Hip abductor muscle activity during walking in individuals with gluteal tendinopathy.

The external hip adduction moment during walking is greater in individuals with gluteal tendinopathy (GT) than pain-free controls. Although this likely represents a greater demand on the hip abductor muscles implicated in GT, no study has investigated activation of these muscles in GT. For this purpose, fine wire electrodes were inserted into the segments of the gluteus minimus and medius muscles, and surface electrodes placed on the tensor fascia lata, upper gluteus maximus, and vastus lateralis muscles of eight individuals with, and eight without, GT. Participants underwent six walking trials. Individual muscle patterns were compared between groups using a wavelet-based linear effects model and muscle synergy analysis performed using non-negative matrix factorization to evaluate muscle activation patterns, within- and between-participant variability. Compared to controls, individuals with GT exhibited a more sustained initial burst of the posterior gluteus minimus and middle gluteus medius muscle segments. Two muscle synergies were identified; Synergy-1 activated in early-mid stance and Synergy-2 in early stance. In GT participants, posterior gluteus minimus and posterior gluteus medius and tensor fascia lata contributed more to Synergy-1 active during the period of single leg support. Participants with GT exhibited reduced within-participant variability of posterior gluteus medius and reduced between-participant variability of anterior gluteus minimus and medius and upper gluteus maximus. In conclusion, individuals with GT exhibit modified muscle activation patterns of the hip abductor muscles during walking, with potential relevance for gluteal tendon loading.

NET amyloidogenic backbone in human activated neutrophils.

Activated human neutrophils produce a fibrillar DNA network [neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)] for entrapping and killing bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. Our results suggest that the neutrophil extracellular traps show a resistant amyloidogenic backbone utilized for addressing reputed proteins and DNA against the non-self. The formation of amyloid fibrils in neutrophils is regulated by the imbalance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cytoplasm. The intensity and source of the ROS signal is determinant for promoting stress-associated responses such as amyloidogenesis and closely related events: autophagy, exosome release, activation of the adrenocorticotrophin hormone/α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (ACTH/α-MSH) loop and synthesis of specific cytokines. These interconnected responses in human activated neutrophils, that have been evaluated from a morphofunctional and quantitative viewpoint, represent primitive, but potent, innate defence mechanisms. In invertebrates, circulating phagocytic immune cells, when activated, show responses similar to those described previously for activated human neutrophils. Invertebrate cells within endoplasmic reticulum cisternae produce a fibrillar material which is then assembled into an amyloidogenic scaffold utilized to convey melanin close to the invader. These findings, in consideration to the critical role played by NET in the development of several pathologies, could explain the structural resistance of these scaffolds and could provide the basis for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in immunomediated diseases in which the innate branch of the immune system has a pivotal role.

Metronomic temozolomide as second line treatment for metastatic poorly differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma.

Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NEN) are a group of heterogeneous malignancies derived from neuroendocrine cell compartment, with different roles in both endocrine and nervous system. Most NETs have gastroentero-pancreatic (GEP) origin, arising in the foregut, midgut, or hindgut. The 2010 WHO classification divides GEP-NETs into two main subgroups, neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC), according with Ki-67 levels. NET are tumors with low (<20 %) Ki-67 value, and NECs, including small cell lung carcinomas and Merkel Cell carcinomas, are all NETs with high Ki-67 levels (>20 %-G3). Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) are usually treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens. Here we present a case of a patient with pancreatic NEC progressing after cisplatin and etoposide, treated with temozolomide as palliative, second line treatment. According with the poor Performance Status (PS = 2) and to reduce the toxicity of the treatment was chosen an intermittent dosing regimen of metronomic temozolomide (75 mg/m(2)/day-one-week-on/on-week-off). MGMT resulted methylated. On July 2014 the patient started the treatment. On August 2014 the patient obtained a significant clinical benefit (PS = 0) and the total body CT scan performed on October 2014 showed a RECIST partial response on all the sites of disease. No drug-related side effects were reported by the patient. After 18 months of therapy the treatment continues without significant toxicity, and with further remission of the metastases. Treatment with metronomic "one-week-on/on-week-off" Temozolomide can be considered a good treatment option in patients with poor performance status, affected by pNEC with MGMT methylation.

