[Non-anastomotic Pseudoaneurysm of a Prosthetic Graft with Sternal Erosion after Total Aortic Arch Replacement].

An 82-year-old man underwent total aortic arch replacement with a 24 mm Triplex four-branched graft for aortic arch aneurysm. After two years, he was diagnosed with pseudoaneurysms due to bleeding from a non-anastomotic site of the branch graft to the left common carotid artery and minor leakage from a distal anastomotic site of the main graft. A self-expandable Fluency covered stent and cTAG thoracic endograft were used for the aneurysm. After four years, he was referred to our hospital with a complaint of pulsatile swelling of the anterior chest wall. Contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed a pseudoaneurysm arising from a non-anastomotic site of the branch graft to the left common carotid artery, which extended into the anterior chest wall and the skin through the sternum. He underwent emergency endovascular repair using a Niti-S ComVi covered stent. The postoperative course was uneventful. Postoperative CT showed shrinkage of the pseudoaneurysm. The patient was discharged and required no reintervention during the follow-up.

Impact of neointimal tissue characterization and heterogeneity of bare-metal stents and drug-eluting stents on the time course after stent implantation evaluated by integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound.

Pathological studies have suggested the different process of in-stent restenosis (ISR) of bare-metal stents (BMS) and drug-eluting stents (DES). Here, we evaluated the components of neointimal tissue using integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound (IB-IVUS) and focused on the time course after stent implantation and tissue signal distribution. We evaluated 125 lesions of 125 patients who underwent target lesion revascularization for ISR (BMS: n = 73, DES: n = 52). Volume analysis of a 4-mm length centered on a minimum lumen area in every 1-mm cross-sectional area was performed. For IB-IVUS analysis, color-coded maps were constructed from the default setting based on the integrated backscatter (IB) values (middle-IB value, green: fibrous and low-IB value, blue: lipid pool). For the neointimal tissue volume, we evaluated the ratios of the green (%G) and blue (%B) areas. Tissue signal distribution (TD) was also obtained from the default setting based on IB values in each pixel of IB-IVUS imaging. We compared values of neointimal tissues measured by IB-IVUS between the DES and BMS and time course. The observed period was longer after BMS implantation than after DES implantation (BMS: 2545 days, DES: 1233 days, p < 0.001). Overall, %G and %B were similar between the BMS and DES groups (%G: 55% and 51%, respectively, p = 0.10; %B: 36% and 38%, respectively, p = 0.51); however, TD was significantly higher in the DES group than in the BMS group (1091 vs. 1367, p < 0.001). TD in the DES group remained high during the follow-up periods. However, TD in the BMS group was low in the early phase and significantly increased over time (r = 0.56, p < 0.001). When analyzing the ISR within 2 years after stent implantation, the BMS was distinguished with a sensitivity of 66% and a specificity of 90% (cut-off value: TD = 1135, area under the curve 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.74-0.92). TD could differentiate neointimal tissue after BMS implantation in the early phase. TD can be a useful index in the observation of neoatherosclerosis.

Bypass Surgeries in the Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: During surgery for cerebral aneurysm, revascularization techniques are occasionally needed to (1) treat an aneurysm (trapping or flow alteration); (2) preserve blood flow during temporary parent artery occlusion (insurance); and (3) repair accidentally injured vessels (troubleshooting). Herein we present our surgical case experiences. METHODS: Revascularization modalities were employed in 33 (7.6 %) of 452 cases of surgically treated aneurysms. The aneurysm locations and associated required bypass procedures were: (1) 7 middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms with 7 superficial temporal artery (STA)-MCA bypass procedures; (2) 10 internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms with 9 high-flow and 1 STA-MCA procedures; (3) 10 vertebro-basilar artery aneurysms with 2 high-flow, 6 occipital artery (OA)-posterior ICA, and 1 STA-superior cerebellar artery (SCA) procedures; (4) 1 posterior cerebral artery (PCA) aneurysm with OA-PCA bypass; and (5) 5 anterior cerebral artery aneurysms with 4 A3-A3 and 1 A3-STA-A3 procedure. Curative bypasses for aneurysmal treatment, temporary bypasses, and troubleshooting procedures were performed in 25, 3, and 5 cases, respectively. RESULTS: Among the 26 aneurysms treated via curative bypass, 16 aneurysms that were trapped or clipped using revascularization techniques had better outcomes (no aneurysmal rupture and 1 perforator infarction), whereas among the 10 aneurysms that could not be trapped or clipped and were thereby treated via flow alteration (e.g., bypass plus proximal artery clipping), 2 developed symptomatic infarction and 2 exhibited aneurysmal rupture after partial thrombosis. Patients whose bypass procedures were used for temporary parent artery occlusion (insurance) or troubleshooting had no complications. CONCLUSION: Complex aneurysm clipping or trapping using bypass techniques yielded good results. In particular, perforator vessel ischemia still requires resolution. Flow alteration techniques leading to aneurismal thrombosis carried the risks of ischemic and hemorrhagic complications when applied to intracranial aneurysms. Bypasses for temporary use or troubleshooting were quite effective.

