Medication-induced Psychotic Disorder. A Review of Selected Drugs Side Effects.

BACKGROUND: Medication-induced psychotic disorder (MIPD) is a diagnostic term for a syndrome with symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions directly related to drug intake. The purpose of this review is to report and comment on the current knowledge about pathomechanisms, risk factors, symptoms, and treatment of MIPD caused by selected widely used medications. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched for articles on MIPD published prior to January 2021 using search terms 'psychosis' OR 'psychotic disorder' AND 'side effects' combined with certain medications group. The initial search was then narrowed to medications with more pathomechanisms than only direct dopamine-inducing activity that are widely used by clinicians of various medical specialties. RESULTS: Steroids, antiepileptic drugs, antimalarial drugs, and antiretroviral drugs can induce psychosis with persecutory delusions and auditory hallucinations as the most frequently reported symptoms. Mood changes and anxiety may precede psychosis after steroids and antimalarials. Psychiatric history and female sex are risk factors for most of the MIPD. Treatment involves cessation of the suspected drug. Administration of atypical antipsychotic drugs may be helpful, although there is insufficient data to support this approach. The latter should be done with careful consideration of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. CONCLUSIONS: MIPD is a rare condition. The appearance of psychotic symptoms during systemic treatment may be associated with administered medications, psychiatric comorbidity, or be a part of the clinical picture of a certain disorder. Furthermore, sometimes it may be challenging to distinguish MIPD from delirium. Therefore, we consider that the key to proper management of MIPD is a thorough differential diagnosis.

Expansion of a SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant with an 872 nt deletion encompassing ORF7a, ORF7b and ORF8, Poland, July to August 2021.

Routine genomic surveillance on samples from COVID-19 patients collected in Poland during summer 2021 revealed the emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant with a large 872 nt deletion. This change, confirmed by Sanger and deep sequencing, causes complete loss of ORF7a, ORF7b, and ORF8 genes. The index case carrying the deletion is unknown. The standard pipeline for sequencing may mask this deletion with a long stretch of N's. Effects of this deletion on phenotype or immune evasion needs further study.

Use of Sertraline in Hemodialysis Patients.

Depression and anxiety are the most common psychiatric disorders in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients treated with hemodialysis (HD) and may correlate with lower quality of life and increased mortality. Depression treatment in HD patients is still a challenge both for nephrologists and psychiatrists. The possible treatment of depressive disorders can be pharmacological and non-pharmacological. In our article, we focus on the use of sertraline, the medication which seems to be relatively safe and efficient in the abovementioned population, taking under consideration several limitations regarding the use of other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In our paper, we discuss different aspects of sertraline use, taking into consideration possible benefits and side effects of drug administration like impact on QTc (corrected QT interval) prolongation, intradialytic hypotension (IDH), chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus (CKD-aP), bleeding, sexual functions, inflammation, or fracture risk. Before administering the medication, one should consider benefits and possible side effects, which are particularly significant in the treatment of ESRD patients; this could help to optimize clinical outcomes. Sertraline seems to be safe in the HD population when provided in proper doses. However, we still need more studies in this field since the ones performed so far were usually based on small samples and lacked placebo control.

Preparation of acetals from aldehydes and alcohols under basic conditions.

A new, simple protocol for the synthesis of acetals under basic conditions from non-enolizable aldehydes and alcohols has been reported. Such reactivity is facilitated by a sodium alkoxide along with a corresponding trifluoroacetate ester, utilizing formation of sodium trifluoroacetate as a driving force for acetal formation. The usefulness of this protocol is demonstrated by its orthogonality with various acid-sensitive protecting groups and by good compatibility with functional groups, delivering synthetically useful acetals complementarily to the synthesis under acidic conditions from aldehydes and alcohols.

