Fat navigators and Moiré phase tracking comparison for motion estimation and retrospective correction.

PURPOSE: To compare motion tracking by two modern methods (fat navigators [FatNavs] and Moiré phase tracking [MPT]) as well as their performance for retrospective correction of very high resolution acquisitions. METHODS: A direct comparison of FatNavs and MPT motion parameters was performed for several deliberate motion patterns to estimate the agreement between methods. In addition, two different navigator resolution were applied. 0.5 mm isotropic MP2RAGE images with simultaneous MPT and FatNavs tracking were acquired in 9 cooperative subjects with no intentional motion. Retrospective motion corrections based on both tracking modalities were compared qualitatively and quantitatively. The FatNavs impact on quantitative T1 maps was also investigated. RESULTS: Both methods showed good agreement within a 0.3 mm/° margin in subjects that moved very little. Higher resolution FatNavs (2 mm) showed overall better agreement with MPT than 4 mm resolution ones, except for fast and large motion. The retrospective motion corrections based on MPT or FatNavs were at par in 33 cases out of 36, and visibly improved image quality compared to the uncorrected images. In separate fringe cases, both methods suffered from their respective potential shortcomings: unreliable marker attachment for MPT and poor temporal resolution for FatNavs. The magnetization transfer induced by the navigator RF pulses had a visible impact on the T1 values distribution, with a shift of the gray and white matter peaks of 12 ms at most. CONCLUSION: This work confirms both FatNavs and MPT as excellent retrospective motion correction methods for very high resolution imaging of cooperative subjects.

Improved susceptibility-weighted imaging for high contrast and resolution thalamic nuclei mapping at 7T.

PURPOSE: The thalamus is an important brain structure and neurosurgical target, but its constituting nuclei are challenging to image non-invasively. Recently, susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) at ultra-high field has shown promising capabilities for thalamic nuclei mapping. In this work, several methodological improvements were explored to enhance SWI quality and contrast, and specifically its ability for thalamic imaging. METHODS: High-resolution SWI was performed at 7T in healthy participants, and the following techniques were applied: (a) monitoring and retrospective correction of head motion and B0 perturbations using integrated MR navigators, (b) segmentation and removal of venous vessels on the SWI data using vessel enhancement filtering, and (c) contrast enhancement by tuning the parameters of the SWI phase-magnitude combination. The resulting improvements were evaluated with quantitative metrics of image quality, and by comparison to anatomo-histological thalamic atlases. RESULTS: Even with sub-millimeter motion and natural breathing, motion and field correction produced clear improvements in both magnitude and phase data quality (76% and 41%, respectively). The improvements were stronger in cases of larger motion/field deviations, mitigating the dependence of image quality on subject performance. Optimizing the SWI phase-magnitude combination yielded substantial improvements in image contrast, particularly in the thalamus, well beyond previously reported SWI results. The atlas comparisons provided compelling evidence of anatomical correspondence between SWI features and several thalamic nuclei, for example, the ventral intermediate nucleus. Vein detection performed favorably inside the thalamus, and vein removal further improved visualization. CONCLUSION: Altogether, the proposed developments substantially improve high-resolution SWI, particularly for thalamic nuclei imaging.

Investigating the accuracy of FatNav-derived estimates of temporal B0 changes and their application to retrospective correction of high-resolution 3D GRE of the human brain at 7T.

PURPOSE: To investigate the precision of estimates of temporal variations of magnetic field achievable by double-echo fat image navigators (FatNavs), and their potential application to retrospective correction of 3-dimensional gradient echo-based sequences. METHODS: Both head motion and temporal changes of B0 were tracked using double-echo highly accelerated 3-dimensional FatNavs as navigators, allowing estimation of the temporal changes in low spatial-order field coefficients. The accuracy of the method was determined by direct comparison to controlled offsets in the linear imaging gradients. Double-echo FatNavs were also incorporated into a high-resolution, 3-dimensional gradient echo-based sequence to retrospectively correct for both motion and temporal changes in B0 during natural and deep breathing. The additional scan time was 5 min (a 40% increase). Correction was also investigated using only the first echo of the FatNav to explore the trade-off in accuracy versus scan time. RESULTS: Excellent accuracy (0.27 Hz, 1.57-2.75 Hz/m) was achieved for tracking field changes, and no significant bias could be observed. Artifacts in the 3-dimensional gradient echo-based images induced by temporal field changes, if present, were effectively reduced using either the field estimates from the double echo or the first echo only from the FatNavs. CONCLUSION: The FatNavs were shown to be an excellent candidate for accurate, fast, and precise estimation of global field variations for the tested patterns of respiration. Future work will investigate ways to increase the temporal sampling to increase robustness to variations in breathing patterns. Magn Reson Med 80:585-597, 2018. © 2018 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

Tracking discrete off-resonance markers with three spokes (trackDOTS) for compensation of head motion and B0 perturbations: Accuracy and performance in anatomical imaging.

PURPOSE: To develop a novel approach for head motion and B0 field monitoring based on tracking discrete off-resonance markers with three spokes (trackDOTS). METHODS: Small markers filled with acetic acid were built and attached to a head cap. Marker positions and phase were tracked with fast MR navigators (DotNavs) consisting of three off-resonance, double-echo, orthogonal one-dimensional projections. Individual marker signals were extracted using optimized coil combinations, and used to estimate head motion and field perturbations. To evaluate the approach, DotNavs were integrated in submillimeter MP2RAGE and long-echo time gradient-echo sequences at 7 Tesla, and tested on six healthy volunteers. RESULTS: The DotNav-based motion estimates differed by less than 0.11 ± 0.09 mm and 0.19 ± 0.17 ° from reference estimates obtained with an existing navigator approach (FatNavs). Retrospective motion correction brought clear improvements to MP2RAGE image quality, even in cases with submillimeter involuntary motion. The DotNav-based field estimates could track deep breathing-induced oscillations, and in cases with small head motion, field correction visibly improved the gradient-echo data quality. Conversely, field estimates were less robust when strong motion was present. CONCLUSIONS: The trackDOTS approach is suitable for head-motion tracking and correction, with significant benefits for high-spatial-resolution MRI. With small head motion, DotNav-based field estimates also allow correcting for deep-breathing artifacts in T2 *-weighted acquisitions. Magn Reson Med 79:160-171, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.