Phylogenomic analysis of the Ponticus clade: strains isolated from the spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus).

The family Vibrionaceae is classified into many clades based on their phylogenetic relationships. The Ponticus clade is one of its clades and consists of four species, Vibrio panuliri, V. ponticus, V. rhodolitus, and V. taketomensis. Two strains, CAIM 703 and CAIM 1902, were isolated from the diseased spotted rose snapper external lesion (Lutjanus guttatus), they were analyzed to determine their taxonomic position, a phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the 16S rRNA sequences proved that the two strains are members of the genus Vibrio and they belong to the Ponticus clade. Then, a phylogenomic analysis was performed with four type strains and four reference strains isolated from marine organisms and aquatic environments. Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) of 139 single-copy genes showed that CAIM 703 and CAIM 1902 belong to V. panuliri. The 16S rRNA sequence similarity value between CAIM 703 and CAIM 1902 was 99.61%. The Ponticus clade species showed Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) values between 78 to 80% against the two strains for ANIb, except V. panuliri LBS2T (99% and 100% similarity). Finally, this analysis represents the first phylogenomic analysis of the Ponticus clade where V. panuliri strains are reported from Mexico.

Effects of Dietary Agavin on the Gut Microbiota of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Reared at High Densities.

High-density stress can lead to dysbiotic microbiota, affecting the organism's metabolic, and protective functions. Agavin is a fructan with prebiotic properties that regulate the gut microbiota by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria. This study evaluated the effect of agavin on the gut microbiota using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and its correlation with the growth parameters. Four groups of fish were fed different diets: a control diet (negative and positive control), without agavin supplementation, and two experimental diets supplemented with agavin at 20 g kg-1 and 40 g kg-1. Nile tilapias (1.04 g ± 0.01 g) were fed for 110 days. After 90 days of feeding, fish were subjected to high-density stress (63 kg m-3) for 20 days, except for the negative control. NGS detected 1579 different operational taxonomic units in the samples. In the correlation analysis of growth parameters, the families Vibrionaceae and Methyloligillaceae showed a positive correlation with fish growth parameters, these results may serve to know the relation of agavin and microbiota on the growth performance, as well as the metabolic activities of families in tilapia. Furthermore, high-density stress and agavin supplementation modify the gut microbiota in tilapia. At a low-density, supplementation with 20 g kg-1 agavin promoted the growth of the potentially beneficial families Sphingomonadaceae, Oxalobacteriaceae, and Chitinophagaceae; at high densities, reduced the abundance of pathogenic families (Vibrionaceae and Aeromonadaceae). These results suggest that, under stress conditions, agavin can stimulate the growth of potentially beneficial bacteria and reduce the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria, suggesting its potential use as a prebiotic in aquaculture.

Methylotrophic methanogenesis induced by ammonia nitrogen in an anaerobic digestion system.

OBJECTIVES: This lab-scale study aimed to investigate the effect of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) stress on the methanogenic activity and the taxonomic and functional profiles of the microbial community of anaerobic sludge (AS) from a full-scale bioreactor. METHODS: The AS was subjected to a stepwise increase in TAN every 14 days at concentrations of 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4 g TAN/L (Acclimated-AS or AAS). This acclimation stage was followed by an ammonia stress stage (4 g/L). A blank-AS (BAS) was maintained without TAN during the acclimation stage. In the second stress stage (ST), the BAS was divided into two new treatments: a control (BAS') and one that received a shock load of TAN of 4 g/L (SBAS'). Methane production was measured, and a metagenomic analysis was conducted to describe the microbial community. RESULTS: A decrease in the relative abundance of Methanothrix soehngenii of 16 % was related to a decrease of 23 % in the methanogenic capacity of AAS when comparing with the final stage of BAS. However, recovery was observed at 3.5 g TAN/L, and a shift to methylotrophic metabolism occurred, indicated by a 4-fold increase in abundance of Methanosarcina mazei. The functional analysis of sludge metagenomes indicated that no statistical differences (p > 0.05, RM ANOVA) were found in the relative abundance of methanogenic genes that initiate acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic pathways (acetyl-CoA synthetase, ACSS; acetate kinase, ackA; phosphate acetyltransferase, pta; and formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase subunit A, fwdA) into the BAS and AAS during the acclimation phase. The same was observed between groups of genes associated with methanogenesis from methylated compounds. In contrast, statistical differences (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA) in the relative abundance of these genes were recorded during ST. The functional profiles of the genes involved in acetoclastic, hydrogenotrophic, and methylotrophic methanogenic pathways were brought to light for acclimatation and stress experimental stages. CONCLUSIONS: TAN inhibited methanogenic activity and acetoclastic metabolism. The gradual acclimatization to TAN leads to metabolic and taxonomic changes that allow for the subsequent recovery of methanogenic functionality. The study highlights the importance of adequate management of anaerobic bioprocesses with high nitrogen loads to maintain the methanogenic functionality of the microbial community.