Screening for depression in chronic haemodialysis patients as a part of care in dialysis setting: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Depressive disorder is common among haemodialysis patients. The purpose of this study was to explore approaches to diagnosing depression in the context of a real-life setting, with the view of creating practical recommendations. It also aimed to evaluate the prevalence of depression and dementia. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in two Dialysis Centres in Poland. Cognitive functions were evaluated using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The screening for depressive symptoms was assessed using Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). The diagnosis of major depressive disorder was confirmed by a psychiatrist using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5). Sociodemographic and clinical data were also collected. Results: Initially, 136 patients agreed to participate in the study. Dementia was found in 13% of the study group. Sixty-two patients did not agree to perform all the proposed tests and were not included in the analysis, which eventually consisted of 70 patients. According to BDI-II, depressive symptoms were present in 35.7% of patients, while the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) was confirmed by the psychiatrist in 25.7%. According to the ROC analysis the optimal cut-off score for diagnosing MDD using BDI-II was ≥13 points. Conclusions: This study suggests that the regular screening for depressive symptoms, followed by a psychiatric consultation in selected patients, might improve diagnosing depression with the goal of achieving a higher quality of life and a lower mortality rate. It may also be a cost-effective model for the management of depression among the haemodialysis population.

Aggressive behavior and prognosis in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia. When evaluating the further prognosis of MCI, the occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms, particularly aggressive and impulsive behavior, may play an important role. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between aggressive behavior and cognitive dysfunction in patients diagnosed with MCI. Methods: The results are based on a 7-year prospective study. At the time of inclusion in the study, participants, recruited from an outpatient clinic, were assessed with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI). A reassessment was performed after 1 year using the MMSE scale in all patients. The time of next MMSE administration was depended on the clinical condition of patients took place at the end of follow-up, that is, at the time of diagnosis of the dementia or after 7 years from inclusion when the criteria for dementia were not met. Results: Of the 193 patients enrolled in the study, 75 were included in the final analysis. Patients who converted to dementia during the observation period exhibited a greater severity of symptoms in each of the assessed CMAI categories. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the global result of CMAI and the results of the physical nonaggressive and verbal aggressive subscales with cognitive decline during the first year of observation. Conclusions: Despite several limitations to the study, aggressive and impulsive behaviors seem to be an unfavorable prognostic factor in the course of MCI.

O diagnóstico de comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) está associado a um risco aumentado de desenvolver demência. Ao avaliar o prognóstico adicional do CCL, a ocorrência de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos, particularmente o comportamento agressivo e impulsivo, pode desempenhar um papel importante. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre comportamento agressivo e disfunção cognitiva em indivíduos com diagnóstico de CCL. Métodos: Nossos resultados são baseados em um estudo prospectivo de sete anos. No momento da inclusão no estudo, os participantes, recrutados em um ambulatório, foram avaliados com o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e o Inventário de Agitação de Cohen-Mansfield (CMAI). A reavaliação foi realizada após um ano com a escala MEEM em todos os pacientes. O momento da próxima administração do MEEM dependeu da condição clínica dos indivíduos e ocorreu no final do acompanhamento, ou seja, no momento do diagnóstico da demência ou após sete anos da inclusão, quando os critérios para demência não foram atendidos. Resultados: Dos 193 pacientes incluídos no estudo, 75 foram incluídos na análise final. Os indivíduos que converteram para demência durante o período de observação exibiram uma maior gravidade dos sintomas em cada uma das categorias avaliadas pelo CMAI. Além disso, houve uma correlação significativa entre o resultado global do CMAI e os resultados das subescalas de agressão física e verbal com declínio cognitivo durante o primeiro ano de observação. Conclusões: Apesar das várias limitações do estudo, os comportamentos agressivos e impulsivos parecem ser um fator prognóstico desfavorável no curso do CCL.

Use of sertraline and agomelatine in hemodialysis patients: A case series report.