Radiation-induced meningiomas in multiple regions, showing rapid recurrence and a high MIB 1 labeling index: a case report and review of the literature.

Combined chemotherapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation has improved the prognosis of children with acute leukemia. However cranial irradiation carries a latent risk of the induction of secondary intracranial tumors. We encountered a patient who developed multiple intracranial radiation-induced meningiomas (RIMs) 25 years after prophylactic cranial irradiation for the treatment of acute leukemia in childhood. The patient had 3 intracranial lesions, 1 of which showed rapid growth within 6 months; another of the tumors also enlarged within a short period. All of the tumors were surgically treated, and immunohistochemistry indicated a high MIB-1 labeling index in each of the multiple lesions. In the literature, the MIB-1 labeling indices of 27 tumors from 21 patients were examined. Among them, 12 recurrent tumors showed higher MIB-1 labeling indices compared to the MIB-1 labeling indices of the non-recurrent tumors. Overall, 11 of the patients with RIM had multiple lesions and 8 cases developed recurrence (72.7%). RIM cases with multiple lesions had higher MIB-1 labeling indices compared to the MIB-1 labeling indices of cases with single lesions. Collectively, these data showed that the MIB-1 labeling index is as important for predicting RIM recurrences, as it is for predicting sporadic meningioma (SM) recurrences. RIMs should be treated more aggressively than SMs because of their greater malignant potential.

Vertebral artery dissection caused by swinging a golf club: case report and literature review.

Vertebral artery (VA) dissection caused by swinging a golf club is extremely rare, and the mechanism of the dissection has not been elucidated. A 39-year-old man suddenly felt sharp neck pain and dizziness when he swung a driver while playing golf and visited our clinic. Imaging studies showed acute right cerebellar infarction and complete occlusion of the right VA at the C2 (axis) level. After 1 month of 100 mg aspirin treatment, the occluded right VA was completely recanalized and the patient became totally asymptomatic. Professional golfers look at the position of the ball on the ground or tee until completion of their follow-through. However, some amateur golfers look in the direction that the ball travels at the beginning of their follow-through. It is hypothesized that this rapid disproportionate head rotation produces VA elongation and distortion, mainly at the C2 level, causing stenosis or occlusion of the artery.

Relationship between atherosclerotic risk factors and aortic plaques in patients with first-ever ischaemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: Aortic plaque is considered a risk factor of ischaemic stroke, and both ulceration and plaque thickness are considered important. However, the relative importance of aortic plaque and carotid plaque remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relation between aortic and carotid plaque lesions and atherosclerotic risk factors in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. METHODS: We enrolled 76 patients with first-ever ischaemic stroke, undergoing transoesophageal echocardiography, whose aetiology of ischaemic stroke was unknown. We divided the patients into two groups according to aortic plaque thickness, based on previous reports, i.e., a high-risk group (over 4mm) and a low-risk group (less than 4mm). We also examined several atherosclerotic risk factors. RESULTS: Mean age, gender and hypertension was not significantly different between the low-risk and high-risk group. HDL-cholesterol (P<0.01), LDL/HDL ratio (P<0.05), non-HDL-cholesterol (P<0.05), HbA1c (P<0.05) and eGFR (P<0.01) were significantly different between the two groups. Max plaque thickness in the carotid artery was correlated with aortic plaque lesions. CONCLUSION: Multiple atherosclerotic risk factors are associated with greater aortic plaque lesions. Aortic plaque is important not only as an embolic source, but also as one of the atherosclerotic markers.

Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Surgery for Intrasellar Mixed Germ Cell Tumors.

A mixed germ cell tumor (MGCT) in the neurohypophysis is very rare, with only a few reported cases1-4 but none with surgical videos. In this report, the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach for MGCT in the neurohypophysis is presented (Video 1). A 12-year-old girl with ocular pain, fatigue, and nausea presented with gradual onset of quadrant hemianopsia and left oculomotor palsy. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an enhanced mass in the sella turcica with multiple components involving the pituitary gland and stalk. Her endocrinological examination showed decreased levels of pituitary hormones and simultaneously elevated serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin. After pituitary hormone replacement, endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery was planned. The tumor was strongly adherent to the surrounding structures, and gross total resection was achieved. The histological diagnosis was MGCT with a teratoma component. Postoperatively, her vision and oculomotor palsy improved swiftly, and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy were administered. In this case, 3-dimensional computer graphics were created from the preoperative computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies. Preoperative simulation with the 3-dimensional computer graphic images and intraoperative verification with indocyanine green images facilitated our understanding of the surrounding anatomy, including the tumor components, pituitary gland, and internal carotid arteries.5 After removal of the tumor, multilayer fascial closure was performed for skull base reconstruction.6 MGCT in the neurohypophysis can be strongly adherent to the surrounding structures, requiring careful dissection and resection under endoscopy. At the last follow-up (8 months after surgery), the tumor was successfully controlled, and the patient had no neurological symptoms with pituitary hormone replacement therapy.

Efficacy of a Novel Augmented Reality Navigation System Using 3D Computer Graphic Modeling in Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery for Sellar and Parasellar Tumors.

In endoscopic transsphenoidal skull base surgery, knowledge of tumor location on imaging and the anatomic structures is required simultaneously. However, it is often difficult to accurately reconstruct the endoscopic vision of the surgical field from the pre-surgical radiographic images because the lesion remarkably displaces the geography of normal anatomic structures. We created a precise three-dimensional computer graphic model from preoperative radiographic data that was then superimposed on a visual image of the actual surgical field and displayed on a video monitor during endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. We evaluated the efficacy of this augmented reality (AR) navigation system in 15 consecutive patients with sellar and parasellar tumors. The average score overall was 4.7 [95% confidence interval: 4.58-4.82], which indicates that the AR navigation system was as useful as or more useful than conventional navigation in certain patients. In two patients, AR navigation was assessed as less useful than conventional navigation because perception of the depth of the lesion was more difficult. The developed system was more useful than conventional navigation for facilitating an immediate three-dimensional understanding of the lesion and surrounding structures.

Motion of left atrial appendage as a determinant of thrombus formation in patients with a low CHADS2 score receiving warfarin for persistent nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to define the independent determinants of left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus among various echocardiographic parameters measured by Velocity Vector Imaging (VVI) in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) receiving warfarin, particularly in patients with a low CHADS2 score. METHODS: LAA emptying fraction (EF) and LAA peak longitudinal strain were measured by VVI using transesophageal echocardiography in 260 consecutive patients with nonvalvular persistent AF receiving warfarin. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence (n=43) or absence (n=217) of LAA thrombus. Moreover, the patients within each group were further divided into subgroups according to a CHADS2 score ≤1. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that LAAEF was an independent determinant of LAA thrombus in the subgroup of 140 with a low CHADS2 score. Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis showed that an LAAEF of 21% was the optimal cutoff value for predicting LAA thrombus. CONCLUSIONS: LAA thrombus formation depended on LAA contractility. AF patients with reduced LAA contractile fraction (LAAEF ≤21%) require strong anticoagulant therapy to avoid thromboembolic events regardless of a low CHADS2 score (≤1).

Congenital malformations of the external and middle ear accompanied by temporal bone anomaly in a calf.