Nutritional attributes and microbial metagenomic profile during solid-state fermentation of soybean meal inoculated with Lactobacillus acidophilus under non-sterile conditions.

BACKGROUND: Soybean meal (SBM) is used widely in animal feed but it contains anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) such as protease inhibitors - immunogenic proteins that limit its utilization. Fermentative processes could help to reduce these ANFs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional attributes, bacterial community dynamics, and microbial metagenomic profile during the solid-state fermentation of SBM using a strain of the bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus with or without pre-autoclaving treatment. RESULTS: Following fermentation, there was a reduction in the pH and a concurrent increase in the population of lactic acid bacteria. Fermentation also resulted in an increase in both crude and soluble protein levels. Trypsin inhibitor levels decreased after fermentation, particularly in fermented SBM that had not been pre-autoclaved, with an inactivation rate higher than 90%. Moreover, high-molecular-weight peptides (44-158 kDa), specifically some polypeptides from the soybean immunogen glycinin and ß-conglycinin, underwent degradation during the fermentation process. Bacterial community analysis revealed the dominance of the Lactobacillus genus in all samples, regardless of the treatments applied. Metagenomic profiling identified L. acidophilus as the dominant species in inoculated SBM, irrespective of whether pre-autoclaving was conducted or not. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the feasibility of solid-state fermentation with L. acidophilus under non-sterile conditions to inactivate trypsin inhibitor and increase protein concentration and hydrolysate immunogen proteins into low-molecular-weight peptides in SBM. Lactobacillus acidophilus inoculum also inhibited the growth of undesirable bacteria. This knowledge contributes to our understanding of the potential applications of solid-state fermentation with L. acidophilus in improving the nutritional quality of SBM. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Vibrio eleionomae sp. nov., isolated from shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) pond water.

A novel Vibrio strain (CAIM 722T=SW9T=DSM 24596T) was isolated in 2003 from water of a shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) culture pond located in Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico, and taxonomically characterized using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence clustered within those of the genus Vibrio, showing high similarity to the type strains of the Porteresiae clade. Multilocus sequence analysis using eight housekeeping genes (ftsZ, gapA, gyrB, mreB, pyrH, recA, rpoA, topA and 16S rRNA) and phylogenetic analysis with 139 single-copy genes showed that the strain forms an independent branch. Whole genome sequencing and genomic analyses (average nucleotide identity, OrthoANI, average amino acid identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization) produced values well below the thresholds for species delineation with all methods tested. In addition, a phenotypic characterization was performed to support the description and differentiation of the novel strain from related taxa. The results obtained demonstrate that the strain represent a novel species, for which the name Vibrio eleionomae sp. nov. is proposed.

A Broad-Host-Range Phage Cocktail Selectively and Effectively Eliminates Vibrio Species from Shrimp Aquaculture Environment.

The protective effects of a phage cocktail composed of vB_Vc_SrVc2 and vB_Vc_SrVc9 were tested in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) postlarvae, which were originally isolated from diseased shrimps and selected due to their broad-host-range properties against several pathogenic Vibsrio species. We used culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches to explore its effect on bacterial communities associated with shrimp postlarvae. Both methods revealed that the levels of Vibrio species were significantly reduced after phage cocktail administration. Phage-treated shrimp also exhibisuppted lesser damage and higher lipid accumulation in B cells of the hepatopancreas, as revealed by histopathological examination. Taken together, this study provides clear evidence that phage therapy can selectively and effectively reduce Vibrio species, thereby providing an environmentally safe alternative to the prophylactic use of antibiotics in shrimp aquaculture.

