Management of gummy smile using botulinum toxin: a case series.

A "gummy smile," considered to be exposure of more than 3.0 mm of gingival tissue during a forced smile, negatively affects smile esthetics. The present case series describes the clinical indications and technique for applying botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA) to correct a gummy smile and assesses the outcomes and satisfaction levels of 3 patients. The patients were told about the risks and benefits of the procedure and advised that their gummy smile was likely to recur within 6 months posttreatment. After the exposed gingival tissue of the patients was measured with a ruler, photographs were taken, and the patients recorded their pretreatment level of satisfaction with their smile on a visual analog scale (VAS), the patients were treated with BoNTA. The BoNTA was diluted in 1 mL of sterile saline according to the manufacturer's instructions, and an extraoral point of application was marked 1 mm lateral to each of the patient's nasal wings, close to the insertion of the elevator muscles of the upper lip and the nasal wings. At each location, 4 U was injected by tilting the syringe 45° in relation to the skin. Fourteen days after treatment, the gingival tissue exposed during a smile was again measured with a ruler, new photographic records were taken, and the patients' level of satisfaction with the treatment and the esthetic result was determined. Repositioning of the upper lip was observed in all patients. No adverse effects or complaints were reported. All 3 patients reported that they were satisfied with the outcome and wanted to continue therapy with BoNTA as needed. The results of the reported cases suggest that the application of BoNTA constitutes a safe, effective treatment for the correction of gummy smile and is well accepted by patients. However, for the treatment to be successful, it is essential that clinicians master the facial topographic anatomy and the technique to be employed.

Influence of the geometry of the screwdriver-screw connection on the reverse torque of UCLA screws.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the geometry of the screwdriver-screw connection on the reverse torque of UCLA screws after repeated cycles of tightening and loosening in an implant-supported prosthesis. Thirty sets of external hex titanium implants, UCLA abutments, and UCLA abutment screws were divided into 3 experimental groups (n = 10). In the square group, the implant and UCLA abutment system were mounted in an upright position using a screw with a square screwdriver-screw connection. In the hexagonal group, the implant and UCLA abutment system were mounted in an upright position using a screw with a hexagonal screwdriver-screw connection. In the hexalobular group, the implant and UCLA abutment system were mounted at 70° using a dynamic UCLA abutment and screw with a hexalobular screwdriver-screw connection. Ten alternating torque-reverse torque cycles were applied to each screw using a screwdriver fixed at the end of a digital torque meter. The screws with a square connection resulted in less loss of reverse torque than the other types. Screws with a hexagonal connection showed a statistically significant loss of torque initially but remained constant for the remaining cycles. For the screws with a hexalobular connection, the loss of torque was greater, and substantial deformation of the plastic in the microstructure was noted. The screwdriver-screw connection geometry had a direct influence on the reverse torque of UCLA screws, and the initial reverse torque of the abutment screws with a square connection was greater than that of the hexagonal and hexalobular designs.

Association between Tooth Loss and Degree of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Comparative Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between tooth loss and the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty patients with an average age of 49.2 (±14.06) years were divided into three groups (n = 50/group) according to the degree of tooth loss: GI (dentate -control), GII (edentulous), GIII (partially dentate). After performing anamnesis and clinical examination, a questionnaire was used, so that the patients could fill in information on signs and symptoms of TMD. After analyzing this information, it was possible to classify the degree of severity of TMD. As age is a confounding variable to the level of TMD, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to check for differences in the degree of TMD between groups (covariate = age). A post hoc test (Bonferroni) was performed to compare the groups two by two (5% significance level). RESULTS: The mean level of TMD according to the groups was GI - 1.95; GII - 2.15; GIII - 2.55. There were significant differences between the study groups (p > 0.05). A post hoc test (Bonferroni) confirmed the difference between edentulous patients and the other groups. CONCLUSION: The tooth loss is directly related to the signs and symptoms of TMD. The degree of TMD was significantly higher in edentulous patients.

Intra- and extraoral prostheses retained by zygoma implants following resection of the upper lip and nose.

