Security and reliability of CUSTOMBONE cranioplasties: A prospective multicentric study.

BACKGROUND: Repairing bone defects generated by craniectomy is a major therapeutic challenge in terms of bone consolidation as well as functional and cognitive recovery. Furthermore, these surgical procedures are often grafted with complications such as infections, breaches, displacements and rejections leading to failure and thus explantation of the prosthesis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cumulative explantation and infection rates following the implantation of a tailored cranioplasty CUSTOMBONE prosthesis made of porous hydroxyapatite. One hundred and ten consecutive patients requiring cranial reconstruction for a bone defect were prospectively included in a multicenter study constituted of 21 centres between December 2012 and July 2014. Follow-up lasted 2 years. RESULTS: Mean age of patients included in the study was 42±15 years old (y.o), composed mainly by men (57.27%). Explantations of the CUSTOMBONE prosthesis were performed in 13/110 (11.8%) patients, significantly due to infections: 9/13 (69.2%) (p<0.0001), with 2 (15.4%) implant fracture, 1 (7.7%) skin defect and 1 (7.7%) following the mobilization of the implant. Cumulative explantation rates were successively 4.6% (SD 2.0), 7.4% (SD 2.5), 9.4% (SD 2.8) and 11.8% (SD 2.9%) at 2, 6, 12 and 24 months. Infections were identified in 16/110 (14.5%): 8/16 (50%) superficial and 8/16 (50%) deep. None of the following elements, whether demographic characteristics, indications, size, location of the implant, redo surgery, co-morbidities or medical history, were statistically identified as risk factors for prosthesis explantation or infection. CONCLUSION: Our study provides relevant clinical evidence on the performance and safety of CUSTOMBONE prosthesis in cranial procedures. Complications that are difficulty incompressible mainly occur during the first 6 months, but can appear at a later stage (>1 year). Thus assiduous, regular and long-term surveillances are necessary.

Hemorrhagic presentation of frontal partially calcified pilocytic astrocytoma in an 18-year-old woman: A case report and literature review as "clinical case".

We report an unusual case of a frontal partially calcified pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) (WHO grade 1) in an 18-year-old woman who presented with acute, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Histopathology revealed the PA was mixed with psammoma bodies and areas of vascular proliferation responsible for a hypervascular pattern. The patient underwent a total gross resection. MRI showed no residual tumor at the 18-month follow-up and her neurological deficits improved after rehabilitation. Only 20 cases, including ours, of hemorrhagic presentation of PA in adults have been reported to date with enough radiological data. Furthermore, hemorrhagic presentation of a calcified PA is extremely rare. To date only two other cases of calcified PA with hemorrhagic presentation have been reported, one in an adult and one in an infant as described by Shibao et al. (2012) and Kapoor et al. (2015) respectively. Endothelial proliferation may be the main cause of bleeding in these lesions. In our case, a hypervascular pattern was exhibited by histopathological findings. A diagnosis of PA should be considered, especially when calcifications are present within a hemorrhagic tumor lesion.

Medical treatment in neurofibromatosis type 2. Review of the literature and presentation of clinical reports.

The understanding of the molecular pathways underlying tumor development in neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is increasing. Thus, repositioning drugs, drug therapies that are already clinically available for various cancers, appear potentially promising for NF2 patients. Based on preclinical data from in vitro or animal models, five different treatments have been proposed for selected NF2 cases. Evaluation of bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody against VEGF has mainly been reported in retrospective studies; it has been reported to induce hearing improvement and tumor shrinkage in more than 50% of progressive vestibular schwannomas (VS). In our experience with 16 patients, bevacizumab is associated with an increase of median time to tumor progression of VS from 5.6 months before bevacizumab onset, to more than 29.3 months. The need for intravenous injections and long term adverse events (hypertension, proteinuria, hemorrhage) are the main drawbacks. Lapatinib seemed promising in a single phase II trial with a volumetric response observed in 4/17 patients and a hearing response in 4/13, but is not currently used in clinical practice. Erlotinib has not been associated with radiographic or hearing responses in a phase II trial. Everolimus has been evaluated in 3 phase II trials. Everolimus did not induced tumor shrinkage, but seems to be able to increase time to tumor progression in selected cases. Currently, bevacizumab is the only drug proposed to selected NF2 patients.

Neurofibromatosis type 2 French cohort analysis using a comprehensive NF2 molecular diagnostic strategy.

OBJECTIVE: Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) affects about one in 25,000 to 40,000 people. Most NF2 patients have private loss-of-function mutations scattered along the NF2 gene. Here, we present our NF2 investigation strategy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We report a comprehensive NF2 mutation analysis of 221 NF2 French patients: 134 unrelated typical NF2 patients fulfilling the Manchester criteria and 87 unrelated patients presenting symptoms that partially fulfilled the Manchester criteria. RESULTS: A NF2 mutation was identified in 56 of the 221 patients, giving a global mutation detection rate of 25%. This rate reached 37% (49/134) for typical NF2 patients fulfilling the Manchester criteria and only 8% (7/87) for patients presenting symptoms suggestive of NF2. Six of these seven patients were under 25 of age. Our approach showed that 77% of NF2 identified variants were detected by coding exons sequencing. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification allowed the identification of restricted rearrangements (23% of NF2 identified variants corresponding to complete deletion or partial deletion/duplication of NF2). CONCLUSION: High mutation detection rate can be achieved if well phenotyped NF2 patients are studied with multiple complementary and optimized techniques. NF2 somatic mosaicism detection was improved by frozen tumor samples molecular analysis.

