Correction to: Metabolic relevance for N-hydroxy L-arginine reduction in estrogen-negative breast cancer cells.

We found a unit error with our LC-MS lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) measurement in the Amino Acids Journal.

Exome sequencing reveals pathogenic mutations in 91 strains of mice with Mendelian disorders.

Spontaneously arising mouse mutations have served as the foundation for understanding gene function for more than 100 years. We have used exome sequencing in an effort to identify the causative mutations for 172 distinct, spontaneously arising mouse models of Mendelian disorders, including a broad range of clinically relevant phenotypes. To analyze the resulting data, we developed an analytics pipeline that is optimized for mouse exome data and a variation database that allows for reproducible, user-defined data mining as well as nomination of mutation candidates through knowledge-based integration of sample and variant data. Using these new tools, putative pathogenic mutations were identified for 91 (53%) of the strains in our study. Despite the increased power offered by potentially unlimited pedigrees and controlled breeding, about half of our exome cases remained unsolved. Using a combination of manual analyses of exome alignments and whole-genome sequencing, we provide evidence that a large fraction of unsolved exome cases have underlying structural mutations. This result directly informs efforts to investigate the similar proportion of apparently Mendelian human phenotypes that are recalcitrant to exome sequencing.

Assessing N w-hydroxy-L-arginine applicability as a novel ethnic specific estrogen-negative breast cancer marker.

In our prior study we identified N w-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) as a simple, yet sensitive indicator for estrogen negative (ER-) breast cancer early-prognosis, but not estrogen positive (ER+), and to offer ethnic selectivity for ER- detection. However, the ability of NOHA to assess ER- breast tumor based on disease progression, and tumor severity needs further delineation. Also, the overall NOHA storage stability needs to be validated. To assess the NOHA predictive capability based on disease progression, ER-/ER+ 3D-spheroids (from breast tumor cell lines of human origin) were cultured for 10 weeks. We found only ER- 3D-spheroid cultured for 10 weeks to show a gradual reduction in NOHA (both in culture medium and 3D-spheroid lysates) that correlated with a progressive increase in cellular NOS2 expression and NOS2 activity (measured as total nitrites). We additionally identified the NOHA-NOS2 correlation to be ethnically selective between ER- African American versus ER- Caucasian groups. Interestingly, such NOHA reduction was observed earlier in ER- culture medium (viz., after week 1) than from ER- 3D-spheroids lysates (viz., at the end of 3 weeks). When categorized based on 3D-spheroid grade, we found a ≥ 68% NOHA reduction in ER- spheroids that were ≤ 3 weeks old, that was categorized as "low-grade" (based on tumor size ≤ 250 µm, and with cellular characteristics identical to healthy cells). A substantial reduction in NOHA of ≥ 87% occurred with ER- 3D-spheroids grown for 6 weeks, which were categorized as "intermediate-grade" (with tumor size of ≥ 400 µm, and with less characteristic similarity to control spheroids). These in vitro findings thus suggest a distinct correlation between NOHA reduction and ER- tumor grade. Such distinctive correlation between NOHA and ER- tumor grade was additionally observed in de-identified clinical samples where a onefold higher reduction in NOHA occurred in grade-2 than with grade-1 de-identified patient plasma (when compared with control), and such correlation offered ethnic selectivity between ER- African American and ER- Caucasian groups. Of additional interest, when NOHA overall storage stability was assessed by incubating patient plasma and culture medium spiked with 75 pg/ml NOHA at multiple incubation temperatures and time-points, we found NOHA to maintain its stability for up to 6 weeks in culture medium and for 7 days in plasma at 4 °C and below. These results thus provide the first evidence of NOHA as a stable indicator to monitor ER- disease progression and tumor severity in ethnically distinctive populations.

Metabolic relevance for N-hydroxy L-arginine reduction in estrogen-negative breast cancer cells.

We had shown Nw-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) as a promising blood-based biomarker for estrogen-receptor-negative (ER-) breast cancer (BC) that differentiates ER- BC based on grade and molecular phenotype. In this in vitro study, we assessed the metabolic relevance for ER- BC-specific NOHA modulation and correlated them with NOHA regulatory responses. This study aids future NOHA clinical utility in ER- BC diagnosis and therapy management and would prove useful for potential drug discovery and development process.

Kif18a is specifically required for mitotic progression during germ line development.

Genome integrity in the developing germ line is strictly required for fecundity. In proliferating somatic cells and in germ cells, there are mitotic checkpoint mechanisms that ensure accurate chromosome segregation and euploidy. There is growing evidence of mitotic cell cycle components that are uniquely required in the germ line to ensure genome integrity. We previously showed that the primary phenotype of germ cell deficient 2 (gcd2) mutant mice is infertility due to germ cell depletion during embryogenesis. Here we show that the underlying mutation is a mis-sense mutation, R308K, in the motor domain of the kinesin-8 family member, KIF18A, a protein that is expressed in a variety of proliferative tissues and is a key regulator of chromosome alignment during mitosis. Despite the conservative nature of the mutation, we show that its functional consequences are equivalent to KIF18A deficiency in HeLa cells. We also show that somatic cells progress through mitosis, despite having chromosome alignment defects, while germ cells with similar chromosome alignment defects undergo mitotic arrest and apoptosis. Our data provide evidence for differential requirements for chromosome alignment in germ and somatic cells and show that Kif18a is one of a growing number of genes that are specifically required for cell cycle progression in proliferating germ cells.