Upper lip cancers are infrequent lesions, being aggressive unless diagnosed and treated early. After the surgical resection, maxillofacial defects require special care in rehabilitation. This article describes the maxillofacial rehabilitation of an edentulous patient diagnosed with upper lip squamous cell carcinoma. The treatment consisted of a large amount of upper lip and nose tissue resection, followed by chemoradiotherapy. After the first surgical healing, zygoma implants were inserted in a two-step procedure. The maxillary and nasal prostheses were installed and fixed by a titanium framework. After 6 years follow-up, no recurrences were observed, and the patient did not develop metastases. Tissues around implants were in good health, and the prostheses remained well-fitted. The use of implant-retained prostheses improved the quality of life, and the patient was extremely satisfied with the final result. The implant-retained prostheses are well accepted by the patient, improving comfort and safety during function while recovering her esthetic apperance.

Calcium Hydroxide Dressing Influences the Obturation of Simulated Lateral Canals.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of calcium hydroxide dressing on the filling of simulated lateral canals by different obturation techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty single-root-premolars were instrumented. Simulated lateral canals were drilled on each third of the roots. The teeth were divided into four groups: no dressing and obturation by lateral condensation technique (G1), dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by lateral condensation technique (G2), no dressing and obturation by hybrid technique (G3) and, dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by hybrid technique (G4). The teeth were maintained at 37°C in 100% humidity for 7 days, and obturation techniques were performed. Radiographs were taken and filled or unfilled lateral canals were counted. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test (a = 5%). RESULTS: The hybrid technique filled large number of lateral canals as compared to lateral condensation technique, regardless the use of intracanal medication (p < 0.05). Calcium hydroxide decreased the number of lateral canals filled for both lateral and hybrid techniques (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed when comparing the number of filled and unfilled lateral canals in the same root third of each group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Regardless the obturation technique, calcium hydroxide dressing reduced the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The persistence of calcium hydroxide residues reduces the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals, possibly representing a potential cause of failure in the future.

Environmental pH influences Candida albicans biofilms regarding its structure, virulence and susceptibility to fluconazole.

Candida albicans colonizes sites with different environmental pH. However, it is unclear how these conditions can interfere on biofilms. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of environmental pH on behavior of C. albicans regarding its structure, virulence and susceptibility to fluconazole (FLZ). Minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal fungicidal concentration and time kill were used to evaluate the susceptibility to FLZ in planktonic cells under three pH values (4.0, 5.5, 7.0). These pH values were used for biofilms analysis. C. albicans ATCC 90028 was developed on poly(methlymethacrylate) resin for 48 h. Then, 2.56 µg/mL of FLZ was added to experimental groups for 24 h, and biofilms were analyzed by cell quantification, bioactivity, secretion of proteinases and phospholipases and structure. All data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). For planktonic cells, changes in environmental pH decreased the susceptibility to FLZ. C. albicans biofilms developed at pH 5.5 showed higher cell counts, bioactivity, bio-volume, average thickness and roughness coefficient (p < 0.05). In contrast, the presence of FLZ at pH 4.0 did not influence the structural parameters (p > 0.05), but increased secretion of proteinase and phospholipase (p < 0.05). Within the conditions studied, it was shown that environmental pH modulates the structure, virulence and susceptibility of C. albicans to FLZ.

Kinesiographic study of masticatory movements in denture wearers with normal and resorbed denture-bearing areas.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: An unfavorable denture-bearing area could compromise denture retention and stability, limit mastication, and possibly alter masticatory motion. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the masticatory movements of denture wearers with normal and resorbed denture-bearing areas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Completely edentulous participants who received new complete dentures were selected and divided into 2 groups (n=15) according to the condition of their denture-bearing areas as classified by the Kapur method: a normal group (control) (mean age, 65.9 ± 7.8 years) and a resorbed group (mean age, 70.2 ± 7.6 years). Masticatory motion was recorded and analyzed with a kinesiographic device. The patients masticated peanuts and Optocal. The masticatory movements evaluated were the durations of opening, closing, and occlusion; duration of the masticatory cycle; maximum velocities and angles of opening and closing; total masticatory area; and amplitudes of the masticatory cycle. The data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and the Tukey honestly significant difference post hoc test (α=.05). RESULTS: The group with a resorbed denture-bearing area had a smaller total masticatory area in the frontal plane and shorter horizontal masticatory amplitude than the group with normal denture-bearing area (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Denture wearers with resorbed denture-bearing areas showed reduced jaw motion during mastication.

