Changing patterns in interventional bronchoscopy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Many interventional tools for airway disorders can now be delivered via flexible bronchoscopy (FB), including neodymium-yttrium aluminium garnet laser, electrocautery, argon plasma coagulation, cryotherapy, balloon dilatation and metal or hybrid stents. Comparison of outcomes for patients undergoing rigid bronchoscopy (RB) with those treated using FB highlights the usefulness of the FB approach. METHODS: A retrospective medical record review of all interventional bronchoscopy procedures performed at Lahey Clinic over the past 8 years was conducted. Patients were categorized into two groups according to the procedure used, that is, RB (251 patients), and FB (161 patients) groups. Patients with malignancies were included as a separate subgroup, comprising 178 RB and 117 FB patients. For every procedure, the location of the lesion, patient survival from the first interventional procedure performed, and in patients with malignancy, additional treatments received such as chemotherapy and radiation were recorded. RESULTS: Ninety per cent of RB procedures were performed in patients with tracheal or main stem lesions, while over half the patients undergoing FB had more distal lesions. A trend towards increasing use of FB for interventional procedures in recent years was noted. CONCLUSIONS: FB is a valuable alternative to RB for treating less advanced malignant disease or distal airway lesions.

Post tracheostomy and post intubation tracheal stenosis: report of 31 cases and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Severe post tracheostomy (PT) and post intubation (PI) tracheal stenosis is an uncommon clinical entity that often requires interventional bronchoscopy before surgery is considered. We present our experience with severe PI and PT stenosis in regards to patient characteristics, possible risk factors, and therapy. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 31 patients with PI and PT stenosis treated at Lahey Clinic over the past 8 years. Demographic characteristics, body mass index, co-morbidities, stenosis type and site, procedures performed and local treatments applied were recorded. RESULTS: The most common profile of a patient with tracheal stenosis in our series was a female (75%), obese (66%) patient with a history of diabetes mellitus (35.4%), hypertension (51.6%), and cardiovascular disease (45.1%), who was a current smoker (38.7%). Eleven patients (PI group) had only oro-tracheal intubation (5.2 days of intubation) and developed web-like stenosis at the cuff site. Twenty patients (PT group) had undergone tracheostomy (54.5 days of intubation) and in 17 (85%) of them the stenosis appeared around the tracheal stoma. There was an average of 2.4 procedures performed per patient. Rigid bronchoscopy with Nd:YAG laser and dilatation (mechanical or balloon) were the preferred methods used. Only 1(3.2%) patient was sent to surgery for re-stenosis after multiple interventional bronchoscopy treatments. CONCLUSION: We have identified putative risk factors for the development of PI and PT stenosis. Differences in lesions characteristics and stenosis site were noted in our two patient groups. All patients underwent interventional bronchoscopy procedures as the first-line, and frequently the only treatment approach.

Endotracheal tubes.

A variety of different endotracheal tubes are available for distinct purposes, though the majority of patients will be well served with the standard single-lumen endotracheal tube. Specialized endotracheal tubes have been developed to aid in specific situations and novel tubes continue to be evaluated as clinicians strive for improved outcomes in various clinical conditions. Ultimately, the choice of an endotracheal tube depends on the purpose it is intended to serve.

Co-administration of furosemide with albumin for overcoming diuretic resistance in patients with hypoalbuminemia: a meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To systematically review clinical studies of co-administration of albumin and loop diuretics in hypoalbuminemic patients as a strategy to overcome diuretic resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systematic search of electronic databases up to October 2012. We included randomized clinical trials of adults with hypoalbuminemia, comparing co-administration of loop diuretics and albumin versus loop diuretics alone. Quantitative data were synthesized with meta-analytic techniques for clinical, surrogate (urinary volume and urinary sodium excretion) and intermediate (pharmacokinetic and hemodynamic parameters) outcomes. RESULTS: Ten studies were included, of which 8 trials with crossover design were synthesized with meta-analysis. A statistically significant increase in the amount of urine volume (increment of 231 mL [95% confidence interval 135.5-326.5]) and sodium excreted (15.9 mEq [4.9-26.8]) at 8 hours were found in favor of co-administration of albumin and furosemide. These differences were no longer statistically significant at 24 hours. Meta-analyses for intermediate outcomes (ie, furosemide excretion, distribution volume etc.) did not reveal statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: Synthesis of a heterogeneous body of evidence shows transient effects of modest clinical significance for co-administration of albumin with furosemide in hypoalbuminemic patients. Pragmatic, large-scale randomized studies are needed to delineate the role of this strategy.

Guidelines on critical care services and personnel: Recommendations based on a system of categorization of three levels of care.

OBJECTIVES: To describe three levels of hospital-based critical care centers to optimally match services and personnel with community needs, and to recommend essential intensive care unit services and personnel for each critical care level. PARTICIPANTS: A multidisciplinary writing panel of professionals with expertise in the clinical practice of critical care medicine working under the direction of the American College of Critical Care Medicine (ACCM). DATA SOURCES AND SYNTHESIS: Relevant medical literature was accessed through a systematic Medline search and synthesized by the ACCM writing panel, a multidisciplinary group of critical care experts. Consensus for the final written document was reached through collaboration in meetings and through electronic communication modalities. Literature cited included previously written guidelines from the ACCM, published expert opinion and statements from official organizations, published review articles, and nonrandomized, historical cohort investigations. With this background, the ACCM writing panel described a three-tiered system of intensive care units determined by service-based criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Guidelines for optimal intensive care unit services and personnel for hospitals with varying resources will facilitate both local and regional delivery of consistent and excellent care to critically ill patients.