SARS-CoV-2 BW lineage, a fast-growing Omicron variant from southeast Mexico bearing relevant escape mutations.

PURPOSE: The swift expansion of the BW.1 SARS-CoV-2 variant coincided with a rapid increase of COVID-19 cases occurring in Southeast Mexico in October, 2022, which marked the start of Mexico's sixth epidemiological wave. In Yucatan, up to 92% (58 of 73) of weekly sequenced genomes between epidemiological week 42 and 47 were identified as either BW.1 or its descendant, BW.1.1 in the region, during the last trimester of 2022. In the current study, a comprehensive genomic comparison was carried out to characterize the evolutionary history of the BW lineage, identifying its origins and its most important mutations. METHODS: An alignment of all the genomes of the BW lineage and its parental BA.5.6.2 variant was carried out to identify their mutations. A phylogenetic and ancestral sequence reconstruction analysis with geographical inference, as well as a longitudinal analysis of point mutations, were performed to trace back their origin and contrast them with key RBD mutations in variant BQ.1, one of the fastest-growing lineages to date. RESULTS: Our ancestral reconstruction analysis portrayed Mexico as the most probable origin of the BW.1 and BW.1.1 variants. Two synonymous substitutions, T7666C and C14599T, support their Mexican origin, whereas other two mutations are specific to BW.1: S:N460K and ORF1a:V627I. Two additional substitutions and a deletion are found in its descending subvariant, BW.1.1. Mutations found in the receptor binding domain, S:K444T, S:L452R, S:N460K, and S:F486V in BW.1 have been reported to be relevant for immune escape and are also key mutations in the BQ.1 lineage. CONCLUSIONS: BW.1 appears to have arisen in the Yucatan Peninsula in Southeast Mexico sometime around July 2022 during the fifth COVID-19 wave. Its rapid growth may be in part explained by the relevant escape mutations also found in BQ.1.

gcType: a high-quality type strain genome database for microbial phylogenetic and functional research.

Taxonomic and functional research of microorganisms has increasingly relied upon genome-based data and methods. As the depository of the Global Catalogue of Microorganisms (GCM) 10K prokaryotic type strain sequencing project, Global Catalogue of Type Strain (gcType) has published 1049 type strain genomes sequenced by the GCM 10K project which are preserved in global culture collections with a valid published status. Additionally, the information provided through gcType includes >12 000 publicly available type strain genome sequences from GenBank incorporated using quality control criteria and standard data annotation pipelines to form a high-quality reference database. This database integrates type strain sequences with their phenotypic information to facilitate phenotypic and genotypic analyses. Multiple formats of cross-genome searches and interactive interfaces have allowed extensive exploration of the database's resources. In this study, we describe web-based data analysis pipelines for genomic analyses and genome-based taxonomy, which could serve as a one-stop platform for the identification of prokaryotic species. The number of type strain genomes that are published will continue to increase as the GCM 10K project increases its collaboration with culture collections worldwide. Data of this project is shared with the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration. Access to gcType is free at http://gctype.wdcm.org/.

First report of Pectobacterium polaris causing aerial stem rot of potato in Mexico.