Multibiomarker response in the earthworm Eisenia fetida as tool for assessing multi-walled carbon nanotube ecotoxicity.

Carbon nanotubes have received a great attention in the last years thanks to their remarkable structural, electrical, and chemical properties. Nowadays carbon nanotubes are increasingly found in terrestrial and aquatic environment and potential harmful impacts of these nanoparticles on humans and wildlife are attracting increasing research and public attention. The effects of carbon nanotubes on aquatic organisms have been explored by several authors, but comparatively the information available on the impact of these particles on soil organisms is much less. Earthworms have traditionally been considered to be convenient indicators of land use impact and soil fertility. The aim of this work was to study the integrated response of a suite of biomarkers covering molecular to whole organism endpoints for the assessment of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) effects on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to spiked soil. Results showed that cellular and biochemical responses, such as immune cells morphometric alterations and lysosomal membrane destabilization, acetylcholinesterase inhibition and metallothionein tissue concentration changes, showed high sensitivity to MWCNTs exposure. They can improve our understanding and ability to predict chronic toxicity outcomes of MWCNTs exposure such as reproductive alterations. In this context although more investigation is needed to understand the mechanistic pathway relating the biochemical and cellular biomarker analyzed to reproductive alterations, the obtained results give an early contribution to the future development of an adverse outcomes pathways for MWCNTs exposure.

A simple genotyping procedure without DNA extraction to identify rare blood donors.

BACKGROUND: Transfusion-induced alloimmunization has severe clinical consequences including haemolytic transfusion reactions, impaired transfused RBCs longevity and greater difficulty in finding compatible blood. Molecular analysis of genomic DNA now permits prediction of blood group phenotypes based on identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Implementation of molecular technologies in donor centres would be helpful in finding RBC units for special patient populations, but DNA extraction remains an obstacle to donor genotyping. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We propose a simple method compatible with high throughput that allows blood group genotyping using a multiplex commercial kit without the need for DNA extraction. The principle relies on pre-PCR treatment of whole blood using heating/cooling procedure in association with a recombinant hotstart polymerase. RESULTS: In a prospective analysis, we yielded 5628 alleles identification and designated 63 donors with rare blood, that is either negative for a high-frequency antigen or with a rare combination of common antigens. CONCLUSION: The procedure was optimized for simplicity of use in genotyping platform and would allow not only to supply antigen-matched products to recipients but also to find rare phenotypes. This methodology could also be useful for establishing a donor repository for human platelet antigens (HPA)-matched platelets since the same issues are involved for patients with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia or post-transfusion purpura.

Evaluation of a 5-day education programme in type 1 diabetes: achieving individual targets with a patient-centred approach.