OBJECTIVE: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric issues in hemodialysis population. However, the research on proper diagnostic tools and its treatment is still insufficient. The study was performed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of sertraline and agomelatine in a group of hemodialysis patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 78 adult patients from one dialysis centre in Poland were included into the study. The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) was used to screen for depressive symptoms and was followed by the clinical interview with the psychiatrist. Nine patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder received antidepressant treatment with sertraline or agomelatine, according to the best clinical practice. The additional treatment with vortioxetine was used if the initial one was not effective. The time of observation was 24 weeks. The psychiatric follow up as well as the laboratory data were obtained during the course of observation. RESULTS: All patients receiving sertraline achieved remission of depressive symptoms. In patients receiving agomelatine no remission was observed despite dose augmentation. The side effects of antidepressants were mild and did not result in treatment discontinuation. No abnormalities in liver enzymes levels were observed. In five cases the significant decrease of haemoglobin level was noticed, with no cases of bleeding reported. CONCLUSION: In patients receiving sertraline the antidepressant effect was satisfactory. No remission of depressive symptoms was observed in patients taking agomelatine. The side effects of antidepressants were mild and transient. Further research on depression treatment in hemodialysis patients is needed, including newer medications.

[Impact of treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, valproic acid and antipsychotics on aggressive behaviour in Alzheimer's type dementia]. / Wplyw farmakoterapii inhibitorami acetylocholinesterazy, kwasem walproinowym i lekami przeciwpsychotycznymi na zachowania agresywne w przebiegu otepienia typu Alzheimera.

UNLABELLED: Aggressive and impulsive behaviour are common in Alzheimer's dementia. Therapy of these disorders is an important but difficult practical question. AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pharmacological treatment of aggressive behaviour, while taking into account the dynamics of disease progression during observation. In the assessment of treatment acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (IAChE), valproic acid (VA), and antipsychotics were considered. METHOD: The study was based on a two-year naturalistic observation of nursing homes' residents with a diagnosis of possible Alzheimer's disease (NINCDS/ADRDA criteria) in its mild and moderate stage (at least 12 points in MMSE). Aggressive behaviour was measured by Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI), and the severity of dementia by ADAS--Cog. Examination was performed twice: at baseline (0) and after two years of observation (2). All treatment administered during this time has been taken into account. 71 people diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease were enrolled to the observation. The average age was 77.10 (SD = 8.39), the level of cognitive impairment by ADAS--Cog = 20.40 points (SD = 5.24). The second examination was conducted in 43 individuals. RESULTS: In the group treated with IAChE there was a lesser increase of aggressive and impulsive behaviour in comparison to other persons. The differences between the examination (2) and (0) for the CMAI global scale were, respectively, 2.76 and 9.09 points. Similar results were obtained for subjects treated with VA (1.0 and 8.65). Antipsychotic drugs revealed a similar correlation (3.0 and 8.65), but this has not proven statistically relevant, while in the group treated with antipsychotics a significantly greater progression of dementia was observed. CONCLUSION: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors may have beneficial effects on aggressive behaviour in the course of Alzheimer's Disease, similar to that seen with the use of valproic acid and antipsychotics.

A descriptive study of welfare and mental health issues among health-related sciences undergraduate students at the Medical University of Gdansk.

PURPOSE AND METHODS: We surveyed a large sample of health-related sciences undergraduate students at the Medical University of Gdansk (MUG), Poland in a pilot study to assess self-reported somatic/mental health-related issues, measure the level of burnout using Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), the presence of depressive symptoms with Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ-9) and assess the problematic alcohol intake (CAGE questionnaire). Additionally, stress coping mechanisms were investigated. RESULTS: A total of 864 students participated in the survey. The mean total OLBI and PHQ-9 scores equalled 43.3 ± 2.7 and 11.3±5.8 points, respectively. The CAGE questionnaire was positive in 21.6% of students. Three most prevalent stress coping mechanisms included TV binge-watching, binge-eating and cigarette chain smoking (51.0%, 45.0% and 28.0% respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Future studies are required to confirm the obtained results, assess, and monitor trends and set-up interventions to improve the welfare of health-related science MUG students.