In Mexico, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops for local consumption and industry. More than 1.8 million tons of potatoes are produced annually, of which the state of Sinaloa contributes with 21.5% (SIAP. 2022). In January 2020, potato plants (cv. FL1867) showing aerial stem rot symptoms were observed in a commercial field from the Santa Rosa Valley, in Northern Sinaloa with an incidence of 36%. Putative pectolytic bacteria showing pitting on crystal violet pectate (CVP) plates were restreaked and purified onto Nutritive Agar (NA) medium at 28°C. Four independent isolates were obtained (L25F-83, L25F-105, L25F-115, and L25F-125) from four symptomatic stems with biochemical and morphological characteristics related to Pectobacterium, such as catalase positive, oxidase negative, pectinolytic activity, Gram-negative and non-fluorescent in B-King medium. Bacterial gDNA was used for amplification and sequencing of two housekeeping genes (dnaX and leuS) (Portier et al. 2019). The nucleotide sequence identity between our isolates was 100% with both housekeeping genes (dnaX, OP376536-OP376539 and leuS, OP376540-OP376543). The BLASTn analysis of dnaX gene shared 98.98% and 99.19% identity with two soft-rot-causing bacterial strains NIBIO1006T (CP017481) and NIBIO1392 (CP017482) of Pectobacterium polaris, respectively; and with leuS gene shared 99.56% identity with P. polaris type strain NIBIO1006T. To further validate the identification, two strains, S5 (isolate L25F-105) and S6 (L25F-125), were selected for whole genome sequencing (WGS). The ANI values for closely related species were calculated using the Orthologous Average Nucleotide Identity (Ortho-ANI) Software Tool (OAT) (Lee et al. 2016). The Type (Strain) Genome Server (TYGS) was used for accurate genome-based taxonomy (https://tygs.dsmz.de) (Meier-Kolthoff et al. 2019). The genomes of P. polaris strains S5 (4811345 pb, GC=52%, AULSZ000000000) and S6 (4809754 pb, GC=52%, JAULTA000000000) revealed 96.86% and 96.07% Ortho-ANI and 73.6% and 66.5% dDDH with P. polaris type strain NIBIO1006T and P. parvum strain CFBP8630, respectively. The MLSA was performed on concatenated complete sequences of dnaX (OR470476, OR470477), leuS (OR470484, OR470485), recA (OR470488, OR470488), acnA (OR470474, OR470475), gapA (OR470478, OR470479), gyrA (OR470480, OR470481), icdA (OR470482, OR470483), proA (OR470486, OR470487), and rpoA genes (OR470490, OR470491). The consensus tree, constructed using the maximum likelihood method (MEGA 7.0), clustered strains S5 and S6 with P. polaris strains NIBIO1006T and NIBIO1392. The four isolates resulted pathogenic in tuber slices and potato seedlings (cv. Fianna) 24 and 72 h, respectively, after being inoculated with 30 µL bacterial suspension (1 X 108 CFU/ml) and incubated at 28 °C and 85% relative humidity. Bacterial colonies were reisolated from the affected tissue and identified with the same PCR primers as described above. Accordingly, P. polaris isolates S5 and S6, fulfill Koch's postulates for aerial stem rot of potato. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. polaris causing aerial stem rot of potato in Mexico. This bacterium could be a significant threat to the local potato producers; therefore, an accurate and sensitive method of detection and epidemiological studies are needed to support an effective disease diagnosis and management program.

Soy protein concentrate effects on gut microbiota structure and digestive physiology of Totoaba macdonaldi.

AIMS: Examine the effect of soy protein concentrate (SPC) on allochthonous microbiota, hindgut integrity, and liver tissue of totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi). METHODS AND RESULTS: Four diets were prepared: control diet (100% fishmeal) and experimental diets containing partial substitution of fishmeal by SPC (15%, 30% and 45% SPC). After 90 days, samples of the hindgut contents were taken to determine the taxonomic composition of the allochthonous microbiota through sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Simultaneously, liver and hindgut samples were collected for examination by histological approaches. The SPC modulated the richness and abundance of the accessory microbiota, of which the main operational taxonomic unit showed an increase corresponding to the Phylum Firmicutes (Bacillales and Lactobacillales). With the increase in SPC, a slight decrease in mucosal fold width, a decrease in goblet cells and a slight distortion of the villi in the hindgut were observed. In the liver, SPC was observed to influence hepatocytes morphology through irregular and enlarged nuclei. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that Proteobacteria dominated the allochthonous microbiota of subadult totoaba, regardless of the diet. However, the SPC modulated the accessory bacteria communities and caused slight effects on the liver and gut of fish. SIGNIFICANCES AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: To our knowledge, this is the first study that analyses the effects of SPC on allochthonous microbiota of subadults T. macdonaldi through new generation techniques such as DNA sequencing for metagenomic analysis.

Effect of functional diets on intestinal microbiota and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei).