AIMS: To evaluate if a single inpatient education training programme can achieve individualized therapeutic targets. METHODS: Patients with Type 1 diabetes participating in a flexible intensive therapy programme were consecutively included in a prospective monocentric study. They all participated in the same education programme which had a patient-centred approach. Before the intervention, patients were divided into three groups according to their main therapeutic target: Group 1, to decrease HbA1c concentration in patients with baseline HbA1c ≥ 58 mmol/mol (7.5%); Group 2, to improve quality of life and satisfaction with treatment in patients with baseline HbA1c < 58 mmol/mol (7.5%); and Group 3, to decrease the frequency of hypoglycaemic episodes in patients with severe or frequent hypoglycaemic episodes. Therapeutic targets were evaluated at 12 months. Quality of life and treatment satisfaction were evaluated with validated questionnaires completed at baseline and 6 months. RESULTS: In Group 1 (n = 74), the mean ± sd HbA1c concentration decreased from 75 ± 15 mmol/mol (9.0 ±1.4%) to 68 ±15 mmol/mol (8.4 ± 1.4%; P < 0.001), with 53% of patients experiencing a decrease in HbA1c concentration of at least 6 mmol/mol (0.5%), without weight gain or more frequent hypoglycaemia. In Group 2 (n = 12), patient satisfaction with treatment improved significantly (P < 0.0001). In Group 3 (n = 35), minor hypoglycaemia significantly decreased from a mean ± sd of 6.6 ± 4.7 to 3.2 ± 3.0 hypoglycaemic episodes/week (P < 0.001) and the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia dropped significantly from a mean ± sd of 2.31 ± 3.07 to 0.86 ± 2.46 episodes/patient/year (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Many patients with different needs, who attended the same flexible intensive therapy education programme, which had a patient-centred approach, were able to achieve their individual therapeutic targets.

Evaluation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) toxic effects on the acute inflammatory response in the medicinal leech Hirudoverbana.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) substances are a large group of chemicals with elevated water and oil-resistance properties, widely implicated in various applicative fields. Due to the extensive use and high resistance to degradative factors, these compounds pose a significant risk of environmental spreading, bioaccumulating also in living organisms. In this context, despite many researches have been performed to demonstrate "legacy" PFAS harmfulness, only few data are still available about all the emerging fluorinated molecules, industrially introduced to replace the previous ones. For this reason, we proposed the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana as consolidated invertebrate model to assess the effects of four different PFAS (HFPO-DA, PFMoBa, PFOA and PFMOPrA) following freshwater dispersion. Morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses demonstrate that, despite all the compounds basically induce an acute inflammatory and oxidative stress response, a different cellular and molecular response has been observed. Whereas for PFOA and PFMOPrA an increase in the tested concentration leads to a corresponding rise in the immune response, HFPO-DA and PFMoBa trigger an entirely opposite effect. Indeed, the significant recruitment of both granulocytes and macrophage like cells, typically involved in the removal of non-self, is inhibited with increasing concentrations of these compounds. The data collected revealed a different sensitivity of the leech immune system following PFAS exposure, requiring to deepen the current knowledge on the potential toxicity of these compounds.

Peripheral blood BDNF and soluble CAM proteins as possible markers of prolonged disorders of consciousness: a pilot study.

Although clinical examination still represents the gold standard for the differential diagnosis of prolonged disorders of consciousness (pDoC), the introduction of innovative markers is essential for diagnosis and prognosis, due to the problem of covert cognition. We evaluated the brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein (BDNF) and the soluble cell adhesion molecules proteins (CAMs) in a cohort of prolonged disorders of consciousness patients to identify a possible application in the clinical context. Furthermore, peripheral blood determinations were correlated with imaging parameters such as white matter hyperintensities (WMH), cranial standardized uptake value (cSUV), electroencephalography (EEG) data and clinical setting. Our results, although preliminary, identify BDNF as a possible blood marker for the diagnosis of pDoC (p value 0.001), the soluble CAMs proteins CD44, Vcam-1, E-selectin (p value < 0.01) and Icam-3 (p value < 0.05) showed a higher peripheral blood value in pDoC compared with control. Finally, soluble Ncam protein could find useful applications in the clinical evolution of the pDoC, showing high levels in the MCS and EMCS subgroups (p value < 0. 001) compared to VS/UWS.

Galectin-3 expression in thyroid fine needle cytology (t-FNAC) uncertain cases: validation of molecular markers and technology innovation.

