Phosphomimetic Mutations Impact Huntingtin Aggregation in the Presence of a Variety of Lipid Systems.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the abnormal expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the first exon of the htt protein (htt). PolyQ expansion triggers the aggregation of htt into a variety of structures, including oligomers and fibrils. This aggregation is impacted by the first 17 N-terminal amino acids (Nt17) of htt that directly precedes the polyQ domain. Beyond impacting aggregation, Nt17 associates with lipid membranes by forming an amphipathic α-helix. Post-translational modifications within Nt17 are known to modify HD pathology, and in particular, phosphorylation at T3, S13, and/or S16 retards fibrillization and ameliorates the phenotype in HD models. Due to Nt17's propensity to interact with lipid membranes, the impact of introducing phosphomimetic mutations (T3D, S13D, and S16D) into htt-exon1 on aggregation in the presence of a variety of model lipid membranes (total brain lipid extract, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine, and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1'-rac-glycerol) was investigated. Phosphomimetic mutations altered htt's interaction with and aggregation in the presence of lipids; however, this was dependent on the lipid system.

Macromolecular crowding in solution alters huntingtin interaction and aggregation at interfaces.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by an extended polyglutamine (polyQ) domain within the first exon of the huntingtin protein (htt). PolyQ expansion directly invokes the formation of a heterogenous mixture of toxic htt aggregates, including fibrils and oligomers. While htt is a cytosolic protein, it also associates with numerous membranous surfaces within the cell, leading to altered organelle morphology and dysfunction. Here, the impact of macromolecular crowding on htt aggregation in bulk solution and at solid/liquid or membrane/liquid interfaces was investigated. Dextran, Ficoll, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used as crowding agents. In bulk solution, crowding enhanced the heterogeneity of non-fibrillar aggregate species formed in a crowder dependent manner. However, crowding agents interfered with the deposition of htt fibrils on mica, suggesting that a crowded aqueous phase influences the interaction of htt with interfaces. By use of in situ atomic force microcopy (AFM), the aggregation of htt directly at mica and bilayer interfaces was tracked. The predominate aggregates type observed to form at the mica interface was fibrillar, but oligomeric aggregates of various stabilities were also observed. Crowding in the aqueous phase suppressed deposition and formation of htt aggregates on mica. In contrast, the addition of crowders enhanced deposition of htt aggregates onto supported total brain lipid extract (TBLE) bilayers. Different crowding agents led to distinct htt aggregates on supported bilayers with unique morphological impact on bilayer integrity. Collectively, these observations point to the complexity of htt aggregation at interfaces and that crowding in the aqueous phase profoundly influences this process.