AIMS: The present study evaluated the effect of four functional diets and a reference diet on the survival and intestinal bacterial community of shrimp Penaeus vannamei infected with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). METHODS AND RESULTS: After 42 days of feeding trail, shrimp were inoculated with a Vibrio parahaemolyticus (CIB-0018-3) carrying the plasmid encoding for the PirAB toxins responsible for AHPND. After 120 h postinfection (hpi), shrimp fed with a diet containing 2% of a mix with Curcuma longa and Lepidium meyenii (TuMa) and a diet containing 0.2% of vitamin C (VitC) showed a significantly higher survival (85%) compared to the remaining treatments (50%-55%) (p < 0.05). Infected shrimp fed with TuMa diet, showed a significant reduction of Vibrionales, and VitC diet promoted an increase of Alteromonadales. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the TuMa diet conferred protection against AHPND and could be attributed to a combined effect of antibacterial properties against Vibrionales, and promoting a desirable bacterial community in the shrimp intestine, while the VitC diet protection could be attributed to their antioxidant capacity and in a lower proportion to a bacterial modulation in shrimp gut. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease is a devastating disease that significantly affects aquaculture production of shrimps. Therefore, the use of functional diets that promote resistance to AHPND represents a valuable tool to reduce the mortality of farmed shrimp.

Genomic Characterization of Twelve Lytic Bacteriophages Infecting Midgut Bacteria of Aedes aegypti.

Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue are global severe public health threats. Due to the lack of efficient control methods, alternative approaches to decreasing arboviral transmitted diseases are prioritized to reduce morbidity and mortality in every endemic region. Mosquito midgut bacteria play an essential role in physiological development, fitness, and the arthropods´ vectorial capacity. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and are considered a promising biocontrol method by eliminating midgut microbiota that plays an essential role in mosquitoes´ health. Here, we isolate and identify 22 bacteria from mosquito´s midgut belonging to the genera Mesobacillus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Pantoea, Serratia, and Staphylococcus, mainly. Twelve phages with lytic activity against Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Pantoea were also isolated. All 12 phages showed a double-stranded DNA genome, ranging from 36,790 to 149,913 bp, and were taxonomically classified as members of the Drexlerviridae family, Molineuxvirinae, Studiervirinae, and Vequintavirinae subfamilies. Open reading frames associated with phage structure, packing, host lysis, DNA metabolism, and additional functions were predicted in all 12 phage genomes, while tRNAs were predicted in five phage genomes. In addition, the life cycle was predicted as virulent for the 12 phages, and no antibiotic resistance, virulence, allergenic, or lysogenic genes were found in either genome. These findings suggest that the 12 phages have biocontrol potentials; however, it is necessary to elucidate specific bacterial host's roles and then the phages' ability to serve as effective vector control.

Vibrio tetraodonis sp. nov.: genomic insights on the secondary metabolites repertoire.

Description of a Gram-negative, motile, circular-shaped bacterial strain, designated A511T obtained from the skin of the pufferfish Sphoeroides spengleri (Family Tetraodontidae), collected in Arraial do Cabo, Brazil. Optimum growth occurs at 20-28 °C in the presence of 3% NaCl. The genome sequence of the novel isolate consisted of 4.36 Mb, 3,976 coding genes and G + C content of 42.5%. Genomic taxonomy analyses based on average amino acid (AAI), genome-to-genome-distance (GGDH) and phylogenetic reconstruction placed A511T (= CBAS 712T = CAIM 1939T) into a new species of the genus Vibrio (Vibrio tetraodonis sp. nov.). The genome of the novel species contains eight genes clusters (~ 183.9 Kbp in total) coding for different types of bioactive compounds that hint to several possible ecological roles in the pufferfish host.

Inhibition of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection by Skin Bacterial Communities in Wild Amphibian Populations.

Skin-associated bacteria are known to inhibit infection by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in amphibians. It has also been postulated that skin-associated bacterial community is related to Bd infection intensity. However, our understanding of host microbial dynamics and their importance in regulating Bd intensity is limited. We analyzed Bd infection and skin-associated bacteria from two amphibian species, the salamander Ambystoma rivulare and the frog Lithobates spectabilis that co-occurred in a tropical high-altitude site in central Mexico. Sixty-three percent of sampled salamander individuals and 80% of frog individuals tested positive for Bd. Overall, we registered 622 skin-associated bacterial genera, from which 73 are known to have Bd inhibitory effects. These inhibitory taxa represented a relative abundance of 50% in relation to total relative bacterial abundance. Our results indicated that, although sharing some bacterial taxa, bacterial community from the skin of both species was different in taxonomic composition and in relative abundance. Pseudomonas spp. and Stenotrophomonas spp. were among the five most abundant bacterial taxa of both species. Both bacterial taxa inhibit Bd infection. We detected that bacterial richness and relative abundance of inhibitory Bd bacteria were negatively related to intensity of Bd infection independent of species and seasons. Despite the high Bd prevalence in both host species, no dead or sick individuals were registered during field surveys. The relatively low levels of Bd load apparently do not compromise survival of host species. Therefore, our results suggested that individuals analyzed were able to survive and thrive under a dynamic relation with enzootic infections of Bd and their microbiota.