Thyroid cancer is not very common, accounting for 1-2% of all cancers, with a population incidence of about 0.004%. Currently, the ability to discriminate between follicular adenoma and carcinoma represents the major challenge in preclinical diagnosis of thyroid proliferative lesions. Better discrimination between the two would help avoid unnecessary thyroidectomy and save valuable resources. Over the years, galectin-3 (Gal-3) has been proposed as a diagnostic marker with varied success. In this paper, we used Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy Immunogold Labelling (ESEM-IGL) to investigate the expression of Gal-3 on Thin-Prep fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). We optimized the ESEM-IGL method on thyroid cell lines (RO-82 and FTC-133) comparing our membrane Gal-3 labeling data with Western blot. We evaluated 183 thyroid FNAC from Italian patients with a uncertain pre-surgical diagnosis. ESEM-IGL method marker sensitivity is 71.2%, while specificity is 53.3% and diagnostic efficacy is 61.2%. Our results confirmed that Gal-3 expression is associated with situations of hypertrophy and/or cellular hyperproliferation, pathophysiological situations common both to adenomas and to thyroid carcinomas. The innovation of thyroid FNAC Thin-Prep ESEM-IGL shows the levels of Gal-3 immunolabeling clearly, even through the individual cells of a thyroid nodule. However, Gal-3 alone, as a molecular marker of thyroid cancer, can still have a limited application in pre-surgery diagnosis.

Can local muscles augment stability in the hip? A narrative literature review.

Hip pain and dysfunction are increasingly recognised as important causes of morbidity in younger and older adults. Pathology compromising the passive stability of the hip joint, including acetabular labral injury, may lead to increased femoral head translation, greater joint contact pressures and ultimately degenerative hip disease. Activation of hip muscles may play an important role in augmenting the stability in the normal and the passively unstable hip. Research at other joints suggests that the local, rather than global, muscles are well suited to provide subtle joint compression, limiting translation, with minimal metabolic cost. Based on the known characteristics of local muscles and the limited research available on hip muscles, it is proposed that the local hip muscles; quadratus femoris, gluteus minimus, gemelli, obturator internus and externus, iliocapsularis and the deep fibres of iliopsoas, may be primary stabilisers of the hip joint. Interventions aimed at restoring isolated neuromuscular function of the primary hip stabilisers may be considered when treating people with passive hip instability prior to commencing global muscle rehabilitation. Finally, further research is needed to investigate the potential association between function of the hip muscles (including muscles likely to have a role in stabilising the hip) and hip pathology affecting hip stability such as acetabular labral lesions.

The pivotal role of echocardiography in the assessment of multivalvular heart disease.

Multivalvular heart disease (MHD) accounts for approximately 15% of the patients undergoing valve surgery in the EuroHeart Survey and for 8.6% of all valvular surgical interventions. Most clinical studies on valvular heart disease are focused on single-valve disease and very few data stress the difficulties encountered in the diagnostic assessment and clinical decision making of multiple defects, also concerning the reciprocal hemodynamic influence or the overlap of surgical indications. Many fields related to multiple valve disease are not encountered in the European Guidelines on Valvular Heart Disease (ESC) or the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA). Increasing age and new trends of mixed population have newly aroused interest in multivalvular heart disease in the developed countries, still in need of new clinical insights. According to the high comorbidities of candidates, the appropriate diagnostic framework necessary for the correct diagnosis and best clinical outcome may still be challenging. The paper reviews multivalvular heart disease (except congenital heart disease) from aetiology and background definition to surgical outcome, with special emphasis on echocardiographic assessment and clinical interpretation.

Management of cutaneous discomfort in patients with scleroderma: a clinical trial.

Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is a disease of unknown cause, the hallmark of which is induration of the skin. This bad condition of the skin influences negatively the quality of life of patients with scleroderma. The aim of the study was to verify the efficacy of two formulations, specifically designed to wash, moisturize and soothe the scleroderma skin. An independent, randomized, double blind, controlled trial was conducted in the Department of Rheumatology of "A. Galateo" Hospital in San Cesario di Lecce. Forty-six women affected by scleroderma, and treated with Iloprost every month, were divided into two groups: group 1 followed a specific treatment with cleansing formulation only, group 2 followed a combined treatment with the cleansing solution and the moisturizing solution. In addition, a third group was evaluated: 14 women, who did not undergo intravenous Iloprost therapy, were treated simultaneously with the cleansing formulation and the moisturizing formulation. The three treatments lasted for 4 weeks. Reduction in trans epidermal water loss (TEWL), increase in moisturization of the stratum corneum, reduction in Skin Score and improvement in quality of life were assessed. Very significant improvement in quality of life occurred in each group. Group 2 obtained very significant improvement in hydration and reduction in skin score and TEWL. The study showed that the daily use of both formulations proved to be effective in washing, hydrating and soothing the skin of patients with scleroderma, especially in association with Iloprost therapy.

An innovative approach for the evaluation of prolonged disorders of consciousness using NF-L and GFAP biomarkers: a pivotal study.

Behavioral assessments during the clinical evaluation in prolonged disorders of consciousness patients could be not sufficient for a correct diagnosis and prognostication. To this aim, we used an innovative approach, involving the ultra-sensitive determination of biological markers, correlating them with imaging parameters to investigate the prolonged disorders of consciousness (pDoC).We assessed the serum concentration of neurofilament light chain(NF-L) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in pDoC (n = 16), and healthy controls (HC, n = 6) as well as several clinical imaging parameters such as Fractional Anisotropy (FA), Whole Brain SUV, and White Matter Hyperintensities volumes (WMH) using PET-MRI acquisition. As for differential diagnosis task, only the imaging WMH volume was able to discriminate between vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS), and minimally conscious state (MCS) patients (p-value < 0.01), while all selected markers (both imaging and in vitro) were able to differentiate between pDoC patients and HC. At subject level, serum NF-L concentrations significantly differ according to clinical progression and consciousness recovery (p-value < 0.01), highlighting a potential play for the longitudinal management of these patients.

Immunogold labelling in environmental scanning electron microscopy: applicative features for complementary cytological interpretation.

We have combined environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and immunogold labelling (IGL) for the analysis of cell morphology and surface protein detection on human fine needle aspiration, which is processed in thin uniform monolayer (a single layer of cells) on a glass slide by Thin Prep technology. Among scanning electron microscopy techniques, we choose the environmental modality (ESEM) because it allows a slight manipulation of biological samples and an operational time comparable with cytological techniques. Moreover, the Thin Prep technology confirmed a reproducible cell monolayer on glass smear, minimizing problems for the determination of appropriate amount of material per slide. The first experimental data in ESEM-IGL on biological samples with fine needle aspiration Thin Prep, in human thyroid nodules, showed that cells retained their morphology and provided a clear IGL. The optimization of conditions (i.e. vacuum pressure, temperature and relative humidity) confirmed the possibility to observe an immunolabelled biological sample and morphological signal, joined with compositional informations, due to peculiar characteristics of gaseous secondary electron detector in ESEM. The ESEM-IGL and fine needle aspiration Thin Prep could be used in combination for the interpretation of cell morphology and cell surface immunolabelling. Our paper suggests this use as a powerful diagnostic tool in a pre-surgical evaluations, opening a new applicative window for electron microscopy.

Induction chemotherapy in head and neck cancer patients followed by concomitant docetaxel-based radiochemotherapy.

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy has become the standard of care for patients with inoperable squamous cell head and neck carcinoma. More recently, induction chemotherapy has been adopted as an approach in the management of these patients. We report the results of a phase II trial associating induction chemotherapy and concomitant chemoradiotherapy in a series of patients with inoperable squamous cell head and neck cancer. Twenty-nine patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma ineligible for surgery were enrolled. Induction chemotherapy with docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) and cisplatin 75 mg/m(2) every 21 days was administered for two cycles. Radiotherapy followed the induction phase. During radiotherapy, docetaxel was administered weekly at the dose of 33 mg/m(2) . Primary end point of the study was feasibility of treatment. Six (18%) patients failed to conclude the treatment schedule. Although response rates in evaluable patients were very high (disease control rate >90%), toxicities were a matter of concern. The reported treatment schedule proved infeasible. However, some modifications in ancillary therapies aimed at exploiting its efficacy could make it practicable.