A 7-month-old female Holstein calf presented with bilateral microtia and absent external acoustic meatus. The real-time polymerase chain reaction test was negative for bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine leukemia virus. The calf's dam had a normal reproductive history. Computed tomography confirmed bilateral atresia of external auditory canals, aplasia of tympanic cavities and the ossicular chain, and temporomandibular joint abnormality. Necropsy revealed a severe malformation of the temporal bone. In the tympanic region, the external acoustic pore, tympanic bulla, and muscular process were absent bilaterally. The bilateral inner ear structure was normal. Based on these findings, we diagnosed the present case as congenital malformations of the external and middle ear accompanied by temporal bone anomaly.

Development of a rational framework for the therapeutic efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation for calf diarrhea treatment.

BACKGROUND: Establishing fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to prevent multifactorial diarrhea in calves is challenging because of the differences in farm management practices, the lack of optimal donors, and recipient selection. In this study, the underlying factors of successful and unsuccessful FMT treatment cases are elucidated, and the potential markers for predicting successful FMT are identified using fecal metagenomics via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, fecal metabolomics via capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and machine learning approaches. RESULTS: Specifically, 20 FMT treatment cases, in which feces from healthy donors were intrarectally transferred into recipient diarrheal calves, were conducted with a success rate of 70%. Selenomonas was identified as a microorganism genus that showed significant donor-recipient compatibility in successful FMT treatments. A strong positive correlation between the microbiome and metabolome data, which is a prerequisite factor for FMT success, was confirmed by Procrustes analysis in successful FMT (r = 0.7439, P = 0.0001). Additionally, weighted gene correlation network analysis confirmed the positively or negatively correlated pairs of bacterial taxa (family Veillonellaceae) and metabolomic features (i.e., amino acids and short-chain fatty acids) responsible for FMT success. Further analysis aimed at establishing criteria for donor selection identified the genus Sporobacter as a potential biomarker in successful donor selection. Low levels of metabolites, such as glycerol 3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and isoamylamine, in the donor or recipients prior to FMT, are predicted to facilitate FMT. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we provide the first substantial evidence of the factors related to FMT success or failure; these findings could improve the design of future microbial therapeutics for treating diarrhea in calves. Video abstract.

Coil Embolization of VA-PICA Aneurysm Presenting with Hemifacial Spasm with Assistance of Abnormal Muscle Response Monitoring.

Objective: We report a rare case of symptomatic vertebral and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (VA-PICA) aneurysm-caused ipsilateral hemifacial spasm (HFS) for which coil embolization of the aneurysm with the assistance of abnormal muscle response (AMR) monitoring was effective. Case Presentation: A 62-year-old woman presented with left HFS. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a saccular aneurysm of the left VA-PICA which compressed the seventh cranial nerve at its root exit zone (REZ). Stent-assisted coil embolization resulted in intraoperative disappearance of AMR in the intraoperative electrophysiological study and HFS was relieved temporally. One month after endovascular surgery, HFS slightly occurred again with the re-appearance of the AMR, although there was no recurrence of aneurysm. Thereafter, the frequency of her HFS markedly decreased to once per several days 1 year after the coiling. Conclusion: Although complete disappearance of symptoms was not obtained, it was suggested that coil embolization is one of the therapeutic options for HFS which is caused by aneurysmal compression of REZ and intraoperative AMR is useful for identification of responsible lesions and determination of therapeutic effects.

Quantitative Analytical Method for Single Rain Droplets via Crystal Formation in Photocrosslinking Polymer Gel.

Ion composition contained in individual rain droplets provides important information to investigate the chemistry in rain and clouds, but general rain sampling equipment temporally and spatially averages the information. Determination of the SO42- concentration in an individual rain droplet was achieved by precipitate production in synthesized acrylamide polymer gel. Concentration of the target ion was calculated from the droplet print diameter and precipitation area measured from digital microscope images. We investigated the effects of the interior electrolyte concentration in the polyacrylamide gel and UV irradiation time on the physical properties of the gel and precipitate formation. The precipitated components were identified by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. We also clarified the effects of coexisting ions on the reaction between the interior and exterior electrolytes. For actual rainwater, the SO42- concentration estimated by this method was in agreement with the results obtained by ion chromatography.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement with intracardiac echocardiography from the right internal jugular vein.