Vibrio Clade 3.0: New Vibrionaceae Evolutionary Units Using Genome-Based Approach.

Currently, over 190 species in family Vibrionaceae, including not-yet-cultured taxa, have been described and classified into over nine genera, in which the number of species has doubled compared to the previous vibrio evolutionary update (Vibrio Clade 2.0) (Sawabe et al. 2014). In this study, "Vibrio Clade 3.0," the second update of the molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed based on nucleotide sequences of eight housekeeping genes (8-HKGs) retrieved from genome sequences, including 22 newly determined genomes. A total of 51 distinct clades were observed, of which 21 clades are newly described. We further evaluated the delineation powers of the clade classification based on nucleotide sequences of 34 single-copy genes and 11 ribosomal protein genes (11-RPGs) retrieved from core-genome sequences; however, the delineation power of 8-HKGs is still high and that gene set can be reliably used for the classification and identification of Vibrionaceae. Furthermore, the 11-RPGs set proved to be useful in identifying uncultured species among metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) and/or single-cell genome-assembled genome (SAG) pools. This study expands the awareness of the diversity and evolutionary history of the family Vibrionaceae and accelerates the taxonomic applications in classifying as not-yet-cultured taxa among MAGs and SAGs.

Veronia nyctiphanis gen. nov., sp. nov., Isolated from the Stomach of the Euphausiid Nyctiphanes simplex (Hansen, 1911) in the Gulf of California, and Reclassification of Enterovibrio pacificus as Veronia pacifica comb. nov.

The bacterial strain 42Xb2 T was isolated from a female adult krill Nyctiphanes simplex infected with the apostome parasitoid ciliate Pseudocollinia brintoni in January 2007 in the Gulf of California. The strain has the morphological, phenotypic, and molecular characteristics of the bacteria of the family Vibrionaceae. The 16S rRNA gene sequence has a similarity of 97.7% with Enterovibrio pacificus SW014 T and 96.1% similarity with Enterovibrio norvegicus LMG 19839 T. A phylogenomic and a multilocus sequence analyses placed this strain close to the genera Enterovibrio, Grimontia, and Salinivibrio, but clearly forming a separate branch from these bacterial genera. Genomic analyses presented further support this result. A novel genus Veronia gen. nov. and a species Veronia nyctiphanis sp. nov. is here described with CAIM 600 T (= DSM 24592 T = CECT 7578 T) as the type strain. Morphological, physiological, and genetic evidence presented here support the unification of Enterovibrio pacificus and Veronia nyctiphanis in the new genus Veronia. Enterovibrio pacificus is reclassified as Veronia pacifica. V. pacifica is assigned as the type species of the new genus Veronia.Genome Sequencing Data The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the genome sequence of Veronia nyctiphanis CAIM 600 T is PEIB01 and of Enterovibrio pacificus CAIM 1920 T is LYBM01. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of V. nyctiphanis CAIM 600 T is JX129353.

A metagenomic assessment of microbial communities in anaerobic bioreactors and sediments: Taxonomic and functional relationships.

The present study used metagenomic sequencing, metagenome assembly and physical-chemical analysis to describe taxonomically and functionally 3 anaerobic bioreactors treating manure (LI), brewery (BR) and cornmeal (CO) wastes, and an anaerobic estuarine sediment (ES). Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Euryarchaeota and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant Phyla in all metagenomes. A bacteria/archaea ratio of 3.4 was found in the industrial full-scale anaerobic bioreactors BR and CO, while ratios greater than 10 were found for LI and ES. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that environmental variables such as chemical oxygen demand, lipid content, and ammonium nitrogen influenced the ordination of taxonomic groups. Mesotoga prima was linked to high-temperature conditions, particularly in the BR bioreactor, along with the presence of heat shock proteins genes. Likewise, the hydrogenotrophic methanogen, Methanoregula formicica, was associated with high ammonium concentration in LI bioreactor. The interactions of microbes with specific methanogenic pathways were identified using Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) functions, while metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) further confirmed relationships between taxa and functions. Our results provide valuable information to understand microbial processes in anaerobic environments.