The dentist's role in identifying child abuse: an evaluation about experiences, attitudes, and knowledge.

This study sought to investigate dentists' experiences, attitudes, and knowledge in recognizing and reporting suspected cases of child abuse. It was designed as a cross-sectional study across dental practices. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire, which was distributed randomly to 500 dentists. The questionnaire investigated characteristics of the population, education concerning child abuse, experience and attitudes in reporting suspected cases, and the ability to recognize signs of abuse. Approximately 60% of the dentists responded to the survey. Among the dentists who participated in the survey, 87% believed that recognizing child abuse is important, however, 63.2% reported that they did not know how to act in such situations, and 44.2% were unaware of the proper child protection authorities to contact. Among the dentists surveyed, 94.7% reported they did not receive enough education concerning child abuse in their undergraduate studies. While 31.3% of dentists suspected child abuse among their patients, 84% reported their suspicions to the proper authorities. The reason cited most often (33.3%) for not reporting suspected abuse was the fear of litigation and its potential impact on their practice. Only 34.2% of dentists demonstrated knowledge about the potential signs of child abuse.

Morphological changes and viability of Streptococcus mutans biofilm treated with erythrosine: A confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) is a modality that aims to induce microorganisms through visible light, a photosensitizer, and molecular oxygen. This therapy has shown promising results in controlling cariogenic biofilm in vitro and in vivo counterparts. This study investigated bacterial viability and morphological characterization of Streptococcus mutans mature biofilms after combination of erythrosine and a high potency dental curing light. Biofilms were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite disks in batch culture. The samples were performed in triplicates. Fresh medium was replaced daily for five days and treated using 40 µM of E activated by HL 288 J/cm2 and total dose of 226 J at 1200 mW/cm2. Phosphate buffer saline and 0.12% of chlorhexidine were used as negative and positive control, respectively. After treatment, biofilms were assessed for microbial viability and morphological characterization by means of bio-volume and thickness. COMSTAT software was used for image analysis. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test with significance level 5%. The application of a-PDT and CHX treatments decreased S. mutans bacterial viability. The image analysis showed more red cells on biofilms when compared to other groups, demonstrating photobacterial killing. Erythrosine irradiated with a high potency curing light can potentially act as an antimicrobial tool in the treatment of cariogenic biofilms. The morphology and viability of microorganisms were impacted after treatment. Treatment with photodynamic therapy may be able to reduce the bio-volume and viability of bacteria present in biofilms. CLINICAL RELEVANCE AND RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The use of the a-PDT technique has been applied in dentistry with satisfactory results. Some applications of this technique are in stomatology and endodontics. In the present study, we sought to understand the use of photodynamic therapy in the control of biofilm and the results found are compatible with the objective of microbiological control proposed by this technique, thus raising the alert for future studies in vivo using the combination of a-PDT with erythrosine, since they are easily accessible materials for the dental surgeon and can be applied in clinical practice.

Evaluation of Microbiological Susceptibility and Long-term Adhesive Properties to Dentin of Primers with Terminalia catappa Linn.