[Neurofibromatosis type 2]. / La neurofibromatose de type 2.

INTRODUCTION: Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) is a rare autosomal dominant disease whose hallmark is the development of bilateral vestibular schwannomas. STATE OF THE ART: Other features of NF2 include schwannomas, meningiomas, ependymomas, localized along the central nervous system, schwannomas of the peripheral nerves, cutaneous and ophthalmological manifestations. NF2 can be diagnosed in patients without bilateral vestibular schwannoma with sets of diagnostic criteria. Disease phenotype is variable among patients. Main negative prognostic factors are a young age at onset of symptoms and a high number of tumors at diagnosis. NF2 tumor suppressor gene encodes Merlin/Schwannomin, and is also involved in most sporadic schwannomas and meningiomas. Its functions remains largely unknown. PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSIONS: Treatment and follow of NF2 patients up require oto-neurosurgical teams experienced in NF2. Yearly and life time surveillance is mandatory. A clinical screening protocol is suggested. Classically, only symptomatic lesions are to be treated. Some authors advocate an early proactive strategy against vestibular schwannoma in order to preserve hearing. When a treatment is advisable, surgery remains the treatment of choice for tumors. Auditory brainstem implant must be taken into account in hearing rehabilitation.

[Chronic intramedullary abscess (Streptococcus sanguis). A case report and review of the literature]. / Abcès intramédullaire chronique (Streptococcus sanguis). Cas clinique et revue de la littérature.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic intramedullary spinal cord abscesses are very rare. We present here a new case of this pathology, revealed by a progressive spinal cord compression. This case is particular because of the long follow up before surgery (two years). CASE REPORT: This 69-year-old patient presented a gradually progressive paraparesis and sensory loss associated with leg pain. The past medical history was dominated by a epidermoid cancer of the tongue. MRI showed an intramedullary mass at T10. On the T1-weighted sequences, the lesion was isointense with the spinal cord, Gadolinium infusion showed homogeneous enhancement of the lesion. T2-weighted sequences showed decreased signal within the lesion and an increased signal peripherally (edema). Corticosteroid infusions relieved the symptoms so the patient declined surgery. Two episodes of regressive paraplegia were treated by the same infusions. The patient accepted surgery after a third episode. RESULTS: The intervention was performed two years after the first signs and revealed a hard white mass attached to the spinal cord. Pathologic examination showed infectious inflammation. Bacteriological cultures found a Streptococcus sanguis. Two years later the patient could walk; a minimal deficit persists. CONCLUSION: First, the diagnosis was evoked but not retained because of the long course. The corticosteroid infusions gave relief and did not increase the deficit. The MRI findings remained unchanged. Intramedullary spinal cord abscesses are very rare. This pathology must be recognized because without treatment morbidity is high with a potentially fatal outcome.

Mutations within the MGC4607 gene cause cerebral cavernous malformations.

Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are hamartomatous vascular malformations characterized by abnormally enlarged capillary cavities without intervening brain parenchyma. They cause seizures and focal neurological deficits due to cerebral hemorrhages. CCM loci have already been assigned to chromosomes 7q (CCM1), 7p (CCM2), and 3q (CCM3) and have been identified in 40%, 20%, and 40%, respectively, of families with CCM. Loss-of-function mutations have been identified in CCM1/KRIT1, the sole CCM gene identified to date. We report here the identification of MGC4607 as the CCM2 gene. We first reduced the size of the CCM2 interval from 22 cM to 7.5 cM by genetic linkage analysis. We then hypothesized that large deletions might be involved in the disorder, as already reported in other hamartomatous conditions, such as tuberous sclerosis or neurofibromatosis. We performed a high-density microsatellite genotyping of this 7.5-cM interval to search for putative null alleles in 30 unrelated families, and we identified, in 2 unrelated families, null alleles that were the result of deletions within a 350-kb interval flanked by markers D7S478 and D7S621. Additional microsatellite and single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping showed that these two distinct deletions overlapped and that both of the two deleted the first exon of MGC4607, a known gene of unknown function. In both families, one of the two MGC4607 transcripts was not detected. We then identified eight additional point mutations within MGC4607 in eight of the remaining families. One of them led to the alteration of the initiation codon and five of them to a premature termination codon, including one nonsense, one frameshift, and three splice-site mutations. All these mutations cosegregated with the disease in the families and were not observed in 192 control chromosomes. MGC4607 is so far unrelated to any known gene family. Its implication in CCMs strongly suggests that it is a new player in vascular morphogenesis.