An apparatus for the continuous measurement of thickness during the electropolishing of superconducting cavities.

An apparatus allowing continuous acquisition of thickness measurements during electropolishing of superconducting cavities is described. The instrument is based on the ultrasound thickness measurement technique and allows the connection of up to six probes. The apparatus has been employed to monitor the surface treatment of PIP-II low beta single cell prototypes developed and manufactured by LASA-INFN and specifically to measure surface removal at different points of interest on the cavity surface. The apparatus facilitated the development and optimization of electropolishing parameters for incorporation into the cavity manufacturing process.

Alendronate reduces osteoclast precursors in osteoporosis.

UNLABELLED: This study evaluates the effect of alendronate on osteoclastogenesis, cytokine production, and bone resorption in postmenopausal women. We suggest that it acts on mature bone resorbing osteoclasts after 3 months of treatment, whereas, after 1 year, it diminishes their formation by reducing their precursors and serum RANKL. INTRODUCTION: Osteoclasts are the target cells of bisphosphonates, though the most drug-sensitive steps of their formation and activity have not been determined. The present study evaluates the effect of alendronate on osteoclastogenesis, cytokine production, and bone resorption in postmenopausal women. METHODS: The study was conducted on 35 osteoporotic women; 15 were pretreated with alendronate 70 mg/week, whereas, 20 were treated with calcium 1 g/day and vitamin D 800 IU/day. After 3 months, 30 received alendonate 70/mg, vitamin D 2800 IU/week, and calcium 1 g/day for 12 months (combined therapy), whereas, the other five patients remained on calcium 1 g/day and vitamin D 800 IU/day. The following parameters were assessed before and after therapy: changes in bone resorption markers, circulating osteoclast precursors, formation of osteoclasts in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures, their viability, and variations in cytokines production. RESULTS: After 3 months of alendronate, there was no significant reduction in the number of osteoclast precursors, osteoclast formation and viability, and cytokine levels, whereas, there was a significant reduction of bone resorption markers. One year of the combined therapy, on the other hand, reduced osteoclast precursors, osteoclast formation, and serum RANKL, whereas, calcium plus vitamin D alone had no effect. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that alendronate mainly acts on mature bone resorbing osteoclasts in the short term, whereas, its long-term administration diminishes their formation by reducing their precursors and serum RANKL.

[Tissue engineering of parathyroid gland]. / L'ingegnerizzazione tissutale delle cellule paratiroidee.

BACKGROUND: The postoperative hypoparathyroidism is a not rare complication after total thyroidectomy and/or total parathyroidectomy. Attempts to transplant parathyroid tissue began in 1975 with the work of Wells, but still today results are disappointing. However, with the development of tissue engineering techniques, some experimental approaches to build artificial parathyroid are been made. Bioengineered device, actively secreting PTH, for transplant in patients with iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism is unavailable. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Parathyroid cells were obtained from three chronic uremic patients in hemodialysis, operated for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Cell cultures in RPMI medium were subsequently seeded on collagen scaffold (three-dimensional matrix with slow biodegradation). Collagen is the major component of the extracellular matrix and thus is a good substrate for cell adhesion and growth. Culture media, with a low calcium concentration, were optimised to physiologically stimulate parathyroid hormone secretion. Cell cultures were morphologically observed in optical and electron (ESEM) microscopy and metabolically assayed by MTT method until the tenth week. Besides, concentration of parathyroid hormone in the culture medium has been measured for several weeks. RESULTS: After 24 hours of culture in RPMI, cells extracted from human parathyroid glands were nearly all adherent and organised in clusters to resemble the glandular organization. The cellular population consisted predominantly of parathyroid cells (90-95%). On collagen scaffolds, cells maintains an epithelial-like morphology also after 10 weeks, colonizing the scaffold surface and keeping a good proliferative rate with a discrete production of parathyroid hormone. CONCLUSION: The use of parathyroid cells extracted from patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism was certainly an appropriate choice that enabled us to achieve these results, that albeit partial bode well for the experimental in vivo animal model. The bioengineered scaffolds when implanted in the subcutaneous can avoid the dispersion of parathyroid cells, assuring also the possibility to easily remove the implant in case of complications. Our research was aimed primarily to the optimisation of PTH secreting human parathyroid cells cultures and then to the in vitro engineering of human parathyroid glands in three-dimensional collagen scaffolds.