PURPOSE: To investigate the antibacterial effects of Terminalia catappa Linn (TCL) leaf extracts at different concentrations and the effects of these extracts used as primers on the long-term adhesive properties of two universal adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After extract preparation, the antimicrobial and antibacterial activities of TCL against Streptococcus mutans (UA 159) were assessed in microdilution assays to provide the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Additionally, to provide quantitative data on the ability of TCL extract to reduce cell viability, colony forming units (CFU) were counted. To examine adhesive properties, 288 human molars were randomly assigned to 32 experimental conditions (n = 9) according to the following variables: (1) treatment agent: negative control (untreated surface), and primers at concentrations of 1xMIC, 5xMIC, and 10xMIC; (2) adhesives: Scotchbond Universal (SBU) and Futurabond Universal (FBU); (3) adhesive strategy: etch-and-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE); and (4) storage time: 24 h or after 2 years. Primers were applied for 60 s, upon which the teeth were incrementally restored and sectioned into adhesive-dentin bonded sticks. These were tested for microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) after 24-h and 2-year water storage, as well as in-situ degree of conversion (DC) at 24 h. The chemical profile of the hybrid layer was determined via micro-Raman spectroscopy. Biofilm assay data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test; the pH of culture media and the chemical profile were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The adhesive properties (µTBS, NL, DC) were evaluated using a four-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: Similar values of MIC and MBC were observed (2 mg/ml), showing bactericidal potential. CFU analysis demonstrated that concentrations of 5xMIC and 10xMIC significantly inhibited biofilm formation (p < 0.001). The application of the TCL primer at all concentrations significantly increased the immediate µTBS and DC, and decreased the immediate NL values when compared to the control group (p < 0.05), regardless of the adhesive and adhesive strategies. Despite an increase in the NL values for all groups after 2 years (p > 0.05), in groups where the TCL primer was applied, the µTBS remained constant after 2 years for both adhesives, while a decrease in the µTBS was observed in the control groups (p < 0.05). Usually, 10xMIC showed better results than 1xMIC and 5xMIC (p < 0.05). The application of TCL promoted cross-linking; cross-linking rates increased proportionally to the concentration of TCL (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Primers containing TCL promoted bactericidal and bacteriostatic action, as well as cross-linking with dentin, while maintaining the adhesive properties of the adhesive-dentin interface after 2 years of water storage.

Comparison of Bichectomy Techniques Through a Clinical Case and 6-Month Follow-up.

Introduction: Bichectomy consists in the partial removal the Bichat ball (BB) of its buccal extension and smoothing the facial contour. The objective of this study is to present, by means of a clinical case, bichectomy surgery with the use of a high-power diode laser and cold scalpel on different sides of the same patient, analyzing the trans-surgical phase and the pain and edema like consequence operative of each technique and 6-month follow-up. Case Presentation: A 20-year-old female patient reported the occurrence of involuntary trauma to the cheek mucosa and rounded facial appearance. After anamnesis and clinical examination, bichectomy was proposed. For comparison, on the right side, an incision was made using a laser, while on the left side, with a cold scalpel. To assess and measure the progression of treatment, photographs and facial measurements were repeated before the procedure, 7, 14 and 28 days after the procedure, and 2, 3 and 6 months after the procedure. Conclusion: The high-power diode laser showed excellent applicability for bichectomy due to its hemostatic properties in the trans-surgical phase. In addition, it promoted greater patient comfort, with less edema and pain on the side of the face where it was used.

Oral manifestations as important symptoms for juvenile dermatomyositis early diagnosis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy of childhood and adolescence, characterized by symmetrical weakness of proximal muscles and classical cutaneous features. Literature reports rarely describe or focus on oral lesions that are associated with this disease. CASE REPORT: This case describes a 4-year-old girl in whom the oral lesions were the initial manifestations of JDM. Physical examination revealed characteristic skin manifestations, proximal muscle weakness, extensive calcinosis, necrotic ulceration, complicated erysipelas, and diffuse alopecia. The diagnosis was established based on the clinical, histological, electroneuromyography, and biochemical findings. CONCLUSION: Recognition of gingival telangiectases as an important diagnostic marker of JDM leads us to suggest that identifying oral manifestations, which may be carried out by a paediatric dentist, contributes in establishing an early diagnosis and an immediate treatment of this condition.

Improving the esthetic replacement of missing anterior teeth: interaction between periodontics and a rotational path removable partial denture.

The rotational path of insertion concept for removable partial dentures (RPDs) can be used in esthetically demanding situations. This clinical report describes the treatment of a patient with an anterior maxillary edentulous area using a rotational path RPD. To optimally improve gingival esthetics and to allow proximal retention on the surveyors, a crown-lengthening surgical procedure was performed prior to prosthetic treatment on all teeth involved in this rehabilitation. When correctly planned and fabricated, this prosthesis allows excellent functional and esthetic results, minimizes tooth preparation, and reduces the tendency toward plaque accumulation.