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a useful imaging modality to guide transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The limitations of TEE include the need for general anesthesia (GA) and endotracheal intubation. In Europe, TAVR under local anesthesia (LA) is usually performed without TEE. An intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) catheter may be used as an alternative to TEE, but the catheter is usually inserted from the femoral vein (FV-ICE). There are some reports of TAVR with FV-ICE; however, there are no reports of ICE inserted from the right internal jugular vein (JV-ICE). In the first case of its kind, we successfully performed TAVR under LA with JV-ICE. JV-ICE allows for the evaluation of perioperative hemodynamics, measurement of the aortic valve complex, and assessment of major complications during the procedure without interference from the operator or fluoroscopes; these represent a distinct advantage over TEE, transthoracic echocardiography, and FV-ICE. Moreover, there is no need for the echocardiologist to use maximal barrier precautions; the catheter can be operated in the standing position, like TEE; and operability is higher than that with FV-ICE. TAVR with JV-ICE is a promising alternative to TAVR under GA with TEE and TAVR under LA with FV-ICE.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia associated with polycythemia vera during the treatment of acute coronary syndrome.

Here, we report a case of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) associated with polycythemia vera (PV) during the treatment of acute coronary syndrome. An 84-year-old woman with pre-existing PV had an acute myocardial infarction and developed HIT after using heparin. An additional myocardial infarction was caused by HIT, and caused marked damage to her cardiac function. However, she was successfully treated with argatroban infusion and intensive care. In this case, we suspected HIT at an extremely early stage, when the decline in platelet count remained at 16%, which might have prevented further thrombosis. Subsequently, the nadir in the platelet count remained at 32%, which resulted in "intermediate possibility of HIT" according to the 4Ts score; thus, further detailed serological examination may be required for accurate diagnosis of HIT. .

Efficacy of combined sevelamer and calcium carbonate therapy for hyperphosphatemia in Japanese hemodialysis patients.

In Japan, calcimimetics and other phosphate binders such as lantanum carbonate are not available for patients on long-term hemodialysis (HD), so we prospectively evaluated the clinical efficacy of the combination of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) for hyperphosphatemia. The study group comprised 65 HD patients who had been administered CaCO3 (>or=1500 mg/day) for hyperphosphatemia [>or=6.0 mg/dL (>or=1.94 mmol/L)]. At the beginning of the study the dose of CaCO3 was reduced by 1500 mg/day and the patients divided into two groups according to the dose of additional sevelamer hydrochloride: group A 2250 mg/day; group B 3000 mg/day. Oral active vitamin D therapy was unchanged. Fourteen patients (21.5%) dropped out because of adverse effects and of the 51 remaining patients 35 (53.8%) suffered from gastrointestinal problems. Serum phosphate concentration decreased significantly [from 7.5+/-0.8 mg/dL (2.42+/-0.26 mmol/L) to 6.6+/-1.3 mg/dL (2.13+/-0.42 mmol/L), P<0.01] in group B only after the 8 weeks of combination therapy. The calcium-phosphate product (CaxPi) also decreased in group B only [from 74.4+/-13.4 mg2/dL2 (5.99+/-1.07 mmol2/l2) to 63.7+/-15.8 mg2/dL2 (5.13+/-1.27 mmol2/l2), P<0.001]. The combination of sevelamer hydrochloride and CaCO3 is a suitable regimen for hyperphosphatemia treatment in HD patients because it avoids both the hypercalcemia of CaCO3 and the adverse effects of sevelamer hydrochloride when each is used as single-drug therapy. The ability of sevelamer hydrochloride to decrease the serum phosphate concentration is 2/3 (2250/1500 mg) that of CaCO3.

A Patient with Hashimoto's Encephalopathy Presenting with Convulsive Seizure Alone as the Initial Symptom.