Genomic characterization of closely related species in the Rumoiensis clade infers ecogenomic signatures to non-marine environments.

Members of the family Vibrionaceae are generally found in marine and brackish environments, playing important roles in nutrient cycling. The Rumoiensis clade is an unconventional group in the genus Vibrio, currently comprising six species from different origins including two species isolated from non-marine environments. In this study, we performed comparative genome analysis of all six species in the clade using their complete genome sequences. We found that two non-marine species, Vibrio casei and Vibrio gangliei, lacked the genes responsible for algal polysaccharide degradation, while a number of glycoside hydrolase genes were enriched in these two species. Expansion of insertion sequences was observed in V. casei and Vibrio rumoiensis, which suggests ongoing genomic changes associated with niche adaptations. The genes responsible for the metabolism of glucosylglycerate, a compound known to play a role as compatible solutes under nitrogen limitation, were conserved across the clade. These characteristics, along with genes encoding species-specific functions, may reflect the habit expansion which has led to the current distribution of Rumoiensis clade species. Genome analysis of all species in a single clade give us valuable insights into the genomic background of the Rumoiensis clade species and emphasize the genomic diversity and versatility of Vibrionaceae.

Genomic taxonomy of the Mediterranei clade of the genus Vibrio (Gammaproteobacteria).

The first genomic study of Mediterranei clade using five type strains (V. mediterranei, V. maritimus, V. variabilis, V. thalassae, and V. barjaei) and fourteen reference strains isolated from marine organisms, seawater, water and sediments of the sea was performed. These bacterial strains were characterised by means of a polyphasic approach comprising 16S rRNA gene, multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of 139 single-copy genes, the DNA G + C content, ANI, and in silico phenotypic characterisation. We found that the species of the Mediterranei clade formed two separate clusters based in 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, MLSA, OrthoANI, and Codon and Amino Acid usage. The Mediterranei clade species showed values between 76 and 95% for ANIb, 84 and 95% for ANIm. The core genome consisted of 2057 gene families and the pan-genome of 13,094 gene families. Based on the genomic analyses performed, the Mediterranei clade can be divided in two clusters, one with the strains of V. maritimus, V. variabilis and two potential new species, and the other cluster with the strains of V. mediterranei, V. thalassae, and V. barjaei.

Phylogenomic Analysis Supports Two Possible Origins for Latin American Strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Associated with Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND).

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a severe disease affecting recently stocked cultured shrimps. The disease is mainly caused by V. parahaemolyticus that harbors the pVA1 plasmid; this plasmid contains the pirA and pirB genes, which encode a delta-endotoxin. AHPND originated in China in 2009 and has since spread to several other Asian countries and recently to Latin America (2013). Many Asian strains have been sequenced, and their sequences are publicly accessible in scientific databases, but only four strains from Latin America have been reported. In this study, we analyzed nine pVA1-harboring V. parahaemolyticus sequences from strains isolated in Mexico along with the 38 previously available pVA1-harboring V. parahaemolyticus sequences and the reference strain RIMD 2210633. The studied sequences were clustered into three phylogenetic clades (Latin American, Malaysian, and Cosmopolitan) through pangenomic and phylogenomic analysis. The nucleotide sequence alignment of the pVA1 plasmids harbored by the Asian and Latin American strains confirmed that the main structural difference in the plasmid between the Asian and Latin American strains is the absence of the Tn3 transposon in the Asian strains; in addition, some deletions in the pirAB region were found in two of the Latin American strains. Our study represents the most robust and inclusive phylogenomic analysis of pVA1-harboring V. parahaemolyticus conducted to date and provides insight into the epidemiology of AHPND. In addition, this study highlights that disease diagnosis through the detection of the pirA and pirB genes is an inadequate approach due to the instability of these genes.