Photodynamic optimization by combination of xanthene dyes on different forms of Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: The photokilling rate in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) is highly related to interaction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced, ability of photosensitizers (PS) in incorporating into microorgansims and light devices/microorganism type. Since xanthene dyes (Rose Bengal and Erythrosine) are present in the dental practice as PS, have high quantum yield of singlet oxygen and are efficiently incorporated into bacterial cells, the additive bactericidal ability of a combination of xanthene dyes was tested on planktonic cultures and biofilms of Streptococcus mutans when irradiated by a hand-held LED photopolymerizer unit. METHODS: Planktonic cultures of S. mutans (UA 159 ATCC 700610) were grown in BHI broth with 1 % sucrose. This culture was exposed to a concentrations of Rose Bengal (RB) and Erythrosine (ER) at 1.5, 3.5 µM, in combination (RB + ER + L+) / alone (RB + L+/ ER + L+) and irradiated with a blue LED high light intensity (L). Accordingly, concentrations of dyes and time irradiation were increased in 10 times and applied on 120 h - biofilms of S. mutans and compared with a 0.12 % Chlorhexidine solution (0.12 % - CHX). For statistical analysis, parametrical procedures were applied (n = 6; ANOVA test and Tukey post hoc test; α = 0.05) and data transformed into log 10. RESULTS: Substantial antimicrobial reduction was verified in planktonic cultures (∼ 7 log reduction) and biofilm (∼ 1 log reduction) for combined a-PDT group (RB + ER + L+) presenting a significant statistical difference to control group (p < 0.05) with similar effect to CHX group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Different forms of S. mutans can be effectively controlled by photodynamic therapy and optimized when in combination of xanthene dyes.

Clinical effects of the exposure to red wine during at-home bleaching.

OBJECTIVES: This clinical trial evaluated the effects of red wine exposure on the effectiveness of at-home bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide, degree of tooth sensitivity, and levels of periodontal inflammatory markers. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Eighty participants were assigned to two groups, namely, those who drank red wine (experimental group), and those who did not drink red wine (control group). The experimental group participants rinsed their mouths with 25 mL of red wine four times a day during the bleaching period. Shade evaluation was assessed visually by using the Vita Classical and Vita Easyshade techniques. Tooth sensitivity was evaluated by the numeric and visual analog scales, and the salivary and gingival crevicular fluids were collected for assessment of nitric oxide (NO) levels, a marker of inflammation. Differences in color change were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The absolute risks of tooth sensitivity were compared by the Fisher exact test. Tooth sensitivity intensity data sets for both the visual analog scale and the numeric rating scale were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test (α = .05). Repeated measures and two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test were used to assess time-course and differences between groups in NO production. RESULTS: The bleaching technique was effective regardless of wine consumption (P > .05). Tooth sensitivity was classified as mild, with no differences between groups (P > .05). Red wine reduced both the gingival crevicular fluid and salivary levels of NO (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Red wine does not interfere with the effectiveness and sensitivity of at-home teeth bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide and protects against bleaching-induced inflammation.

How to use laser safely in times of COVID-19: Systematic review.

AIM: To conduct a systematic review of the literature on biosafety with the use of lasers. METHODS: The systematic review of literature was performed using MEDLINE (PubMed), Science Direct and Web of Science databases. The electronic search strategy included terms in the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) related to biosafety in dentistry and laser, forms of contamination with aerosols, as well as their synonyms. The selected keywords were "aerosol virus transmission dentistry," "laser-generated air contaminants," "biosafety dentistry laser" combined with the terms AND/OR. RESULTS: A total of 1334 abstracts were reviewed, resulting in inclusion of 23 reviews. The dental surgeons are professionals with a high risk of contamination; high-power lasers form aerosols that need to be controlled and low-power lasers must be protected to minimize the risks of cross-infection. CONCLUSION: The biosafety of using lasers is important for professionals can be more oriented as to the correct use of this equipment. This study has the relevance of showing biosafety measures for the professional, staff and patients, as well as suggesting that more studies that are clinical should be conducted in this area.

Association of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and photobiomodulation for herpes simplex labialis resolution: Case series.

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) with photobiomodulation therapy (PBT) can be used in herpes simplex and may have a role in improving modulation of inflammatory process, pain relief and acceleration of tissue repair. This article reports through a case series, a proposal for an efficient resolution in clinical manifestations of herpes simplex labialis using aPDT associated with PBT.