Self-Assessed Personality Traits and Adherence to the COVID-19 Lockdown.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, has forced all countries affected by it to introduce quarantine and isolation to prevent the spread of the virus, as well as masking and distancing. Not everyone is equally willing to follow the rules related to limit the extent of the coronavirus epidemic. This might be connected with personality traits, especially openness, positive attitude, and optimism. Materials and Methods: An online survey was created and completed by participants in April-May 2020. Self-assessment of personality traits and adherence to lockdown recommendations were assessed. A total of 7404 participants took part in the study, mainly from Poland (83.6%) and Italy (12.7%). Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was performed. Results: The participants were divided into groups depending on the degree of compliance with the lockdown rules. In the multivariate analysis, variables that increased the odds for stricter lockdown compliance were temporary work suspension OR 1.27 (95% CI 1.10-1.48), income level "we can't handle this situation" OR 1.67 (95%CI 1.20-2.33), and junior high school education OR 1.68 (95% CI 1.13-2.50). Other significant factors included age and place of residence. Each point of self-assessed sociability OR 1.07 (95% CI 1.00-1.13) also increased the likelihood of adhering to lockdown rules. Conclusions: Taking the basic demographic characteristics as well as working and health environment conditions traits into account may be helpful when forecasting epidemiological compliance during a pandemic, as well as in other public health tasks. The key role of self-assessed personality traits was not confirmed in this study. Reliability of the results is limited by significant disproportions in the size of the study groups.

[Sleep disorders in the preclinical period of the Alzheimer's disease]. / Zaburzenia snu w okresie przedklinicznym choroby Alzheimera.

AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of sleep disorders in the preclinical period of the Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHOD: The initial population consisted of care centers residents, who had had the presence of dementia excluded. The enrolled patients (n = 2910) underwent the assessment of cognitive functions by means of the ADAS-cog scale, as well as of the severity of sleep disorders on the basis of the NPI-NH scale and the AMDP scale. The diagnosis of dementia was verified at the end of the observation period, after seven years, and annually during the follow-up tests. Dementia in the Alzheimer's disease was diagnosed based on the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. RESULTS: After seven years of observation, 150 patients were qualified to the final analysis. 25 of them were diagnosed to suffer from the AD, while 111 people (forming the control group) did not meet the criteria of dementia. The control group was compared with the AD group in terms of incidence and severity of sleep disorders assessed based on the elements of the NPI-NH scale and the AMDP scale. Disturbances in the assessed categories were more pronounced in the AD group, reaching statistical significance in the qualitative assessment and with regard to the depth of the ascertained disorders. CONCLUSION: The patients in the preclinical period of dementia experienced sleep disturbances more frequently and with greater intensity, which in combination with other factors may have some prognostic value.

Cognitive functions and thyroid hormones secretion disorders. / Wplyw zaburzen sekrecji hormonów tarczycy na funkcje poznawcze.

The functioning of the thyroid gland is of great importance for the formation, maturation and activity of the central nervous system. The association of clinical thyroid dysfunction with mental disorders, including cognitive impairment, seems to be well documented. Abnormal concentrations of thyroid hormones can lead to deterioration of cognitive processes through changes in neurotransmission, intensification of oxidative stress, or impact on ß-amyloid transformation and glucose metabolism in the central nervous system. Doubts concern mainly subclinical forms of thyroid dysfunction. According to some data, they are supposed to be related to the state of cognitive functions and to be one of the factors accelerating the mechanisms leading to degeneration of the brain tissue and, consequently, development of dementia. The results of studies on the correlation of thyroid activity with cognitive functions and the possible beneficial effects of hormonal supplementation on cognitive processes, however, bring contradictory results, which may be at least partly due to large methodological problems. One should also not exclude a reverse correlation, where the ongoing neurodegenerative process would affect thyroid function, e.g., by the changed production and secretion of thyroliberin. Despite several decades of intensive research, the explanation of this relationship is still far from conclusive.