Physiotherapy management of greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS): an international survey of current physiotherapy practice.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to establish and compare current physiotherapy management of GTPS in Australia, New Zealand (NZ) and Ireland. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational survey of physiotherapists. METHODS: An online survey was distributed to registered musculoskeletal physiotherapists in Australia, NZ and Ireland. Ordinal and nominal data were analysed using frequency counts or mean ranks; median and interquartile ranges were calculated for numerical data. Inter-country comparisons were made using Chi-squared analyses for nominal/ordinal data and Kruskal-Wallis tests for numerical data. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS/FINDINGS: Valid responses were received from 361 physiotherapists, 61% were female and 80% worked in private practice. Overall, consistency in treatment of GTPS was observed across the three countries. All physiotherapists used education and exercise (most commonly strengthening and neuromuscular control) primarily targeting the gluteal muscles. Other interventions included massage (90%), stretching (53%), range of motion (40%), thermal modalities (50%), taping (38%) and electrotherapy (25%), whilst 40% commonly recommended up to 2 to 3 corticosteroid injections per patient/per annum. Physiotherapists used pain severity scales as their primary outcome measure (79%). Single leg stance was the most common physical measure used (68%), and global rating scores or standardised physical measures were less commonly used. CONCLUSION: This international survey established the physiotherapy management of GTPS. Education used in conjunction with exercise is in line with current evidence, but a proportion of clinicians use adjunct treatments without clear rationale or supporting evidence. Results indicate the need to further define optimal management of GTPS using robust methodologies such as randomised controlled trials.

Incidence and characteristics of lower limb amputations in people with diabetes.

AIMS: To estimate the incidence, characteristics and potential causes of lower limb amputations in France. METHODS: Admissions with lower limb amputations were extracted from the 2003 French national hospital discharge database, which includes major diagnoses and procedures performed during hospital admissions. For each patient, diabetes was defined by its record in at least one admission with or without lower limb amputation in the 2002-2003 databases. RESULTS: In 2003, 17 551 admissions with lower limb amputation were recorded, involving 15 353 persons, which included 7955 people with diabetes. The crude incidence of lower limb amputation in people with diabetes was 378/100 000 (349/100 000 when excluding traumatic lower limb amputation). The sex and age standardized incidence was 12 times higher in people with than without diabetes (158 vs. 13/100 000). Renal complications and peripheral arterial disease and/or neuropathy were reported in, respectively, 30% and 95% of people with diabetes with lower limb amputation. Traumatic causes (excluding foot contusion) and bone diseases (excluding foot osteomyelitis) were reported in, respectively, 3% and 6% of people with diabetes and lower limb amputation, and were 5 and 13 times more frequent than in people without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: We provide a first national estimate of lower limb amputation in France. We highlight its major impact on people with diabetes and its close relationship with peripheral arterial disease/neuropathy and renal complications in the national hospital discharge database. We do not suggest the exclusion of traumatic causes when studying the epidemiology of lower limb amputation related to diabetes, as diabetes may contribute to amputation even when the first cause appears to be traumatic.