Chemo-mechanical and photodynamic approach in A deep dental cavity: A case report.

AIM: To test a chemical-mechanical method and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) in combination to manage a deep dental carious lesion in a permanent molar pediatric patient. BACKGROUND: Due to specific characteristics of early-erupted teeth, as first permanent lower molars, techniques that provide less invasive tissue removal aiming keep healthy tooth parts, such as pulp tissue, are desired. Furthermore, especially to children, provide comfort, less noise and vibration are important issues that should be considered on the management of deep caries. CASE DESCRIPTION: The following case report presents an association of Papacarie Duo® (PD) and a-PDT used in a 9-year-old patient with a deep dental caries in the mandibular right first molar. After PD application, the carious tissue was carefully removed with the cavity stained for 1 min with rose bengal solution, irradiated with a high intensity LED constituting the a-PDT technique, and definitively restored with composite resin. At 6 months of follow-up, no signs of caries were verified, showing success to applied techniques. A microbiological evaluation attested the antimicrobial effects of the alternative procedures. CONCLUSION: Although it reached optimal clinical and bacterial reduction outcomes, the approach demonstrated an excessive length of time taken for the management of carious lesion. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The use of new technologies should be encouraged, especially when treating deep caries aiming for a less invasive approach.

In vitro antimicrobial potential of infant mouthwashes against streptococcus mutans biofilm: A preliminary study.

Background: Children and teenagers accumulate dental plaque easily due to immature motor coordination present at this specific age. Thus, chemical solutions such as mouthwashes are used for biofilm control. The widespread use of mouthwash could potentially change the oral environment though there is no evidence of its effects on the biofilm. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial potential of infant mouthwashes on mature Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Methods: The susceptibility of S. mutans biofilm UA 159 (ATCC700610) to infant mouthwashes was tested with childrens mouthwashes containing the following active agents: G1-cetylpyridinium chloride, G2-xylitol and triclosan and G3-Malva sylvestris and xylitol. Phosphage-buffered saline (PBS) was used at the negative control (G4). In this study, cariogenic biofilm was exposed once a day for one minute to the mouthwashes over a period of five days. Following this, an aliquot of each mouthwash used was seeded in brain heart infusion (BHI) agar and then incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2 for 48 h. The results were expressed as colony-forming units (CFU) and converted into log10. The results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5%. Results: It was observed 7.75, 7.66, and 7.49 CFUlog10 values to G1, G2, and G3, respectively, with 9.53 CFUlog10 value to G4. Accordingly, all studied mouthwashes showed no significant statistical difference between them but with statistically significant bacterial reduction in comparison to control group. Conclusion: Infant mouthwashes presented a highly significant antimicrobial effect on cariogenic biofilm in an in vitro model, which raises concern when used by a young population.

Bond strengths of various resin cements to different ceramics.

This study evaluates the shear bond strength (SBS) of various resin cements to different ceramics. Composite resin cylinders of Z100 were fabricated and cemented to disks of feldspathic ceramic (Creation), leucite-reinforced feldspathic ceramic (Empress I), and densely sintered aluminum oxide ceramic (Procera AllCeram) using five resin cements: Panavia F (PAN), RelyX ARC (ARC), RelyX Unicem (RXU), RelyX Veneer, and Variolink II. SBS was measured after three days of water storage (baseline) and after artificial aging (180 days of water storage along with 12,000 thermal cycles). Failure mode of fractured specimens also was evaluated. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (α=0.05). RXU showed 1) the lowest baseline median SBS to feldspathic ceramic, which was not statistically different from PAN; 2) the lowest median baseline SBS to leucite-reinforced feldspathic and densely sintered aluminum-oxide ceramics. All cements performed similarly after aging, except for ARC (median 0.0 MPa) and PAN (median 16.2 MPa) in the densely sintered aluminum-oxide ceramic group. Resin cements perform differently when bonded to different ceramic substrates. While all test resin cements worked similarly in the long-term to feldspathic and leucite-reinforced feldspathic ceramics, only the MDP-containing resin cement provided durable bonds to densely sintered aluminum-oxide ceramic.