Perceived Stress Levels among Ukrainian Migrant and LGBT+ Minorities in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, immigrant status and being a member of the LGBT+ community are all independent factors associated with increased stress levels. Few studies provide more complex analysis on this issue, and there has been no research on the cumulative burden of perceived stress that people belonging to both minorities experience in the current epidemiological situation. The aim of this study was to assess the ability to deal with an external situation during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland in the following groups with different stress levels (total sample n = 370): Polish heterosexual men (n = 202), heterosexual men from Ukraine (n = 131) and homo- and bisexual men (men who have sex with men-MSM) from Ukraine (n = 37). A Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was used. The analysis of the survey did not show statistically significant differences between the three study groups in the general level of perceived stress (24.71, 24.77 and 26.49 points, respectively, p = 0.551), but it revealed numerous differences in coping with various aspects of everyday functioning between these groups. Negative assessment of one's own health proved to be the main factor negatively affecting the level of perceived stress, however specific health risks, medical history or the participants' previous experience have not been taken into account in the study. Our research shows differences in the needs, resources and methods of coping with stress between men who are Polish citizens and migrants from Ukraine, both heterosexual and belonging to the MSM group. Proper identification and addressing of these needs, taking into account different availability of health services, could be the responsibility of NGOs or insurance providers. This should result in the reduction of mental health burdens and the risk of developing serious mental disorders, and consequently in better functioning of persons belonging to minorities and in a reduced burden on the health care system.

Social Isolation During COVID-19 Pandemic. Perceived Stress and Containment Measures Compliance Among Polish and Italian Residents.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we analyze the association of social isolation in the first phase of the pandemic with perceived stress among residents of Poland and Italy with a look at how these populations adjust to and comply with implemented regulations, guidelines, and restrictions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Internet survey with Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and questions regarding mobility patterns, attitude, and propensity to adjust toward the implemented measures and current health condition was made among Polish and Italian residents (Cronbach's alpha 0.86 and 0.79, respectively). The sample size was 7,108 (6,169 completed questionnaires in Poland and 939 in Italy). RESULTS: The Polish group had a higher stress level than the Italian group (mean PSS-10 total score 22,14 vs 17,01, respectively; p < 0.01). There was a greater prevalence of chronic diseases among Polish respondents. Italian subjects expressed more concern about their health, as well as about their future employment. Italian subjects did not comply with suggested restrictions as much as Polish subjects and were less eager to restrain from their usual activities (social, physical, and religious), which were more often perceived as "most needed matters" in Italian than in Polish residents. CONCLUSION: Higher activity level was found to be correlated with lower perceived stress, but the causality is unclear. Difference in adherence to restrictions between Polish and Italian residents suggests that introducing similar lockdown policies worldwide may not be as beneficial as expected. However, due to the applied method of convenience sampling and uneven study groups, one should be careful with generalizing these results.

Attitudes and Perceptions of Health Protection Measures Against the Spread of COVID-19 in Italy and Poland.

Background: During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (April to May 2020), 6,169 Polish and 939 Italian residents were surveyed with an online questionnaire investigating socio-demographic information and personality traits (first section) as well as attitudes, position, and efficacy perceptions on the impact of lockdown (second section) and various health protection measures enforced (third section). Methods: The "health protection attitude score" (HPAS), an endpoint obtained by pooling up the answers to questions of the third section of the survey tool, was investigated by multiple linear regression models, reporting regression coefficients (RC) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Concerns for business and health due to COVID-19 were associated with a positive attitude toward risk reduction rules. By contrast, male sex, concerns about the reliability of information available online on COVID-19 and its prevention, along with the feeling of not being enough informed on the transmissibility/prevention of SARS-CoV-2 were associated with a negative attitude toward risk mitigation measures. Discussion: A recent literature review identified two social patterns with different features in relation to their attitude toward health protection rules against the spread of COVID-19. Factors positively associated with adherence to public health guidelines were perceived threat of COVID-19, trust in government, female sex, and increasing age. Factors associated with decreased compliance were instead underestimation of the COVID-19 risk, limited knowledge of the pandemic, belief in conspiracy theories, and political conservativism. Very few studies have tested interventions to change attitudes or behaviors. Conclusion: To improve attitude and compliance toward risk reduction norms, a key intervention is fostering education and knowledge on COVID-19 health risk and prevention among the general population. However, information on COVID-19 epidemiology might be user-generated and contaminated by social media, which contributed to creating an infodemic around the disease. To prevent the negative impact of social media and to increase adherence to health protection, stronger content control by providers of social platforms is recommended.