A 71-year-old Japanese woman with Sjögren syndrome, Hashimoto's disease and a 6-month history of cognitive impairment was admitted to our hospital because of consciousness disturbance and convulsion. Her convulsive seizure disappeared by intravenous administration of diazepam following carbamazepine, and conscious level became alert the next day. But, her cognitive function was persistently deteriorated, and a score of mini-mental state examination (MMSE) was 17/30 points. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain did not show any abnormal findings. The electroencephalogram showed increased slow waves in bilateral parieto-occipital regions. Serum anti-thyroglobulin antibodies were elevated (1780 U/ml), but thyroid function was within the normal range. In addition, anti-NAE (NH2-terminal of α-enolase) antibodies were positive. We diagnosed Hashimoto's encephalopathy, and started steroid therapy. Her cognitive function gradually improved after steroid therapy, and convulsive seizure did not recur until 3 months later. We emphasize that Hashimoto's encephalopathy should be considered even in patients with convulsive seizure of adult onset without thyroid dysfunction.

Skull base osteosarcoma presenting with cerebrospinal fluid leakage after CyberKnife® treatment: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: CyberKnife® radiation is an effective treatment for unresectable skull base tumors because it can deliver a highly conformational dose distribution to the complex shapes of tumor extensions. There have been few reports of severe complications with this treatment. This is the first published case report to our knowledge of cerebrospinal fluid leakage induced by CyberKnife® radiotherapy. CASE PRESENTATION: A skull base tumor was identified on magnetic resonance imaging in a 78-year-old Asian woman with a headache in her forehead. An endoscopic transnasal tumor resection was performed; however, the tumor, invading into the cavernous sinuses and optic canal, was not completely removed. During the subtotal resection of the tumor, no cerebrospinal fluid leakage was observed. Osteosarcoma was histologically diagnosed, and CyberKnife® radiation was performed to the residual tumor considering the aggressive feature of the tumor with a molecular immunology Borstel-1 index of 15%. Five months after the treatment, magnetic resonance imaging showed definite tumor shrinkage, and the patient had been living her daily life without any troubles. After another month, the patient was transferred to our clinic because of coma with high fever, and computed tomography demonstrated severe pneumocephalus. Rhinorrhea was definitely identified on admission; therefore, emergency repair of the cerebrospinal fluid leakage was performed using an endoscope. Dural defects at the bottom of the sella turcica were identified under careful endoscopic observation and fat tissue was patched to the dural defects. Follow-up computed tomography proved complete disappearance of air from the cisterns 2 weeks after the surgery, and the patient was discharged from our hospital without any neurological deficits. CONCLUSION: CyberKnife® radiation is one of the effective treatments for skull base tumors; however, the risk of cerebrospinal fluid leakage should be considered when tumor invasion to the dura mater is suspected. Emergency surgical treatment is required when cerebrospinal fluid leakage is induced by the radiotherapy because the leakage is not expected to be healed by palliative treatments.

Quantitative validation of left atrial structure and function by two-dimensional and three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: a comparative study with three-dimensional computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to validate the accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) and two-dimensional (2D)-STE for the assessment of left atrial (LA) volume and function by comparison with 3D-computed tomography (CT) performed on the same day as STE. METHODS: LA phasic volume and emptying function (EF) were measured in 28 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation undergoing catheter ablation (62±11 years old) using both 3D-STE and 2D-STE during sinus rhythm. LA phasic volume and function measured by 3D-STE and 2D-STE were validated using 3D-CT as a gold standard. RESULTS: The intraobserver correlation coefficient and variability in maximum LA volume assessed by 3D-STE were 0.99 and 1.4±6.0%, respectively. The interobserver correlation coefficient and variability in maximum LA volume assessed by 3D-STE were 0.99 and 0.2±4.5%, respectively. There were strong correlations between LA phasic volume measured by 3D-CT and those measured by 3D-STE (r=0.98, p<0.001). There were correlations between LA phasic function measured by 3D-CT and those measured by 3D-STE (r=0.85-0.88, p<0.001). There was a better agreement between 3D-CT and 3D-STE in the assessment of LA phasic volumes and function than between 3D-CT and 2D-STE in apical 2- and 4-chamber view. CONCLUSIONS: 3D-STE allows more accurate measurement of LA volume and function than 2D-STE and has high reproducibility.