scoring system proposed by the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group was used to establish the diagnosis of AIH. RESULTS: In a population of 800 patients with PBC, we identified 35 (5%) variant forms; 25 patients with AIH-PBC overlap, 8 with AIC and 2 with AMA-negative PBC at the time of our study. The initial diagnoses were PBC (3 patients), AIH (3), AIH-PBC overlap (16), AIC (8) and AMA-negative PBC with (1) or without (4) concomitant AIH. The median follow-up was 125 (41-360) months. Immunosuppression and ursodeoxycholic acid induced a complete or good regression of increased aminotransferases in about half of the patients who were given one or both of these treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Variant forms of PBC are seen in approximately 5% of PBC patients in Sweden. Transition between different forms may occur, emphasizing the value of repeat biopsies, but established overlapping AIH-PBC seems to be stable over time.

Gallbladder disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Gallbladder abnormalities may be part of the spectrum in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence and prognostic importance of gallbladder abnormalities in patients with PSC. METHODS: Presence of gallbladder abnormalities was assessed in 286 patients with PSC treated at the Liver Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, between 1970 and 2005. RESULTS: One or more gallbladder abnormalities were found in 41% of the patients. Gallstones were found in 25% and cholecystitis in 25%. Cholecystitis among patients with extrahepatic involvement of PSC (30% (65/214)) was significantly higher than among those with intrahepatic involvement (9% (6/70)) (P<0.0001). A gallbladder mass lesion with a mean size of 21 (+/-9) mm (S.D.) was found in 18 (6%) patients, in 56% (10/18) of whom it constituted gallbladder carcinoma. In 9 patients without a gallbladder mass lesion, histological re-evaluation disclosed epithelial dysplasia of the gallbladder. CONCLUSIONS: Gallbladder disease is common in patients with PSC. Dysplasia and carcinoma are commonly found in gallbladder epithelium, suggesting that regular examination of the gallbladder in PSC patients could be of value for early detection of a gallbladder mass lesion. Cholecystectomy is recommended when such a lesion is detected, regardless of its size.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis can present with acute liver failure: Report of two cases.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of the present study was to determine whether PSC can present with acute liver failure (ALF) and to determine its frequency. METHODS: Medical records from all patients with a well-defined PSC (n=246), treated at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge between 1984 and 2004 were scrutinized. Information on PSC and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characteristics including mode of presentation of PSC was evaluated. A group of patients with ALF of indeterminate cause at our hospital diagnosed (1993-2003) was identified as a reference group (n=46). RESULTS: Two patients with PSC presented with ALF (1%) and are described in detail. Both of them had an underlying IBD. Nobody in the reference group had IBD. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, PSC patients can present with ALF in approximately 1% of all patients. PSC should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with ALF of indeterminate cause, especially in patients with IBD.

Natural history and outcome in 32 Swedish patients with small duct primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aims at describing the natural history and outcome of small duct primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). METHODS: Thirty-two patients with small duct PSC were studied. The average time taken for diagnosis was 69 (1-168) months. The median follow-up time was 63 (1-194) months. RESULTS: All patients including one who underwent liver transplantation because of end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma were alive at follow-up. None developed cholangiocarcinoma. In 27 patients repeated cholangiographic examinations were done after a median time of 72 (12-192) months from first ERCP. Four developed features of large duct PSC. CONCLUSIONS: Small duct PSC rarely progresses to large bile duct PSC and it seems to have a benign course in most patients and no development of cholangiocarcinoma was found.