[Neurobiological expression of the placebo effect]. / Wykladniki neurobiologiczne efektu placebo.

Neurobiology of the placebo effect dates back to 1978, when Levine discovered that its analgesic action is reversed by naloxone. Since then, various studies have been performed to estimate the impact of placebo on brain metabolism and neurotransmission in analgesia, depression or the Parkinson's disease. A number of involved brain structures have been pinpointed, these including nucleus accumbens and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), while the role ofopioid regulation has been established as significant to the process. Currently, modern diagnostic appliances such as PET or fMRI are being used to determine the differences between placebo and drug effect on brain metabolism and, consequently, to identify factors responsible for therapeutic response and their potential correlation with a psychological impact. Environmental conditions, which may result in placebo efficacy increase of seven percent per decade during the last years, are also looked into. Although certain ethical and legal dilemmas appear considering the use of placebo, it is beyond any doubt that realising the influence of expectation and conditioning on the neurobiology of the placebo effect, as well as on the proper therapy, should enable better patient handling and treatment in the future.

Aggressive behavior and prognosis in patients with mild cognitive impairment / Comportamento agressivo e prognóstico em pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo

ABSTRACT The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia. When evaluating the further prognosis of MCI, the occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms, particularly aggressive and impulsive behavior, may play an important role. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between aggressive behavior and cognitive dysfunction in patients diagnosed with MCI. Methods: The results are based on a 7-year prospective study. At the time of inclusion in the study, participants, recruited from an outpatient clinic, were assessed with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI). A reassessment was performed after 1 year using the MMSE scale in all patients. The time of next MMSE administration was depended on the clinical condition of patients took place at the end of follow-up, that is, at the time of diagnosis of the dementia or after 7 years from inclusion when the criteria for dementia were not met. Results: Of the 193 patients enrolled in the study, 75 were included in the final analysis. Patients who converted to dementia during the observation period exhibited a greater severity of symptoms in each of the assessed CMAI categories. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the global result of CMAI and the results of the physical nonaggressive and verbal aggressive subscales with cognitive decline during the first year of observation. Conclusions: Despite several limitations to the study, aggressive and impulsive behaviors seem to be an unfavorable prognostic factor in the course of MCI.

RESUMO O diagnóstico de comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) está associado a um risco aumentado de desenvolver demência. Ao avaliar o prognóstico adicional do CCL, a ocorrência de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos, particularmente o comportamento agressivo e impulsivo, pode desempenhar um papel importante. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre comportamento agressivo e disfunção cognitiva em indivíduos com diagnóstico de CCL. Métodos: Nossos resultados são baseados em um estudo prospectivo de sete anos. No momento da inclusão no estudo, os participantes, recrutados em um ambulatório, foram avaliados com o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e o Inventário de Agitação de Cohen-Mansfield (CMAI). A reavaliação foi realizada após um ano com a escala MEEM em todos os pacientes. O momento da próxima administração do MEEM dependeu da condição clínica dos indivíduos e ocorreu no final do acompanhamento, ou seja, no momento do diagnóstico da demência ou após sete anos da inclusão, quando os critérios para demência não foram atendidos. Resultados: Dos 193 pacientes incluídos no estudo, 75 foram incluídos na análise final. Os indivíduos que converteram para demência durante o período de observação exibiram uma maior gravidade dos sintomas em cada uma das categorias avaliadas pelo CMAI. Além disso, houve uma correlação significativa entre o resultado global do CMAI e os resultados das subescalas de agressão física e verbal com declínio cognitivo durante o primeiro ano de observação. Conclusões: Apesar das várias limitações do estudo, os comportamentos agressivos e impulsivos parecem ser um fator prognóstico desfavorável no curso do CCL.

Synthesis, Structure, and Complexation Properties of a C3-Symmetrical Triptycene-Based Anion Receptor: Selectivity for Dihydrogen Phosphate.

A new anion binding motif based on triptycene core has been synthesized from 2,7,14-trinitrotriptycene. Its well-defined binding pocket allowed for the selective recognition and sensing of dihydrogen phosphate in DMSO-d(6) + 0.5% H(2)O.