Dsp rul: a spontaneous mouse mutation in desmoplakin as a model of Carvajal-Huerta syndrome.

Studies of spontaneous mutations in mice have provided valuable disease models and important insights into the mechanisms of human disease. Ruffled (rul) is a new autosomal recessive mutation causing abnormal hair coat in mice. The rul allele arose spontaneously in the RB156Bnr/EiJ inbred mouse strain. In addition to an abnormal coat texture, we found diffuse epidermal blistering, abnormal electrocardiograms (ECGs), and ventricular fibrosis in mutant animals. Using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) we found a frameshift mutation at 38,288,978bp of chromosome 13 in the desmoplakin gene (Dsp). The predicted mutant protein is truncated at the c-terminus and missing the majority of the plakin repeat domain. The phenotypes found in Dsp(rul) mice closely model a rare human disorder, Carvajal-Huerta syndrome. Carvajal-Huerta syndrome (CHS) is a rare cardiocutaneous disorder that presents in humans with wooly hair, palmoplantar keratoderma and ventricular cardiomyopathy. CHS results from an autosomal recessive mutation on the 3' end of desmoplakin (DSP) truncating the full length protein. The Dsp(rul) mouse provides a new model to investigate the pathogenesis of CHS, as well as the underlying basic biology of the adhesion molecules coded by the desmosomal genes.

Discovery of transgene insertion sites by high throughput sequencing of mate pair libraries.

BACKGROUND: Transgenesis by random integration of a transgene into the genome of a zygote has become a reliable and powerful method for the creation of new mouse strains that express exogenous genes, including human disease genes, tissue specific reporter genes or genes that allow for tissue specific recombination. Nearly 6,500 transgenic alleles have been created by random integration in embryos over the last 30 years, but for the vast majority of these strains, the transgene insertion sites remain uncharacterized. RESULTS: To obtain a complete understanding of how insertion sites might contribute to phenotypic outcomes, to more cost effectively manage transgenic strains, and to fully understand mechanisms of instability in transgene expression, we've developed methodology and a scoring scheme for transgene insertion site discovery using high throughput sequencing data. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to other molecular approaches to transgene insertion site discovery, high-throughput sequencing of standard paired-end libraries is hindered by low signal to noise ratios. This problem is exacerbated when the transgene consists of sequences that are also present in the host genome. We've found that high throughput sequencing data from mate-pair libraries are more informative when compared to data from standard paired end libraries. We also show examples of the genomic regions that harbor transgenes, which have in common a preponderance of repetitive sequences.

Mapping the Effects of Genetic Variation on Chromatin State and Gene Expression Reveals Loci That Control Ground State Pluripotency.

Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) cultured in the presence of LIF occupy a ground state with highly active pluripotency-associated transcriptional and epigenetic circuitry. However, ground state pluripotency in some inbred strain backgrounds is unstable in the absence of ERK1/2 and GSK3 inhibition. Using an unbiased genetic approach, we dissect the basis of this divergent response to extracellular cues by profiling gene expression and chromatin accessibility in 170 genetically heterogeneous mESCs. We map thousands of loci affecting chromatin accessibility and/or transcript abundance, including 10 QTL hotspots where genetic variation at a single locus coordinates the regulation of genes throughout the genome. For one hotspot, we identify a single enhancer variant ∼10 kb upstream of Lifr associated with chromatin accessibility and mediating a cascade of molecular events affecting pluripotency. We validate causation through reciprocal allele swaps, demonstrating the functional consequences of noncoding variation in gene regulatory networks that stabilize pluripotent states in vitro.

Derivation and characterization of mouse embryonic stem cells from permissive and nonpermissive strains.

Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are key tools for genetic engineering, development of stem cell-based therapies and basic research on pluripotency and early lineage commitment. However, successful derivation of germline-competent embryonic stem cell lines has, until recently, been limited to a small number of inbred mouse strains. Recently, there have been considerable advances in the field of embryonic stem cell biology, particularly in the area of pluripotency maintenance in the epiblast from which the mESCs are derived. Here we describe a protocol for efficient derivation of germline-competent mESCs from any mouse strain, including strains previously deemed nonpermissive. We provide a protocol that is generally applicable to most inbred strains, as well as a variant for nonpermissive strains. By using this protocol, mESCs can be derived in 3 weeks and fully characterized after an additional 12 weeks, at efficiencies as high as 90% and in any strain background.